SENTENCES Read the following groups of words : () Book the is mine table on the This group of words does not make any sense. (b) in the pond The group of words given here makes sense but not complete sense. (©) The book on the table is mine This group of words makes complete sense. It is a sentence. Asentence is a group of words that makes complete sense by itself. Example: The theatre is near my house. A sentence consists of a group of words that makes complete sense. Ithas a verb. Ic begins with a capital letter. ‘The words ina sentence are written in proper order. Ithas a subject and a predicate. ay Rene Asentence ends with either a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!). A group of words that makes sense but not complete sense is called a phrase. Examples (a) with a spoon (©) in the auditorium, (b) last month, (4). in spite of “We cannot call any group of words a phrase. It should make some sense. Examples : (a) played park the (not a phrase) (b) a good student (phrase) @ 6) Underline the phrases in these sentences. 1. The garden was full of red roses. She is always in a hurry. 2. 3. This water is not fit for drinkit 4, In spite of starting late we reached in time. Cordova Learning Series Gramma iY io| (ii) Tick (¥) the group of words that are sentences will not be 2. Tam very glad that you came. 3. How long have you been staying here? 4. What a beautifil dress! No one has gone Icis.a probabi 5 6. 7. India’s victory 8. Tenjoyed e ery moment of the game. 9. Please ask her to come inside. 10. He has gone to school. PARTS OF A SENTENCE | A:sentence is made up of two parts, namely, a subject and a predicate. Subject : It is that part of a sentence which tells us who or what the sentence is about. Predicate : It is that part of a sentence which tells us something about the subject. Example: The actors performed well, ene actors: perrormed.well; subject predicate ‘The actors’ is the subject since it tells us what the sentence is about. The predicate is ‘performed well’ since it tells us something about the subject. Read these sentences : Subject Predicate (Babies cry (ii) The lights are on (iii) The Indian team ‘won the match (iv) My father’s best friend gave him a present ‘As we can see that the subject may consist of one word, as in sentence (i), or many words as in sentence (ti) Similarly, the predicate may consist of one word, as in sentence (i), or many words as in sentence The words ‘cry’, ‘are on’, ‘won’ and ‘gave’ are verbs. ‘Averb is an essential part of a sentence and is a part of the predicate. The subject of a sentence usually comes before a predicate but there are exceptions : + Attimes, for the sake of emphasis, the order is altered. Examples: (a) Atone corner of the room sat the princess. coe ee predicate subject (b) In that jungle lived alion. predicate subject + In imperative sentences, the subject is not mentioned but implied. pe SS ET 6 Cordova Learning Series Grammar-7 o ‘Qe RE eSmples: (a) Gothe (hb) Have two eapsuites daily Temeany : You 5 Hemeans : You have ewo capsules dail oe By icmon subject predicat subject predicate In suich sentences, "You" is the subject which is implied + Tninte ‘opative sentences, the subject and predicate are placed in the following order : Examples: (a) Whatare you doing? (hb). Have you been to the market? aE ee eh ee predicate subject predicate predicate subject predicate us Inexclamatory sentences, the word order is as follows : Examples: (a) How beautiful — she is! (b) Whata good boy John ist predic subject predicate predicate subject predicate * To find the subject and the predicate in exelamatory and interrogative sentences, we change these sentences into statements. Examples: (a) Whatare you doing? You are doing, what Icis now easier for us to identify the subject which is "You" and the predicate is ‘are doing what’? (b) Have you gone to the market? You have gone to the market. “You' is subject and “have gone to the market’ is the predicate. For exclamatory sentences : Examples: (a) How b fal she is! She is (how) beautiful, ‘She’ is the subject and the other words form the predicate. (b) What a good boy John is! Jolin is (what) a good boy. is the subject and the other words form the predicate. John we identify the subject and the predi @ Read the following sentences Example : Mother aaa subject, Hint : Find the verb first and ask who or what before it. The answer is the subject. The rest of 1. Mahi's batting wa the sentence including the verb is 2. Most parts of Alvica are covered with jungles, the predicate, 3. India isa densely popu 4. The novel ‘Anandmath’ andra Chatter) 5. We celebrated our grand 's 85th birthday yesterday. ? 