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Differentiation and It's Applications (Formula)

Differentiation and it's applications (Formula)

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27 views

Differentiation and It's Applications (Formula)

Differentiation and it's applications (Formula)

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pakaf60933
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© © All Rights Reserved
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, { y “Chapter . ; m~ FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS FUNCTIONS : 1. Ifto each element x of a set X, there corresponds a single element y of a set Y, then the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) is called a function. The set X is called the domain to the function. | ‘The element y, which corresponds to x, is called the value of the function at x. The set of all the values of the function is called the range of the function. : In general if a variable y depends on another variable x, then we say.that y is a function of x and is written as y = f(x), which is the relation between x and y. 2, Classification of Functions. Any given function is either an algebraic function or a transcendental function., (i) Algebraic Functions. |! (@) The function y= a,x°+ ax! +... + a, X+ a, where n is a +ve integer and ayy Aypony , aFe real numbers such that 49 is called a polynomial function of degree n. (b) A function defined by quotient of two polynomials is called a rational function. + (¢) Functions of the form y = Vx? +2x+3, (x? - 1)" which involve fractional powers, are called irrational functions. Polynomial functions, rational functions and irrational functions taken together constitute algebraic functions. . a (ii) Transcendental Functions. All functions other than algebraic functions aré called transcendental functions. These functions include : (a) Trigonometric functions sin.x, cos x, fan x, etc. -(b) Inverse trigonometric functions sin! x, cos“! x, tan! x, ete. (c) Exponential functions e*, a* . * @ Logarithmic functions log,x or log,x (e) Hyperbolic functions. (Chapter-15) Ss - functions and Limits == 3, Explicit and Implicit Functions. an explicit function of x, For example, y = x, y= x 4x24 933 If it is not possible to express function of x. For example, x? + y? — 3xy = 0, 3xy? + 2x + 5x? + y +3 =0 are implicit functions of x, 4, Even and Odd Functions. A funetion f(x) is said to be an even function if f(-x) = f(x) and an odd function if f(-x) = —f(x), 7 For example, x, sin?x, cosx, x? - 2x +6 are even functions of x and x, x3, x — 3x3, sin x, tan x are odd functions of x. 5, Absolute (or modulus) function. The function f(x) = |-x |, where +3 are explicit functions of x. ¥ directly in terms of x, then y is said to be-an implicit 3 x, when x 20, “IRIE |x when x <0 is called the absolute (or modulus) function of x. 6 Step Funetion (Greatest Integer Function). This function is defined byy x) = [xh ‘ where [X] is the largest integer less than or equal to x.. . In general, if'nis an integer and x is any real number between n and n-+ Lie, ifn yg Mol =|!) The converse need not be true, xa MOl= a £(%) Lt Lt If (x) =k, then. =), kek Lt Lt Lt x alf®) + OQ] =. 4 HOEY, 40 Lt Lt Lt xa UO) * 01 = pg MO Kg Lt Lt xoa KO EK YT 2 cay Lt f Li xa BS = ee, provided a8 #0 xa Li a Lt in cova MOPS [eat] Lt Lt cova F181 =+[, 5 209] Lt f xa x af Lt Wf@) ms log f(x) =| it . Lt xa le fx) = log |” f(x)| provided Ax) =1>0 7 Lt . Lt Lt w(x) _ gxval lst] Fre json [Foyt = = F(x xa xa . UW eon gel xa Te Lt . Lt xo ait X= sina, |, cos x = cosa al Functions and Limits = 19. 20. 2. 22. Gi) 15.5 Lt xa 12) = fa) Indeterminate Forms. For some value of x, say x = a if the function f(x) takes any of the following forms; If f(x) is a polynomial function then OE, eo = 2050 094.0, oY, |? 