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Motion & Newton's Laws Lec 6

The document discusses types of motion including linear, angular, and general motion. It then discusses Newton's three laws of motion - the law of inertia, the law of acceleration, and the law of action and reaction. Clinical applications of Newton's laws related to whiplash injuries and hanging are provided.

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doaaeldekkeshi
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11 views20 pages

Motion & Newton's Laws Lec 6

The document discusses types of motion including linear, angular, and general motion. It then discusses Newton's three laws of motion - the law of inertia, the law of acceleration, and the law of action and reaction. Clinical applications of Newton's laws related to whiplash injuries and hanging are provided.

Uploaded by

doaaeldekkeshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motion & Newton’s Laws

Types of Motion: Newton’s Law of Motion:

• Linear or • Angular or 1. First Newton's Laws (law of inertia)


translatory rotatory
2. Second Newton's Laws (law of

Motion Motion acceleration)

• General 3. Third Newton's Laws (law of


(combined)
reaction)

Motion
Motion: is a change of position or place of object or
subject in relation to a fixed point or a reference point.
1. Linear or translatory Motion:
• It is a motion in which any given point of the body moves along
a straight line or a curved line.
• Motions of all points describe parallel straight or curved lines.
• All parts of the body travels the same distance, in the same
direction and in the same time.
• Distance is a scalar quantity (having magnitude only).
• When the distance is accompanied by a direction it is called displacement.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
• If the displacement is divided by the time, it is called Velocity.
• In linear motion, each point moves the same linear displacement and same
linear velocity.
• Linear motion could be rectilinear or curvilinear.
A. Rectilinear Motion: B. Curvilinear Motion
In rectilinear motion, each In Curvilinear motion, each
point of the segment or point of the segment or the
the body moves in straight body moves in curved lines
lines with the same linear with the same linear
displacement and linear velocity & nearly the same
velocity. For example linear displacement. For
trunk, head and neck are example Sky divers during
moving in rectilinear free fall represents
motion during walking or curvilinear motion.
cycling.
2. Angular Motion:
• Angular motion of any segment is rotation of this
segment around a central imaginary line oriented
perpendicular to the plane of rotation, called an
axis of rotation.
• This axis could be inside or outside the physical
limit of the body. It is inside the limit of the body
as during joint movement, and it is outside the
limit of the body as during gymnastic swinging.
• Almost all human movement involves rotation of
a body segment around an imaginary axis or
joint center
In angular motion, each
point of the segment (or
radius) travels through
the same angle, in the
same direction and in the
same time so each point
moves the same angular
displacement around a
fixed axis but in
different linear
displacement
N.B:

• The linear displacement depends on the length of the radius


or the segment, i.e. by increasing the distance away from the
axis of rotation the greater the linear displacement than the
closer point to the axis.
• Increased linear displacement means increase in the velocity
of the terminal parts.
• E.g.:
• Taller and shorter subjects while walking.
• Racket handle in tennis playing.
3. General Motion:
• It is a combination between linear and angular
motion.
• During walking, the trunk undergoes translatory
motion as a direct result of the angular motion
occurring around the hip, knee and ankle joints of
the lower limbs.
• Racing cyclist translates his upper body as a
direct result of the angular movements of his
legs.
• Human movement usually consists of general
motion rather than pure linear or angular
motion.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
• 1st newton’s law: ( Law of inertia)
• “ Every body remains at rest or in uniform motion at a constant
velocity until any force acts upon it to cause any change”
• This body is said to be in equilibrium.
• When the body remains at rest, the forces acting on it must be
balanced and if the body is moving, it will continue to move at a
uniform speed until some forces causes it to stop moving or to
change its rate or direction of motion.
• So at rest:
• 𝑭=𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒅
• And when the body moves:
• 𝑭ǂ𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒅
Inertia: Inertia is a resistance of the body to
change its state of rest or motion.
• Types of Inertia:
• There are two types of inertia:
• Resting inertia which is the inertia of the body
during rest i.e. (the resting body tends to remain
at rest).
• Moving inertia which is the inertia of the body
during motion i.e (the moving body tends to
remain moving).
• Inertia is directly proportional to the mass.
• A body with a larger mass has greater inertia
so in this case it is difficult to change the state
of the body either to accelerate or stop or
change direction.
Clinical application:
1. Whip lash injury ( Cervical syndrome)

2. Hanging
Whiplash injury versus Hanging
Injury Whip lash injury (cervical Hanging
syndrome)

Trunk The trunk is fixed by the The trunk and the lower
belt extremities move

Head The head is still moving The head is fixed by the


forward with its moving rope which maintains its
inertia resting inertia

Atlanto-axial joint and Fracture dislocation of the Dislocation of the atlanto-


transverse Ligament atlanto- axial joint, but axial joint accompanied by
without tearing of the tearing of the transverse
transverse ligament ligament
• 2nd newton’s law: ( Law of acceleration):
• This law states that:
• ( Acceleration produced by a force acting on
the body is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the force and inversely
proportional to the magnitude of the force
and inversly proportional to the mass of the
body and the movement occurs in the same
direction of the applied force).
• F = Mass (m) x Acceleration (a)
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
• Acceleration =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
• If the mass is constant, by increasing the force
the acceleration increases.
• If the force is constant, by increasing the mass
the acceleration decreases.
• 3rd newton’s law: ( Law of Reaction):
• It states that:
• “ For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction, equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction”
• If you push against an object, it will push
back against you with equal force but in the
opposite direction.
• These two forces are called an action-reaction
pair. i.e, Action = Reaction in static condition.
Clinical Application:
• I- During standing on a hard surface,
the force of gravity exerts a downward
pull via the soles of the feet.
• To prevent sinking of the person
downward, there is an equal and
opposite upward thrust exerted by the
supporting surface against the feet.
• Sinking is also prevented by the firmness of
the surface.
• 2- During push up exercises, the hands placed on the
ground or the hard surface push downward by a force.
• The earth exerts an equal and opposite force upward
against the hands. This upward reaction force causes
upward motion of the body.
• Performing exercises on soft surfaces reduce the
magnitude of reaction forces over the body.
• As a result the person should exert more forces on the
soft surface till the magnitude of action equals to
reaction.

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