6. Moré national parks are necessary for saving the wildlife.? 7. Jobn and Ramesh ate selected as school captains. ° 8. How beautiful"the froc ammnemamnnenmenseet SS om Corxdoua Learning Series Grammar-7 7 ‘Se AEA TS9. Have the medicine regularly: 10. Have you seen Manisha? | KINDS OF SENTENCES | There are four kinds of sentences. ooo SERTIVE / DECLARATIVE, (i) Assertive or Declarative Sentences (Statements) valled assertive or declarative sentences, Sentences that state or declare something are ¢ An assertive/declarative sentence: + says or states something + canbe affirmative or negative and + is always followed by a full stop These sentences convey a fact or make a statement. Examples: (2) He felt sad for his friend. (affirmative) (b) He did not argue with her. (negative) AFFIRMATIVE OR POSITIVE NEGATI (| In the given examples, sentence (a) is affirmative, since it is making a positive statement, while sent is making a negative statement. (b) is negative, since Assertive sentences are of two kinds. Structure of a Negative Sentence Examples: (a) ‘The boy has reached school. (affirmative) ‘The boy has not reached school. (negative) (b) The lion is sleeping, (affirmative) ‘The lion is not sleeping, (negative) + The word not is added to the affirmative sentence to make it negative. + The position of not depends on the verb, whether itis ausiliary, ‘be’, ‘have’ and so on. © Read the following sentence 1. He does not want to go to the party. 7 nd tick (v7) the assertive/declarative sentences. 2. What are you doing here?3. How are you, Smitha? 4, Sachin Tendulkar would be remembered as one of w the greatest cricketers of the world, Keep the windows closed till the rain stops. Her sister is six years old. jv Please pass me the sugar, Don't enter my class. ean aw I take music lessons every week. 10. He is not interested in cricket. Have some fruits, they are healthy. (ii) Imperative Sentences Sentences that give orders or instructions, make requests or offer advice are called imperative sentences. Examples : (a) Mother, please buy me a packet of potato chips. (request) (b) Don’t eat potato chips. (command) (c) Have some fruits, they are healthy. (advice, suggestion) Structure of an Imperative Sentence Examples : (a) Come here. (command) = verb (b) Take the medicine twice daily. (advice) These sentences begin with a verb and the subject ‘You’ is implied. (©) Please listen to me. (request) rb = Insentences that are requests, usually Please is used to begin the sentences followed by the verbs. ‘= An imperative sentence is followed by a full stop. © Tick (7) the correct option to show what kind each sentence is Aduiee~ Athena tive gpelipn Gudial S4i, 1. Come here. (command / advice / suggestion / request)” 2. Please come immediately. (command / advice / suggestion / request) Cordova Learning Series Gramma 7 e(command / advice / suggestion /, oe ceeerene (command / cession 5. Golefs then umn right and there you will find the school, (command / advice / suggestion egy. 6. Do take the medicines regulatly. (command /adviée/ suggestion rs 7. Stop the music at once. (conmantd/ advies / suggestion requ 8. You should visit a doctor immediately. (command / advice / suggestion / Tequesy 9. Please help me find my book. (command / advice / suggestion / ree 10. You can try this medicine, it has no side effects, (command / advice / Stgfestion /requeyy (iii) Interrogative sentences : Sentences that are used to ask questions are called interrogative sentences. Examples: (a) Are you Mrs Sharma? (b) What are you looking for? Interrogative sentences are of two kinds. Yes/No questions INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ‘We should remember that: in an interrogative sentence, we place the auxiliary verb before the subject and we always put a question mark (2) at the end of an interrogative sentence Now, let us discuss this in detail. Examples: (a) They have bought sweets. (statement) pau = subject. >< auxiliary verb (b) Have ™ they bought sweets? (question) oo a auxiliary verb subject + Im the interrogative sentence (b), the auxiliary verb (have) is placed before the subject (they). + Aquestion mark is used at the end of an interrogative sentence as shown in sentence (b). ‘Structure of an Interrogative Sentence: