‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳوھﺎج‬

‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻵداب‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ‪2019-2020 :‬‬

‫______________________________________________________‬

‫اﻹﺳﻢ‪ :‬رﺣﻤﮫ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﯾﺴﻦ‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺠﻠﻮس‪201382 :‬‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪30104082600269 :‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‪Advanced English Grammar :‬‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‪ :‬د‪ /‬ﺣﻨﺎن ﻋﺒﯿﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪Adjectives and Adverbs in:‬‬

‫‪English and Arabic‬‬
Abstract
This study is an attempt to analyze an analytically similarity and difference
between adjectives and adverbs in both English and Arabic, and focus on their
method of use and presentation of their various forms, as well as difficulties by
clarifying some points so that we can distinguish between them. Moreover, it
aims to highlight a way to make this comparison understandable. It is ready to
contribute to enriching the field of study due to the lack of research in this field.(2)
“Adjectives and their Difficulties in English and Arabic: A Comparative
Study.ResearchGate.com”
Keywords: Adjectives – Adverbs – Definitions – Irregular Rules – comparisons

Contents
1. Adjectives in English
2. Adverbs in English
3. Adjective or Adverb: Irregular rules
4. Adjectives in Arabic
5. Adverbs in Arabic

• Introduction
Without adjectives where will we be? How would we describe an interesting story
or enjoy an enchanting universe? In other words, adjectives simply add additional
description to the nouns. In particular, they provide the English language with
flourish, an added dose of colours. If we spend some time studying examples of
adjectives, we too will develop our writing by adding adjective elegance
appropriately.(3) “Examples of Adjectives.yourdictionary.com”
Where would we be without adverbs? Does the boy speak loudly or quietly? Does
the turtle run quickly or very slowly?
Adverbs can baffle writers. They have various functions within English.
Examining examples of adverbs and can help you identify them and make
effective use of this part of the speech. You can add more description, describe
an action or intensify the meaning of another word with a couple of adverbs by
your side.(4) “Examples of Adverbs.yourdictionary.com”
Adjectives and adverbs are two categories whose prototypical function is to
qualify or modify the meaning of basic grammatical categories such as nouns and
verbs. Adjectives and adverbs share important characteristics. Some words can
be used as both adjectives and adverbs and some grammatical structures using
adjectives or adverbs are very similar. There is a very large variety of grammatical
constructions that use adjectives and adverbs, as there are many ways to qualify
something.About to have fun? Then let's dive into those deep blue waters right
here.(5) “Adjectives and adverbs.halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr”

• Adjectives
1.Adjective in English Adjectives are used to identify or describe nouns and
pronouns. Adjectives can come before nouns, or after linking verb.

Before the noun:

* She broke the hot dish.
* I have a White rabbit .
* The little woman wear a beautiful dress .
* What an amazing smell!

After a linking verb:

* He looks sad.
* The book is interesting .
* The weather became hot.
My jacket is black.
(6) “Adjectives and Adverbs.grammarbook.com”
Note: If (When this, that, these, and those) come before a name, then they are
adjectives, and if they don’t come a noun, they are pronouns
Examples:
*This gift is for you
(This is an adjective)
*This is for you
(This is an adverb)

Degrees of comparison
Three forms of adjectives come in: absolute, comparative and superlative.
• Absolute adjectives:
describe something to their own effect.
Examples:
1-A clever girl
2-A large room
3-A beautiful view
4-A famous actor

• comparative adjectives:
Unsurprisingly, make a comparison between two or more things. The
comparative for most one-syllable adjectives is formed by adding the -er suffix
(or just -r if the adjective already ends with an e). Replace -y with -ier for two-
syllable adjectives which end in -y. Add the word in more for multi-syllable
adjectives.
Examples:
1-A cleverer girl
2-A larger room
3-A more beautiful view
4-A more famous actor
 • Superlative adjectives:
suggest that something in question has the highest degree of quality. By adding
the suffix -est (or just -st for adjectives that already end in e), one-syllable
adjectives become superlatives. Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y
substituting -y for -iest. Multi-syllable adjectives are often to add the phrase.If
you're using an article with a superlative adjective, it'll be almost always the
definite article (the) rather than an article or an article. Use a superlative
implicitly means you are thinking about a particular item or things.
Examples:
1-The cleverest girl.
2-The largest room.
3-The most beautiful view.
The most famous actor.
(7) “Adjectives.grammaly blog.com”

