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Trigonometry (Formula)

Trigonometry (Formula)

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Trigonometry (Formula)

Trigonometry (Formula)

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pakaf60933
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Chapter dp, TRIGONOMETRIC ----> SOX 1." Ina right angled triangle, opposite side to 8 adjacent side to 8 sing = SPpositeside OO cos = hypotenuse = ~~ hypotenuse opposite side to 0 adjacent side to © tan ® ees, Ot OR a ijacent side to 6 “opposite side to 0 9 — —hypotenuse 9 = —bypotenuse.» oe adjacent sideto > “°° © ~ “opposite side to 8 ‘These six ratios are known as the Trigonometric Ratios or. Trigonometric Functions. Note: Versin 6 = 1 — cos @ and coversin @ = 1 ~ sin 0 2. Relations between Trigonometric Ratios : : Sit é ‘ (cose 0 = Sry (0 + in, mis an integer) i aie (oem isan inte «) Gi) see 0= 5G ? nteg oe eel Gi) cot 0= = (+ nn) sin® x “6 = 588 fosnn+e Gy) tne = ( nn z) to= £25 Ve cot O= Fig (0 # nn) sin? 0 + cos? @=1 1 + tan’ 6 = sec? © => sec? @— tan? 0=1 - 1 jecd+tmo O° sec 0 + tan 0 = accom ian! (viii) 1 + cot? @ = cosec? @ => cosec? @ — cot? @ = 1 1 5 1 ' Goss B Fear OF cosee O + cot O = Also sec @ — tan @ = Also cosec @.— cot 6 = cosec @—cot @ (Chapter-3) === A 3) FUNCTIONS Zag qrigonometric Functions 3. & (ix) Since sin? © + cos? 0 = 1, therefore | = 3.3, fi at » therefore, | sin 0 | < | fey —1SsinO I or cosee 0 <-l ee l : (xi) Since sec 6 = ‘cos * therefore, see 0 > 1 or see 0 < i (il) _cosee 0 and sec 0 cannot lie between — 1 and + 1, Signs of Trigonometric Ratios : TT Quadrant (90° < @ < 180°) y ; only. sin @ and eosee 0 : 1 Quadrant (0% < 6 < 90°) - <___t¢ positive i ALL ratios are posi + cot 6, ifm is odd (d) cot (n. 90° + 6) = +cot 0, ifn is even + tan 0, if n is odd - (c) cosec (n. 90° + 0) ‘= + cosec 6, if n is even £ sec @, ifn is odd sec (n. 90° +0) = + sec 0, ifm is even 2 + cosec 0, if'n is odd Note : The sign on the R.H.S of the above relations is the same as the sign of the given ratio for that quadrant in which the angle A lies. (Chapter-3) Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Multiple and Submultiple Angles and Tensfopnations === 4.1 Chapter u TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND, MULTIPLE AND 1 1 | I YY 1 SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES (4 ee AND TRANSFORMATIONS ie poco ee Compound Arigle : An angle made by the sum or difference of two or more angles is called a compound angle. For example A+ B, A= B, A+B +C,A+B-— C,A-—B+C etc. are all called compound angles. I. Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles sin A cos B+ cos AsinB sin A cos B - cos cos A cos B-sin A sin B cos Acos B + sin A sinB tanA +tanB tan (A’+B) I-tan AtanB tan A~tanB Sy tan(A-B) = Ty tan A tanB cotAcotB-1 Hy COAT B) = Asoo cotAcotB+1 8... cot(A—B) = é cotB—cotA 9... sin(A+B)sin(A-B) = sin? A sin’ B = cos* B — cos* A D> cos (A +B) cos (A -B) = cos? A — sin? B= cos? B ~ sin? A tan?A-tan?B 1-tan? Atan?B cot? Acot?B=1 cot” B- cot” A Uy, tan(A +B) tan (A-B) 12. cot (A+B) cot (A~B) - Rig) _ Lewd - stan 40") = Totane Ed 1-tanO — cos0-sin® e E_9). = eso se Loot | T+ 14. tan (§ ) T+tan6 ~ cosO+sind °° \4 S821 210 eee (Chapter-4) 4.2 18. sin(A+B+C) =X (sin A cos B cos C) ~ sin A sin B sin C 16. cos(A+B+C) = cos A cos B cos C- X (sin A sin B cos C) tan A tan Btan C tan Ctan A. cot Acot Beot cotC cot Acot B+ cot Bcot sotCcot A= 1 Multiple Angles : The angles.2A, 3A, 4A, etc. are called the multiple angles. Sub-Multiple Angles : The angles A/2, A/3, A/4 etc, are called sub-multiple angles. Il. Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple and Sub-iultiple Angles + tan A + tan B+ tan tan A tan B= tan BtanC 17, tan(A+B+C) = ot A — col 18. cot(A+B+C) = 1, (i) sin2A=2sinA geeks : yy sin 2A=2 sin Acos A= TET, ‘. 2 (i sin A= 2 sin A cos 4 eee =2sin > cos > = : 2 Fran? A 2 i 5 a ie 1-tan? A 2. (i) cos 2A.= cos? A~ sin? A= 1 ~ 2 sin? A= 2 cos? A- 1 = ——5—~ 1+ tan? A A A A A 2 if Sen aes 2 A 2 (i) cos A= cos? 5 — sin’? 5 pial 4 1+ tan’ 2 3. (i) 1 + tos 2A = 2 cos” A,.1 - cos 2A = 2 sin-A 2 , ,A aA Gi) 1 + cos A = 2 cos 5, 1 - cos A 2 sin? 5 sip tan? Ac 170087A. a Gil) tan’ A= TF eos2A * : _. fiecos2A A TcosA 4. @) cos A= 4 JE 00s F = 4 JS =eos2A A : (ii) sin A=+ pao si 5 1 ga 5. (i) tan2A= Gi) tn A= Vi Fcos2A* (Chapter-4) = Radiant's } Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Multiple and\gubmultiple Angles and Transformations ==" 4.3 2cotA oP AI ee & 0 .en2h= SO etan she 7. (i) sin3A=3 sinA—4 sin’ A Gi) €08 3A= 4 c0s" A~3 cos A prin facil Malet = Go DV ee 5 : ons mm (Met pte I Gv) carga = SeOtAxcota a Ware 1-3cot? A’ a ne ae 8 (sin > +008 5 = + VirsinA ¥ of fe Aube DP : “ Ayngy \ a A A ale (il) sin 3 ~ cos = + Vimsina b ak oxbd p - Ee 2 @ 2'sin 4 =+ VitsinA + Jimsina BI nae 5 3 Emr BE IS flaw Gi) 2e0s F =+ Vitsink F VImsina n fi) tag A. SUH tanA-1 an Ena Gene aA 1 Ae aaa — v fe II. Transformations = a C+D 1, ‘sin.C + sin D = 2 sin C+D 2. sinC ~ sin D =2 cos s . 2 C+D 3. cos C + cos D = 2 cos C+D c-D o 4. cos C ~ cos D =~ 2 sin 2 sin or 2 sin 2 sin A cos B= sin (A + B) + sin(A—B) 2 cos Asin B= sin (A+ B) ~ sin (A—B) fe 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A — B) ema 2 sin A sin B = cos (A~B) ~ cos (A+ B) —=(Radiant's)———— aE (Chapter-4) 7“ 44° Gi) ). wi) i) Gii) 3. @ Gi) Gi) 4 (i) di) Gi) IV.__ Values of Trigonometric Ratios of Some Standard Angles + 3 “yy = 008 75° sin 15° i} tan.15° = 2- V3 =cot 75°, 3B y sin 15° + cos 15° = ° 0 cos 224 = cane =sin 674 0 o tan 224 = V2 cos 674 Vv. Some Important Identities : +1 a ee oe (ii) cos 15 7 (iv) cot 15°=2 +-V3= = sin 75° + cos 75° 2 tan 15° + cot 15° = 4 = tani 75° + cot 75° sin 18° = oe = cos 72° con 108 = ODI i ye tan 18° )= V4V5-8 = cot 72° sin 36° = woes cos 54° aa) cos 36° = V4 = sin 54° tan 36° = ¥5-2V5 = cot 54° : o fy2-1 ° in 20h) or geome 1 sin223 = 575 = c0s 673 241 Trigonometry = sin 75° tan 75° . 7 i er 1. sin A sin (60° — A) sin (60° + A) = 7 sin 3A= sin A sin (120°— A) sin (120° + A) 1 2. cos A cos (60° - A) cos (60° + A) = | 005 3A = cos A cos (120° — A) cos (120° + A) 3. tan A tan (60° — A) tan (60° + A) = tan 3A = tan A tan (120° cot A cot (60° — A) cot (60° + A) = cot 3A 4. (i) (ii) cot A + cot (60° + A) — cot (60° - A) = 3 cot 3A ~ A) tan (120+ A) 3 5. sin? A + sin? (60° - A) + sin? (60° + A) = cos?.A + cos? (60° - A) + cos? (60° + A) = 2 3 6. sin A+ sin? (120° — A) + sin? (120° + A) = sin? A + sin? (120 + A) + sin? (240° + A) =. 