Example : Are you Mrs Sharma? ~ auxiliary verb subject The above sentence is an example of a yes or no question, which means a question that can & answered in yes or no, Such a question begins with an auxiliary verb. Some auxiliary verbs are is, do, have, can, was, were, had w! es an voices. h help other verbs form tens Example: What are you looking for? ~ — aan) question word auxiliary verb subject The above sentence is an example of ‘wh question’. These questions cannot be answered in yes oF"? and begin with question words such as ‘what’, why’, ‘when’ ‘when ‘whom’, ‘whose’ or ‘which’: [SS yy 10°) Cordova Learning Series Grammar-7 ts SO LT, at‘Wh’ questions begin with Interrogative Pronouns Taternoes sve Pretioans lke who, whom, whose are also used Yo ask suestions, These are used only for persons. Examples: (a) Who has written this letter? Anil has written this letter. (6) Whose bag is this? Itis Sonal’s bag, (©) Whom do you want to reward? T want to reward Alka. Interrogative pronoun ‘who’ is used asa subject, ‘whom’ refers to the object. Examples: (a) Who called you? () Whom are you calling? ~ YS aioe subject object object subject Nowadays, in informal conversation, who is commonly used instead of whom, Examples: (a) Whom does she want to meet? (b) Who does she wentesneur } Both the sentences are correct. In written English, we generally use the form given in sentence (a) as itis formal. In spoken English, we generally use the form given in sentence (b) as itis informal. What and which are also interrogative pronouns. They can be used for both persons and things. Examples: (a) What is he? He isa doctor. 3 (b) What is she? She is a professor. gs What is used for persons to enquire about their trade or profession. What is also used to refer to things. Examples: (2) What is in the bag? My clothes are in the bag. (thing) R (b) What are you eating? Lam eating an apple. (a thing) _-— — Which is used when we ask about things or about one particular thing in a group. aS ca Examples: (a) Which is your bottle? (b) Which of these paintings have you made? Which is also used to ask questions about persons when we have to select a person from a group. Examples: (a) Which of you gave the application? (indicating a group) (b) Which of the boys is ready to play? (indicating a group) Interrogative adjectives are also used to ask questions: what snacks, which girl and whose book. Interrogative adverbs are also used to ask questions : where, when, how, why, how often, how long and how soon. @® Change the following into interrogative sentences by rearranging the order of words. Example: ‘They are going to the party. Are they going to the party? 1 He is playing with them 2. History is her HVBrite subject.? 4. They wil sme at 4 o'clock.” Pa You are Mr Gupta 6. Tamu and Manu will Bie wh wedding.? A The movie was boiing?s" 8. Theyare home? 9” en yes She is‘oulr new neighbour. 9Se Exclamatory sentences help us communicate strong, feelings of surprise, admiration, appreciation, wonder and shock. Examples: (a) What beautiful b: (iv) Exclamatory Sentences: by he ist (b) How wonderful the painting is Structure of an Exclamatory Sentence: An exclamatory sentence begins with what or how. It is followed by an exclamation mark. For emphasis, the word order is altered in an exclamatory sentence. Examples: (a) He is a beautiful baby. (assertive sentence with normal word order) ee subject verb The above sentence transforms into: What aeautifal baby he ist (exclamatory sentence with a differen word ~— ar new word is added subject verb (b) The painting is — wonderful. (assertive) i subject verb Sentence (b) transforms into : How —~_S wonderful the painting is! (exclamatory) se sy new word is added subject. verb ©@ change the given assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences beginning with ‘what or tog and add the right punctuation marks. “He's an obedient child, Hint : Add ‘whae or ‘how atthe a beginning of the sentence ani Shakespeare wat & prolific writer, © tt shift the subject and the Gato The final match was thrilling. s+ {so1) wots 122,” the end ofthe sentence. He haf stiong muscles. a ys! yr ep itis 3 colourful dress, a aul 6. Tewias an exciting day £ was! The meal was delicious.) au rntol, Was! This # an Incredible idea. 9. The place desoliee. ee ib | 10. cis a’bright morning. | © Rearrange the given words to form sentences as directed (Remember to use , ()s (2% capital letters where required.) Example : talkin the class do not (command) Do not talkin the cass. 1. Sachin is ‘playing not in the match (negative) 2. (request) (command)4. the weather islovel Dut (exclamatory) 5. awonderful performance Wwhiat « (exclamatory) 6, théy Are retutning from! Delhi tox lay? (question) 7. they will board the train tomorrow? (question) 8 the medicines regularly ya (advice) 9. sharpen the Pencil for me,Bledse (request) 10. he will'the function/atténd (affirmative) @ Rearrange the followin g Words to form interrogative sentences and add appropriate punctuation marks. 