0 © then f(x) is said to be indeterminate at x = a, im L-HOSPITAL’S RULE for Caleulating Limits : If , _, , f(x) = 0 (or «) and lim f@) lim f(x) Xa “g() “xa g(a)’ Provided the lithit on the lim xa 8) = 0 (oro) then RUS exists. This is known as L’ Hospital’s Rule. Note that some times we have to repeat the abo e process again if the’R.H.S is of the form 0 0 : : 9 & Gp: This is explained below. lim f(x). 9 (or 2) lim f() . lim £'@) es sa Be) 0 (a) then y 5a eG) xe g"(x) Provided the limit exists. lim £%x) 9 es lim f(x) lim £%xy If Fie) = 9 (OG) then ay = xa ge) 9 ow Xa g(x) ~ xa g%%) lim £"%&) . 0(@ TE ya g(x) 7 0 Lm)» then proceed as above till a finite limit is obtained. Working Rule : Differentiate the numerator and denominator separately as many times as would be necessary to arrive a determinate form. Standard Limits. If 6 (or x) is in radians and 0 <| @ | M5070 * Lt tanao Lt tana | a Oo0 0 © 640 tanbo ~ > Lt sinao (940 tanbo a b Radiant's (chapter=15) ON” Differentiation and its Applica long 15.6 = (ii) 1f0 is measured in degrees Lt sing? : -Ht tan? @ 950-9 7 0) 9-507 AF - Lt sinx : Lt cosx _ W@) @ gs0 q 79 () gages FO Lt sin“!x Lt tan !x _ ™ @ ys F! OM eereatel Lt Lt tanhx 24 ©) x+07x @ xs0°x 7 Lt sink” !x Lt tanh !x _ © x50 7! © x+o7 x oi} ° Lt “Incosx _ Lt 1=cosax: “9 ) @ sso xo07 e T8! Lt. 1 Lt. scosax-cosbx 1", ®) x50 7D O50. 8 Lt 1-cosax a? @. yoo 2 ©) j 0 Lt 1y Lt ; (vii) (+4) ©} p59 Ut mitae Lt x_] Lt x30" x 3x0 t (iii) =log.a; : ex Lt log (1+x) _ Lt log (tax) x30 x PG x . Lt 1 & (xX) yg sin (2) does not exist Lt t () c= 0; Ht et=0 xe x30 : Lt Lt (i), 594 l0ex=-; 4 logx= 0 (xii). (a) if £(x), g(x) are polynomials of same degree ‘n’ then Lt f(x) _ coefficient of x” in f(x) x0 g(x) ~ coefficient of x” in g(x) byItd f(x) < d ls £6) (O)IT degree of W(x) < degree of g(x) then x 55, gGqy =O ~~ (Chapter-15) - ‘ functions and Limits a u (ODF degree of f(x) > degree of gx) then tf) _ xm g(x) In other words, ‘ ; Oifn 0 as x > a. : ‘Then simplify and cancel h (or powers of h) from both the numerator and denominator, Finally put h = 0.. = Lt (ii) To evaluate . _, ,, f(x) divide both the numerator and denominator by the highest z Lt 1 power of x and then use... 0 © (iv) Apply L-Hospital’s Rule to the form > or =. For example, Lt xtsinx 0 which is of the form > x0 0 Lt x-sinx Lt 1-cosx (_0 1290 2 ek 0 ae ( 2) Diff. Nr. and Dr separately. Lt “sinx (_0 ie oso Wax ( ) -Again Diff. Nr and Dr separately JU cose _'h x30 6 76 (v) Incase numerator or denominator (or both) are irrational functions, rationalisation of numerator or denominator (or both) helps to obtain the limit of the function. 25. Some Useful Results : @ mn=14+2434.. ne OD @ ta Se Pastas, ee se 5 deat \ Gil) En? = P+ 243+ = Baty" fn) (iv) atar+ar+ — (Chapter-15) ne pifferentiation = 1. Lety= f(x) bea function of x. Then Et £¢+5x)=f(x) oe bx 0 5x if it exists, is defined as the differential coefficient or the derivative of y with respect to x and is denoted by 2, . Sanaa dy £(2), oF y,, Hts value at x = ais represented by |=] or f(a). ix Xza A function which possesses a derivative at.a point is said to be differentiable or derivable at that point. Lt f@+h)- af £@+W=FO cists then we say that f(x) is derivable at x = a and is denoted hoo h : by f(a). Lt f(@+h)-f(a) hoo h If this limit does not exist, we say that f is not differentiable at x = a. Right and Left Hand Derivatives F(a) = f'(a) exists if and only if ‘ Hn 8) 0) re ea F+W =FQ) oth exists and are equal, These are ho+ h hoo- h denoted by f*(a+) and f*(a-) respectively and are called the rigth and left hand derivatives of fatx=a. Note : Lim £(x)-f@) xa x-a 1 f(a) = Differentiation and its Applications 164.2 — 2. Every differentiable function is continuous but the converse is not true. That is, a continuous function need not be differentiable. For example, f(x) = |x ~ a} is continuous but not differentiable at x = a. . 