3 2 7, cos* A + cos?(120°— A) + cos? (120° + A) = cos? A + cos? (120° + A) + cos? (2409 + A) = (Chapter-4) - > trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Multiple and Submultiple Angles and Transformations 8. IfA+B+C = 180%, then (i) sin2A+ sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C ii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C ~ 4 cos A cos B cos C . tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C = tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C cot 2A cot 2B + cot 2B cot 2C + cot 2C cot 2A = 1 tan 3A + tan 3B + tan 3C = tan 3A tan 3B tan 3C cot 3A cot 3B + cot 3B cot 3C + cot 3C cot 3A = 1 sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos (A/2) cos (B/2) cos (C/2) cos A’+ cos B+ cos C= 1 +4 sin (A/2) sin(B/2) sin(C/2) -— sin AF sin? B + sin? C-= 2 (1 + cos A cos B cos C)~———__ cos? A + cos B + cos? C5 1 ~ Uo A cos B oC 9; IfA+B+C=90°, then (i) cot A cot B + cot C =cot A ‘cot B cotC (i) tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tanA= (ii) sin? A+ sin? B + sin? C= 1-2 sin’ sin B sin C (iv) cos? A+ cos” B + gos? C = 2 (1 + sin A sin B sin C) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C =4 cos A cos B cos C cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C=1+4sinAsinBsinC «) | tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C = tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C ae, : (viii)_cot 2A cot 2B + cot 2B cot 2C + cot 2C cot 2A = 10, If cos x + cos y = a and sin x + sin'y = b then 4.5 : a 2ab Bo @ sinty) = 2 Bo, é ae \ a (i) cose +y) = e 2ab Git) tan @&+y) = aye 11. If cos x —.cos y =a and sin x ~sin y = b then ’ —2ab ls @ sin@+y) = Diy : be-a? (i) cose +y) = 2 2ab Gi) wn@ty) = ap : 12. If cos x + cos y =a and sin x ~ sin y = b then 2ab @ sin+y) = Fy (ii) cos (x+y) u Gi) tan (x+y) os (Chapter-4), periodicity, Variation, Graphs a ind Maximum and (oes Chapter PERIODICITY, VARIATION, GRAPHS i AND MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM “SS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ( 5 y ed 1, Periodic Function : If T is the least positive real number such that f(x + T) = f(x), then f(x) is called a periodic function and T is, called the period of f(x). Obviously, if T is period of f(x), then f(x) = f(x + T) =x + 2T) = x +37) = (i), The period of sin x or cosee x is 2n. (i) The period of cos x or sec x is 2m. (ii) The period of tan x or cot x is 7. (iv) If T is a period then nT is also a'period, but the converse may not be true. (v) If f(x) and g(x) are periodic functions with the period T, then the period of a f(x) + b g(x) where’a and b are constants is also T. (vi). If T is the period of the periodic function f(x) then the period of f{ax + b) where a (0) and b are constants is T/a. (a) The period of sin (ax) or cosec (ax) is 2n/a. (b) The period of cos (ax) or sec (ax) is 2n/a, (c) The period of tan (ax) or cot (ax) is n/a. (vii) If T, and T, are the periods of periodic functions f(x) and g(x) respectively, then the period of a f(x) + b g(x) is the L.C.M. of T, and T,,i.e., T is the least positive number which is divisible by T, and T,. . a f(x) +b g(x) (vii) IF f(x), 868), h(x) and k(x) are periodic functions, then'the period of Ch G)sd k(x) where a, b, c, d are any numbers is the L.C.M. of the periods of f(x), g(x), h(x) and k(x). 