1, what you will do with these packets ? 2. where you! kept have al the stitionery ? 3. when you go will to the office ? 4. why you ae laughing 9 . 5. who coming is to see ydu ? @ Rearrange the following words to form exclamatory sentences and punctuate them carefully. a well-behaved child what you! are| 1 2. lovely isthe how view (VALUE CORNER _ 3. am eloquent Speech whit she gave | a atl . 7 she gave | 5. Exclamatory sentences help communicate strong feelings. Your friend has given you a gifton your birthday that you don’t like. How will you express your feelings? the‘dolls how beautiful ar a pleasant surprise what () Rearrange the following words to make a command, request, advice or instruction. and add punctuation marks where required. 2 peer 1. in the library, don’t make a noise 2. you my question answer Use comma 3. take medicines regularly yéu your 4. fetch’me please a gliss 5. walk on the grass please don’t pe TTT tek sentince isa group of words that makes complete sense. It should have a verb, begin with a capital letter, # have a subject and a predicate, end with a question mark(?) or a full stop (.) or an exclamation mark (!) * There are four types of sentences, (a) Assertive/Declarative (b) Imperative (©) Exclamatory (d) Interrogative A group of words that makes sense but not complete sense is called a phrase, like, in the garden. A sentence generally:has two parts: a subject and a predicate, Subject tells us wl sentence is about and predicate tells us something about the subject, like, ate the cake (predicate) t The boy (subject). ABABA BBA RR RRR tt =: ho or what the eee ee| | | NOUNS ng, material and even emotions or id , [CERN] EY pray Kouny SCOLECTNE {ABSTRACTS Proper Nouns : names of particular places, persons and objects Examples: John, Delhi, Chennai Common Nouns : general names of places, persons or objects Examples: boys, park, chairs Collective Nouns : names of a collection or Examples; army, mob, nation Abstract Nouns : names of qualities, ideas, A noun is the ni; ame of any person, animal, place, th groups of persons, animals or things forming a unit emotions and such things which we cannot see or touch Examples: friendship, honesty, beauty Material Nouns : names of materials or substances used as ingredients for making things Examples: water, iron, steel @ tdentify the different kinds of nouns in the followin; Dhoni is a good batsinan. He has good know ig sentences and name them: edge of cricket. sa man of great wisdom. For making the dessert, we need sugar, milk and holley. Aherd of cattle greeted the farmer in his backyard, COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS + Countable nouns or countables are the nouns that can be counted, Examples: books, pens, pencils Countable nouns have both plural and singular forms. + Usually, most of the common and collective nouns are countable nouns. + Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted. Th Examples: milk, sugar, tea, bread, soap Uncountable nouns have singular form only. — Sco » Coudoua Learning Series Grammar-7 3 gue EA wpe ire also called uncountables.‘There are nouns which can be countable or uncountable depending upon the context such as glass, Paper, fish and oil. Read these sentences: (2) The photo frame is ntade of glass. (uncountable) (b) Please give me an empty gl (countable) In sentence (a), glass is an uncountable noun while in sentence (b), glass is a countable noun Countable nouns m. y be used with words such as a, one, two, few and many. Examples: (a) Few people came to the party. (b) One boy got hurt while practising. Uncountable nouns cannot be used with these words, We cannot say one milk (X) or few sugar (x). With uncountable nouns, we san use words like little or much. Examples: (a) Inced some milk. (b) Puta little sugar i nthe mi n also use groups of words like ‘cup of’, ‘slice of’, ‘cakes of” with uncountable nouns. Examples: a cup of