3. Most functions, like polynomial, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions are differentiable at each point of'their domain. 3. Properties of Derivatives : If u, v be functions of x, then Do ee ee O ROE et _ a du 3 Gg (eu) = kG) where k is a constant. a) @- 2 3 du dv Gi) Aut ©,V) = ¢, ax * dx? where c, and,c, are constants. ivy Ley eut +v duct Ruk (iy) Gv) = ug + VG, Product Rule) 4 du dv aw () Gy Qeww = Gewwt ugew tw dx dx dx 0 40-2 4. Ify is a function of wand u is a function of x, then dy _ dy di = S Chain rule) 5, Deriv: s of Some Elementary Functions : I. Algebraic Fungtions d qd) xO = 0, where ‘c’ is a constant. 20 Zeyeax- wy 208) = se (iii) 2 (2) Differentiation ee 16.3 Il. Trigonometric Functions Coe (3) (Sin x) = cos x Ox (cos x)=~sinx a (S) gy (tan x) = seo? x Ox cot 2) =~ cosec’x in A d - (1D) & (See x) = sec x tan x (BG (oosec x) = ~ cosec x cot x re Il. Inverse Trigonometric Function: d ©) 4 Gir» = — tio) A (carta) = =x ad 1 a (il) a (amt) = ee (12) gy (ot! x) = = (13), Serine a tay © ease! ys x Ix |Vx?=1 dx Ix | Vx? =1 IV. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions as) Jere : (16) &(@ =a og, . oli a7) £dogx)= + (08) (08,9= Fog V. Hyperbolic Functions d 09) (coh x) = cosh x (20) J (cosh x) = sinh x i a (21) Scan x) = sech* x (22) a (ooth x) =—cosech? x (23) 4 (eech x) =—sech x. tanhx (24) Go <. (cosech x) =~ cosech x . coth x Vi. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Inverse hyperbolic functions are defined as the inverses of the corresponding hyperbolic functions. 050 chatter) (Chapter-16)—= 16.4 Differentiation and its Application, Gal 7 (26) aco x= f (25) sje (sinh! x) = Toe a Tea . 1 ~! en «on a TAFIRIST , @8) gy Ccoti's) = 35 > : <1 Es <1 — 30) © (cosech! x) = 9) = Geet! y= “ 80) ir Paco VII. Modulus function BD ay reer of the cite Rule: ul Derivative of [f (x)]" w.r. to x is m. [f (X)]"" 1. f(x) Proof: Lety = Yor Then y = u" where u = f(x) 2 Yo ye we am = else) : Thus, by the -chain rule ~~ dy di 2A FS ae pay en Por! £6) Derivative of sin f (x) wart. x is cos f(X) «f'() Proof: Let y= sin u, where u = f(x) “ay du Then Fy = 90s, 5 =F") By the chain rule, dy dy du eT ae ae 7008 w. F1G8) = 005 F(X) ."G). Note: The above method can be extended to find the derivatives of other (Transcendental) functions. Memorise the following formulae : d 1.) GHGOT = 9 [GQ]! 20%) ie. nO}! x Ato ay a -1 @® & LF] + age h® Gy 2 [Fos] = aS .P@) t d 2. Gy [sin M()] =. cos Mx).F(x) iLe., cos (x) * [fx] ~ ‘a | pifferentiation == a 3. feos FOO] = = sin fox). (x) d 4 Gy [tam fO9] = see? x).P(x) + 5. Gy leot £x)] = ~ cose? £(x).0(x) d 6. Gy leosee f(x)] = - cosee £(3).00t f(x).0°(%) d : 7. a {(x)] = sec f(x).tan fx), a 8, i Eos fx) = eT DFO) ie, FES om S19) 9. ay = La] = 0%. log a. P(x) a 0, Fle =e™ Pea) ie, ef x Lp] fod ale ll. at f(x) = TtreoF °° 12 A feos! f(x)] = i ae P(x) 13. Sta! f(x] = iter £60 : d 1 | 14, a Loot £(x)] == Tr@r 70. 20. 21, 22, “d 1 Ge [see f@)] = Fo) itcor 1 7) d 1 Gy loose f(x)] = - —— f(x) x £00 VOOR -1 a + [sinh f()] = cosh £(x).2(x) d Gy leosh f(x)] = sinh toy) d Jy lan £(x)] = sech? 0x)."