• Adverbs
2.Adverbs in English: Adverbs are used to describe verbs, adjectives or
other adverbs or even a whole sentence
Adverbs and verb: Kate answers loudly in the class
Note: Linking verb doesn’t mix well with adverbs
*She seems happily (incorrect)

Adverbs and adjective: The girl is quite beautiful

Adverbs and Other Adverbs: Kate answers too loudly in the class
Adverbs and Sentences: Unfortunately, we did not win the competition

Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how
much (e.g., daily, completely).
Examples:
*She walks quickly (tells how)
*She walks very quickly (the adverb very tells how quickly)
*She arrived yesterday (tells when)
*Let's go shopping (tells where)
*Bernie left to avoid trouble (this adverb phrase tells why)
*Kate works out Actively (tells to what extent)

Degrees of Comparison
Adverbs have three kinds of comparative like adjectives. These degrees are
absolute, comparative and superlative adverbs even though using them in this
way is slightly less common.the comparative and superlative forms appear like
the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives.

• Absolute adjectives:
describes something proper to itself:
Kate cheered warmly.

• comparative adjectives:
Form: more+comparative adverb(ly)
Kate cheered more warmly than the others.

• Superlative adjectives:
Form: most+superlative adverb(ly)
Kate cheered most warmly of them.
(8) “Adverbs.grammaly blog.com”
3. Adjective or Adverb: Irregular forms (rules)
1-When we add -ly- to the adjective, it becomes an adverb:
* Careful (adjective): Kate is a carful player.
* Carefully (adverb): Kate plays carefully.
* Quick (adjective): She is quick speaker .
* Quickly (adverb): She speaks quickly.
* Bad (adjective): This restaurant is bad!
* Badly (adverb): He plays badly!

2-If the adjective ends with -y- then we delete the -y- and replace it with -ily-
* Easy (adjective): This exam is easy.
* Easily (adverb): She answered the exam easily.

3-If the adjective ends with-le- then we delete the -e- and replace it with -y-
* Simple (adjective): Rose wears a simple jewelry.
* Simply (adverb): Rose was simply trying to be a fashionista.

4-There are adverbs that look the same as the adjectives

* Early (adjective): She was early for the competition.
* Early (adverb): She woke up early.
* Fast (adjective): He's a fast runner.
* Fast (adverb): He runs fast.

Note: There are some adjectives such as: friendly, lovely, lonely, lively, and
silly that are treated as adjectives even though they end with -ly-
Ex:she’s such a lovely girl.
(9) “Adjectives and Adverbs.perfect English Grammar.com”
5-There are some expectations:
Good / well
The word good is an adjective, and the word well is an adverb
Ex: you have a good friend
(Good describes the friend)

You have to sleep well

(Well answers how)
Note: the word well is used as an adjective if we express (health)
Ex: Kate is well
(She is not ill and fine)
(1)“Dr.Hanan (2019-2020), p (40-41)”

4.Adjectives in Arabic
As for the adjective in the Arabic language, it is a word that contains a feeling
like (‫ﺟﻤﯿﻠﺔ‬, ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬,‫ )ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬.
the adjective always agrees with the noun that came before it and is similar to it
in everything : If the noun is masculine, then the adjective also should be in the
masculine form and so on.
New- ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
, and if the noun is feminine, simply add " "(‫ﺗﺎء ﻣﺮﺑﻮطﺔ )ة‬to make the adjective in
the feminine form .
New- ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬
Examples:
Our house is new. .‫ﺑَﯿﺘ ُﻨﺎ ﺟﺪﯾٌﺪ‬ -１
ُ ‫ )ﺑﯿ‬is masculine, so we use the masculine form
Here, the noun (‫ﺖ‬

The old furniture. .‫اﻷﺛﺎث اﻟﻘﺪﯾُﻢ‬ -２

Here, we know that there is (‫ )أْل‬before the adjective (‫ )اﻟﻘﺪﯾُﻢ‬because if the noun is
definite, the same definite article (‫ )أْل‬should be add to the adjective.