milk, two cups of milk, four cakes of soap, five slices of bread Note that though we write cups, cakes, slices, the uncountable milk, soap and bread remain the same. + Proper nouns like names of countries such as ‘India’, ‘Pakistan’, names of particular places such as Delhi’. ‘Bhopal’ and names of particular persons or things are unique. There is only one of their kind. So they are called uncountable nouns. We Material nouns like ‘sugar’, ‘milk’, ‘tea’, ‘iron’, ‘glass’ are uncountables. Abstract nouns like ‘honesty" ‘knowledge’, beauty’ are uncountables. p- AEST 0222 00a naan ne 3 ibstract nouns may also have a plural form such as. t decision oF accom s hardship = hardships * BBR Be eh @ entity the countable and uncountable nouns according to the context. The first one has been done for you. 1. His knowledge in Maths is impressive. {uncountable noun) (uncountable noun) Books were distributed among the 2 3. Her kindness towards the street dogs made her adopt them. 4. How much sugar do you need for the cake? We 5 We should drink minimum eight glasses of water daily. 46. They eataloroffish, 7. We should cultivate good manner 8. His 9, Her music is very popular. ork for the day is over. 10. Have you finished your project? ies Grammar-7COLLECTIVE NOUNS A.collective noun refers to a group or set of animals, person The following are examples of collective nouns 1. Aherd of buffaloes ie 2. Aflight of; 7. 3. Apride of lions 18. 4. Agang of thieves 19. 5. Apack of wolves 20. 6 Aswarm of bees ai. 7. Abunch of keys 2. 8. Aregiment of soldiers 23. 9. Asquadron of policemen 24, 10. A troupe of dancers 25. 11. A horde of savages 26. 12. A litter of puppies 27. 13. A bench of judges 28. 14. A fleet of ships 29. 15. Acchoir of singers 30. Collective Nouns Used For Groups of People: sor things forming a unit, ‘A brood of chicks A crowd of people A box of tools ‘A constellation of stars A bouquet of flowers A sheaf of arrows A grove of trees A shoal of fish An orchestra of musicians A congregation of people Aboard of directors Asuite of rooms Acolumn of ants A bundle of sticks A chest of drawers (a) A group of people watching a match - spectators (b) A group of people ata religious meeting = congregation (©) A group of people listening to a concert or lecture = audience (4) A group of people gathered for a specific, common purpose. _— —_ assembly (©) A group of people gathered without any particular purpose. — crowd (£) A group of people gathered for some destructive purpose - mob (g) A group of savage people . horde Fill in the blanks with the appropriate collective nouns : . constellation quéie ed? bouquet stick bundle flight flect battalion litter , ie of stars since all the popular cricket players were Fre istan cricket match bes The award ceremony was a... in front of the stadium before the India - Pa “There was a long Wherever Danish went a .. of puppies followed him. General Sharma heade: . of soldiers, On my birthday, my best friend gave me a. of flowers. Itis amazing to view a of geese in the sky. of sticks for the bonfire. say epe Let us bring a...Abstract Noun Suffix cowardice ~ice coward justice just agreement = ment agree merriment merry kindness = ness kind cleverness clever friendship - ship friend hardship ar provision = sion provide fe invade ee -th bear depth deep - tion act acon — invention BGs novel novelty loyal loyalty ey) discover discovery honest honesty At times, an abstract noun is formed by altering few letters of a verb. Verb Abstract noun Verb Abstract noun 1. advise advice 7. believe belief 2. choose choice 8. hate hatred 3. feed food 9. hot heat 4. practise practice 10. live life 5. prove proof 11. speak speech 6. strike stroke 12. think thought © Aitlin the blanks with the noun forms of the words given in brackets. The first one bs! done for you. 1. The general's bravery has earned him many accolades. (brave) 2. India gained in the year 1947. (free) 3 . of the rope had to be 5m. (long) 4, The ozoné layer gives us .. .- from the harmful UV rays of the sun. (protect) 5, We attended her ceremony on Saturday. (marry) 6 Z 8. 9, 1 i -. and security of the students. (safe) . His .. ffi... about cricket is more than any of his peers. (know) . The Indian tcam protested against the umpire’s . (decide) cide) ). John’s Whintte.... of the facts helped h Iped his frien fe 0. Children should avoid movies which depict ...., eee ee .- (violent) = ESSELTE * STARE F SA, 18 A Cordana Leaning Sexies Grammar-7