2. Variations ; The variation of values of trigonometric functions in various quadrants is given in the following table. In this table the symbol represents increases and |, represents decreases. === (Chapter-5) cos 0 UY 4 8, t tan 0 te 12, 8" te, cot 0 de Vn te Ye sec 0 te fel a YF cosec 8 de te ty 4 Graph of sin x (i) The graph of sin x passes through the origin. Gi) | The graph of sin x is continuous for all real values of x. ii) Maximum value of sin x is 1 and minimum value of sin x is— 1 i.e., | sinx| <1. Graph of cos x : @__ The graph of cos x does not pass through the origin. (i) The graph of cos x is continuous for all real values of x. (ii) Maximum value of cos x is 1 and minimuni value of cos x is ~ 1 ice., | cos x |< 1. Graph of tan x 3 (i) The graph of tan x passes through the origin. (i) The graph of tan x is discontinuous at odd multiples of 1/2. (iil) The value of tan x oscillate between —20 and <0. Graph of cot x (i). The graph of cot x is discontinuous at integral multiples of 1. (ii) The value of cot x oscillate between —co and 0. Graph of see x (i) The graph of sec x is discontinuous at odd multiples of 7/2. (ii) The value of sec x does not lie between ~I and 1. Graph of cosec x i (i) The graph of cosec x is discontinuous at integral multiples of m. (ii) cosec x does not lie between -1 and 1. Maximum and Minimum Values : Maximum value of a sin x + b cos x is J/g? 4? and the minimum value is - Ja? +b? * Maximum value of a sin x +b cos x-+cis ¢+ Jg?4p? and minimum value is e— g?+b?* 4 py s 10, 12, An equation involving trigonometric functions of an unknown angle is called a trigonometric equation. ; 2 The yalue of the angle for which the equation is satisfied is called its solution. Ifsin0 = k, ~ 1 O=nn +l)" The general,solution of cos 0 = k,— 1 0 = 2nt +a : ‘The general solution of tan 0 = k, k isa real number is 0 = nx + a where n is an integer and «is the principal value of 0. Thus tan 6 = tana => O=nt +a Note : Equations involving functions cosec x, sec x and cot x are respectively transformed into equations involving sin x, cos x and tan x and are solved as above. 2 6S tan? i. tases If sin? 6 = sin? a or cos? @ = cos? a or tan? 6 = tan? o then 6 = nz + o where n is an integer. poo : I | ; > INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC x 1 FUNCTIONS ( i i 1. Hsin @=x,~n/2 <0 1 5. Ifsec@=x,0 # n/2 and 0 < @ 1 6. If cot = x, 0 <@ 1 : 8. The value of 9 in {-n/2, 1/2] fot which sin“ x = 0 is called the principal value of sin” x. Properties of Inverse Circular (or Trigonometric) Functions 9% (i) sin" (sin 0)=0,-w/2<0 0) (Chapter-7) 7.2 13. (iv) cot! (Cx ii) — cosec"! x ) x) (vi) cosee™. (-x) 14. (i) sin" x + cos! x = 1/2, for-1 0 Gi) tans! x + cot x = -n/2, ifx <0 (iii) see! x + cosec"! x = 1/2, forx <-lorx>1 x+y I >0,xy<1 15. tan’ (22) when x,> 0, y > 0, xy . xty). pe (@) tan’x+tan! y= 7 2+ tant Tay, when'x > 0, y>0, xy>1 xty =n + tant (22) when x <0, y <0, xy>1 “Giy tan! x — tan! y =tan? |2—| hen x > 0, y > 0. (i) tant! x ~ tan! y =. aay - e ‘ “( xty+z—xyz ii) tan x + tan! y + tan! z = tan! a a xy-l) ( (iv) cot! x + cot! y = cot! ( ) pace Nv : . xytl -1 rife geet (vy) cot! x - cot"! y = cot (22) 16.) 