The similarity is also expressed in syntax (analysis).

Ex: َ‫رأى اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻠﻤﯿﺬَ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﮭﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﮫ ﻣﻨﺼﻮب ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺘﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﮭﺪ‬
First, it is necessary to know the syntax of the word that precedes the adjective,
so that we can express the adjective.(10) "(١١-١٠-٩)‫ ص‬،‫"ﺣﺳن ﻣدان‬

5.Adverbs in Arabic
As for the adverb , it is a name that it’s end mark is (َ‫)اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬if it is singular,
and (‫)اﻟﻀﱠﻤﺔ‬if the adverb includes two things, and (‫)اﻟﻜﺴﺮة‬if it is a feminine plural.
Also with no article and shows its owner’s body when the act occurs.
It comes as a response to an interrogation sentence in which the interrogation is
"how", that is, how was the adverb of the adverb owner.
Ex: ً ‫ﺟﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺮا‬
The adverb (ً ‫)ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺮا‬with no article.
the adverbs owner (‫)اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ‬with an article.

Note: Put between the adverb and the adverb owner the word (‫)وھَﻮ‬to make sure
the adverb exists, and if it matches the sentence, so the sentence contains an
adverb.
Ex: ً ‫ﻋﺎد اﻟﺘﻠﻤﯿﺬ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺮورا‬
the adverb owner(with an article) :‫اﻟﺘﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬
(no article ) ‫ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻨﺼﻮب ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬:ً ‫ﻣﺴﺮورا‬
(11) “‫ﺷﺮح درس اﻟﺤﺎل ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬.Almrsal.com”
 • Conclusion
A recommendation from this examination, it is understood that this task has
dealt with an important point which is the adjectives and the adverbs in both
English and Arabic with similarities, differences and difficulties. The study
checks the definitions first and explains the examples, then conducts a
comparative investigation about the different degrees of comparison in the
class, in the English language, and so on the spot, and discussed some laws that
can distinguish between them, as well as the definition of the adjective and the
adverbs in the Arabic language and explain them in a simple way with the
various examples to show different aspects of the two languages. It is important
to realize that this study is not sufficient to cover all aspects and parts of the
adjective and the adverbs in both English and Arabic, although it shed light on
the subject. For this reason, it is recommended to advise to expand the process
of study and research in the same field to improve humanity with rational
actions in the same field.

References
1. Ebaid, Hanan. Grammar Coursebook, 2019-2020, page(40-41)
2. Dahami, Yahya. (2012). Adjectives and their Difficulties in English and
Arabic: A Comparative Study. Sana'a University Journal of Education
and Psychological Sciences. 9.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324532923_Adjectives_and_their_
Difficulties_in_English_and_Arabic_A_Comparative_Study
3. https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-adjectives.html
4. https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-adverbs.html
5. Christophe Parisse, Christelle Maillart. Adjectives and adverbs. 2017.
halshs-01666849
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01666849/document
6. https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/adjAdv.asp , Jane Straus
7. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective/
8. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adverb/
9. https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/adjectives-and-adverbs.html
10. ‫ ﻣﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت واﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬،‫ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻢ‬،‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺪان‬
(١١-١٠-٩) ‫ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻷﻟﻮﻛﺔ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬،‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﯾﺐ‬
https://www.alukah.net/books/files/book_11438/bookfile/sefaaarabic.pdf
11. https://www.almrsal.com/post/548252 , Hagar Moharam.