2sin x= sin (20i-*) (ii) 2 cos x = cos (2x? ~ 1) 2 Gi) 2 tan x=er(28,) = cos! | | = sine! ( 25) 1-x? 1+x’ 14x’ | 7. 6) = sin! 3x ~ 4x3) (i) x = cos"! (4x? — 3x) 3 Gil) © 3 tan! x = tant | 382% 1-3x? 18. (i) sin x 4 sin! y = sin! (wiz? +y ix?) (i) sin’ x — sin y = sin (wi-¥ . =x") iii) cos"! x + cos! y = cos"! (w-vin? ie) (ivy’ cos"! x — cos"! 'y = cost! (weve? ii-¥) (Chapter-7) 1. i) cc) diy sins = cost (Vina? i T |x I eS cos"!x tan"x Some Important Results : 20. (i) di) 21. (i) Gi) ii) (iv) wv) (vi) 2 x 22. If cos"! (x/a) + cos (y/b) = 8 then > Ifa #-b # c, then _ (ab+t _ (ve = (2 | : cot! [Tap |) t cot? + cot! =0 7 aah uaror) ant OFFS) tan! ‘ab Iftan"x + tan” y + tan”! z = w/2 then xy + yz + 2x=1 Iftan! x + tan”! y+ tan z =n, thenx + y + z= xyz = n/2, then x? + y? +z? + 2xyz = 1 If sin"! x + sin"! y + si If cot (1/x) + cot” (1/y).+ cot" (1/z) = m, then xy + yz + zx = 1 If sec"! (1/x) + sec"! (I/y) + sec"! (1/z) = m, then x? + y? + 2? + 2xyz a-b Z tan! (3) - Radlant’s, (Chapter-7) properties of Triangles === y 5. 8.1 - Chapter ROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES (85 ) P Ina AABC, the angles BAC, ABC and ACB are denoted by capital letters A, B, C respectively and the lengths of the sides BC, CA and AB opposite to the angles A, B and C are denoted by a, b, c respectively. The area of trian (+b + oy is denoted b gle ABC is denoted by A and the semi-perimeter ‘a +b + c)/2 is denoted by s. Note : The three sides and three angles of a triangle are called the elements of the triangle. Circumcirele : A circle passin; le i ig through all the vertices ofa triangle is called the circumcircle or circumscribed circle. (i) The centre of the circumcircle is called the circumcentre of the triangle and it is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. (ii). The radius of the circumcircle is called the circumrat dius of the triangle and is denoted by R. a b c sinA ~ sinB~ sinc — => 0=2R sin A, b = 2R sin B,c = 2R sinc Cosine Rule : Ina A ABC, Sine Rule : Ina A ABC, (i) a = b? + c?- 2be cos A => cos A= 2be ea?—b? 2ca (ii) b? =? +.a?-2cacosB = cos B= a? +b? -) (i) 2 oa 2 + b?— 2ab cos C = cos C= Projection Rule : Ina A ABC, (i) a=bcosC + ccosB (ii) b= c cos A +a cos C (iil) c=a cos B +b cos A Radiant's <== (chapter-8) CS ——— 6. Half-Angle Formulae : a @sa($) = (ERE? «iy sin(S) = (e-a6—8) @ (0s(3) = (Nee (ii) cos @ = co 8 ‘ cap ooo(5) = - © @ too(4 = ae wan) = ee ‘ wao(2 = eae ian(2) 5 se) ii) taal S = Soke) > tan($) x eae @) @ eai(* = =6) = aes > ea(4) = ae 2 ) cot(2) 7 \eoeca = en(3) : = (ii) cot 5 se > ca($) » so 7. (i) -sinA = 2'sin (A/2) cos (A/2) = z secae-be- (i) sinB= 2 ‘ez -BNE=E) i) sinC= 2 \st6=ays—byS—6) 8. Area of a Triangle : . 1 a eral @ Ao besin A= 5 ca sin B= > ab sin C 2a 2A Ac oo ein pa AY since => sinA= p>, sinB= [> sinC= 35 (i) A = Ye—ayNS—b)(S—e) where s = (a + b + oV/2 7 . (ii) A =abs/4R (iv) A =2R?sinA (Chapter-8) properties of Triangles 9 12, oo Tangent Rule or Napier’s Analogy : B-c) 4. @ tan ( 2 ye bee cot (A2) cma " C-A Gi) tan | Z—)} = — cot (8/2) cha = B =b Gii) tan ( 2 }- SF cot (C2) Incirele : A circle drawn inside a triangle touching all the three sides is called the incircle of the triangle. The centre of the incircle is called the incentre of the triangle and is usually denoted by I ood it is the point of intersection of the internal bisectors: of the angles of the riangle. : (The incentre is equidistant from each side of the triangle. (“The radius of the incircle'is called the inradius and is usually denoted by r. @ 1 = As : Gi) r/= 4R sin (A2) sin (B/2) sin (C/2) : Gil) r = (¢—a) tan (A2) = (6 ~b) tan (B/2) = (s — ©) tan (C/2) . Pig aceeaea re We ri Sen iets a Ri (iv). = 6t(B7/2) + c0t(C/2) ~ ‘cow(C/2)+cot(A/2) ~ coA/2+cot(B/2) Ex-circle : The circle which touches the side BC of a A ABC and the other sides AB and AC produced is called the eseribed or ex-circle opposite to the angle A. : Similarly we can define the escribed circles opposite to the angles B and C. (i) The centre of this circle is called the excentre and the radius of this circle is called the ex-radius. | (ii) The excentre opposite to the angle A is the point of intersection of the internal bisector of angle A and the external bisectors of angles B and C. (ii) The excentres opposite to the angles A, B and C are respectively denoted by 1, ly. I, and the corresponding exradii are denoted by r,, fy, respectively. 0 = j= (A) @'r, s-b W Gi) x, (B) @) 1,= stan (A2) ~ Gi) r,=s tan (B22) (iii) r, = s tan (C/2) dite (i) Pern, ty tye @ Gi) trey aRtr (MAR t HH tSNAs Sa Chapter-8) =(Radiant's 8.4 15, 17. 18. ™~ = Trigonometry Ip, Py Pye the lengths ofthe altitudes of a A ABC from the vertices A, B, C respectiva, then _ : rol iy LoL, (i) ee ene ae (ii) + ii 2 2 BO Pr PsP Orthocentre of a. Triangle: The point of intersection of perpendiculars from the vertices. on the opposite sides of a triangle is called its orthocentre. Let the perpendiculars AD, BE, CF drawn from the vertices A, B, C on the opposite sides BC, CA and AB of A ABC respectively, meet at point 0. Then O is the orthocentre of A ABC. The triangle DEF formed by joining the feet of the perpendiculars is called the pedal triangle of A ABC. Circum-radius of pedal triangle = R/2. Ina triangle (i) The angle opposite to the smallest side is the smallest angle. (ii). The angle opposite to the greatest side is the greatest angle, 19. Some Important Results : (Chapter-8) ——= The distance of the orthocentre from the vertices A, B, C of AABC are 2R cos A, 2R cos B and 2R cos C respectively. (i) Circumcentre S, centroid’G and orthocentre H of’a triangle are collinear and the centroid G divides the line joining the circumcentre S and the orthocentre H in the ratio 1; 2. 1 2) (ee : H Gi) Ina A ABC, if cot A+ cot B + cot C= 3 then the triangle is equilateral. (iv) Ina A ABC, if cos A + 2 cos B + cos C= 2, then the sides of the triangle are in AP

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