(x) d Gq [eoth x9] = — coseck? f(x) . P%) A tsech f(x)] = = sech f(x) . tanh f(x) . P00) teosech f(x)] = - cosech f(x) ¢ coth. f(x) . (x) =(Chapter-16) 16.60. —S Differentiation and its Applications 7, Differentiation of Parametric Functions : dy _ dy/dt Tex = f() and y= f(t), then 3° = 7g 8. Differentiation of Implicit Functions (i) When y is not given directly interms of x, the value of dy/dx is found by differentiating the given function term by term with respect to x and solve the resulting equation for dy/dx. E 7 Of /ox Gi) UE flx, y)= 0, then G> =~ Be7ay - 9. Logarithmic Differéntiation The process of first taking ‘Logarithm of both sides of the given function, say y = f(x) and then differentiating them is called logarithmic differentiation. : Derivatives of the functions of the following types are obtained by taking the logarithm (i) When the function consists of the produets and quotients of any number of functions of x. (ii) (function of x)= Fx ie, [f(xy] 10. Differentiation of one function w.r.t another function dy. dy/dx _ £') ) si) If y = f(x) and z = g(x), then dz/dx ~ g(x) 11, Some Important Results : yo=x (i) fx? + y? =a? then 2 = 2 a ‘é ay Ly. (iy ie + We va then © re a aa Py dy -bx i) oe + yg mL then Go a . xtae! iy? dy bx (iv), ap + fe = tthen GS = ay rT s+) < _ad~be ©) =~ m see mx . lor frzeosmx dy (i) Y= 108 Ve cosme then Ge =m cosee mx Din 9 ey Differentiation GT «ii (xiii) @iv) ov) (xvi) (xvii) (xviii) (xix) (x) (xxi) (xxii) xxii) (xxiv) (xxv) (xxvi) (xxvii) (xxviii) (xxix) (xxx), (xxxi) aa [\=cosmx. dy Tey N08 VT cosme then S% = m cosec mx ‘ax (Sin x sin mx) = n sin x sin (n+ 1) x ‘dx (©08" X C08 x) = n cos"! x cos (n+ 1) x et “dx (Si! X cos mx) =~ n sin=1 x cos (n+ 1) x fos" x sin nx) = — cos"! x gi dx OS" X Sin nx) = ~ cos"=! x sin (n+ 1) x Wy Yee) f+ JFe)eno. then & - £09 dk > 2y-1 we (iQ) - tan” x + tan! rif $8 tan = = tan! x —tant a (= cot tl tax = cot! x + cotta cor! 4 = cot x — cot! ae .x = cot! a £ dy SEG) Te y= Qy" then = Fofl=ylosF@Ol If y = f(x)* then 2 - y[boetonet fa) @ dy Extyt= (+ yy? then & = % my = +8 then Y= TY Text y= a" then = SO 4 Ifa%+aY a rvthen Fs a +x Urata 9 4 2px + 2 Fe = 0 then m £6) ax fry ax thy If ax? + 2hxy + by? = 0 then 2 Te by a dy _ exthy+s) iehiay + dc tre hee = ies bet 2. ye tat then c= 2 Ifx=at?, y= 2at then Go = 7 tx =a.cos! 0, y= asin’ 0 then 2 =~ tan 0 Bg chapter-16) 46.80 eee Differentiation and its Applications 12. Shortcut Formulae : , ffeee@] dy ft), _8) @) Wy = tar Te ,g60) | MO" ax ~ Te [fooP * 1 +leCor : _, J acos f(x) bsin f(x) dy (i) fy = tan [ee ne = ELD _ acosf(x)+bsin f(x) dy | Gi) Ify = cor! [eee en Ge 7 FPO A+ F(x) + £1) (iv) Ify= tan" | iape ¥ a h-troor Vi+f@) + i= £6 ita o) [ [i+ f@) = J1-£¢ 2yl-[f@or (vi) =nthen = 2y=(n? DR dy (n° +2) y-2x dx 2y—(n? +2)x (vii) (viii) If f(x) is an even function then f'(x) is an odd function. (ix) _ If f(x) is-an odd function then f(x) is an even function. ses ("+ a) (x) (kta) Gite) rs) F(x) g(x) fx) Bx) f(x) s@) ox) vO) $0). vx oX) wi) 13. While differentiating the given function using trigonometric transforniation, observe the following points : @ then 7 Gi) (a) If the function involve the term Va?—x? then put x = a sin 0 or x = a cos 0. (b) If the function involve the term Va? +x? , then put x = a-tan’@ or x =a cot 0. (c) If the function involve the term Vx°—a" then put x = a séc 0 or x = a cosec’0. lL (ha pte -3.6) (Radian (d) All the above substitutions are also true if a second Order Derivatives = 17.1 ; Chapter SECOND ORDER D> 1 DERIVATIVES (27 1. Ify is a function of x, then its derivative dy/dx will be, in general, a function of x which can be further differentiated. The derivative of dy/dx is called the second derivative of y and is diye ay : ji denoted by “2 - Similarly, the derivative of {> is called the third derivative ofy and is ma ; e a - denoted by ren In general, the n'™ derivative of y is denoted by ‘ ‘ er cand é(2) aye - a fey) tee axes ac dx)! aie ala) 2g . Notation : If y = {(), the successive derivatives 2%, @'y, Cy.) €"Y ate also dx. dx?” dx? dx" y" (or) Dy, Dy, D*y, denoted by Yyy Yay Yap sey Yy (OF) Y's ¥"5 YM, : d D stands for D? stands for —z, etc. (or) f(x), f(x), f(x), ..., P(X). dx dx » D*y where 2. () Ifx = f(0, y = e(0) then Gay eel [a2 ax ee dt dt? at 2] _ sf O-£OF" dx? (ax/at? at (roy Lfgef? - 2feyfly + fyy-fel GH fle, y) =e then yy =— Tg artial derivatives. where fy fy far fys fy are Pal Radiant's === (chapter-17) seetcehaeeamneieaianaieieaiiiaiiateiiatiain ieee enna nneiieeeeeniee 17.2 3. Some Important Results + @ Gi) ii) (iv) @) xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi, (Chapter-17)—= - pifferentiation and its Applications @y — -4a? ny? = dax, then > = od? -b4 2 2 “eyo a le Sit Gy ol then gee ay i n? -ab If ax? + 2hay + by?= 1, then ¥. > ax 4 by Ifx3 + y> = 3axy, then y, = @y Ify =a cos mx +b sin mx, then 3 + my =0 Ify=ae™-+be™ then y, = mry Ify = sin” x, then,(I - x’) y, ~ XY, Ify = tan” x, then (1 + x?) y, + 2xy, = 0 ee : Itx=at®, y= 2at, then > = 355 @y _-b Ifx =a.cos 0, y= b sin 6 then = cose? 0 &: b Ifx = a cos? 0, y= b sin’ 6, then —> = —F cosec 6 sec’ 0 ax? 3a If ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy +. =0, then if? — bg? — ch? ae. (ax tby +f)? If ky = sin (x + y), where k is constant then y, =-y (1 + y.)> 1 Ify = e® then y’ = ae Ify =a™ then y, = m® a™ (log a)" 7 fee CDs axed Mn axe By - ppelic ations of Differentiation 18.1 APPLICATIONS OF Chapter we DIFFERENTIATION IE (Geometrical and Physical Applications, 18 ) Maxima and Minima, ys Errors and Approximations) TANGENTS AND NORMALS : 1, Let P be a given point on the curve y = f(x) and Q be any other point on the curve, Then as QP along the curve, then the chord PQ tends to a definite line, which is called the tangént to the curve at the point P. : . iS 2, (a) Ifthe tangent at P(x, y) makes an angle Y with the x-axis, then tan ¥ = & and is called the slope (Sr gradient) of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at P (x, y). The value of the derivative at any point of a curve is equal to‘the slope of the tangent 10 the curve at that point. 2 Slope of the tangent at (x,, y,) to the curve y = f(x) is (2) . It is denoted by m. Guy), af /dx (b) For the curve f(x, y) = 0, slope of the tangent at P(x,,y,) is -| 2/2 : Be at fey, Oy “(e) Ifthe curve is given by the parametric equations x = f(t) and y = g(t) then slope of the tangent at P (1) is g\(t)/P(t). 3 (@) The tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x, y) will be parallel to the x-axis (ie, . fi soins 20s perpendicular to y-axis) if its slope is zero i.e., if ae =0. ; (b) The tangent at (x, y) will be parallel to the y-axis (i.e., perpendicular to x-axis) if its Geta we slope is definite ic, if © = 2. 4. The line perpendicular to the tangent to the curve at-a point P and passes through the Point P is called the normal to the curve. {(Radiant's}- = = (chapter-18) 2 = Differentiation and its Applications 5. » 10. (Chapter-18) = : -l (a) The slope of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at (x,, ¥,) is Gam y _. (ath (b) The slope of the normal to the curve f(x, y) = 0 at (x,, y,) is ( 7 Ae (c) The slope of the normal to the curve x = f(t), y = g(t) at P(t) is -f'(t)/g"(t). (a) Equation of the tangent to the curve y= f(x) at the point (xj; y,) is y~ y, = m(x ~x,) (2) Mey” (b) Equation of the tangent to the curve f(x, y) = 0 at P (x,, y,) is at of e-v0(),.,°- (),,.°° on ont ‘ 1 (@) Equation ofthe normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (xy y,) is y-y,=-—(x—x)) where m is its slope ive., m 1 (dy! dx)e,.4) (b) Equation of the normal to the curve f(x, y) = 0 at (x,, y,) is oF (2) z Angle Between Two Curves : The angle between any two curves is defined as the angle between the tangents to the two curves at their point of intersection, (a) Let P (x, y,) be the point of intersection of two curves y = m,, m, be the slopes of the tangents to the curves'y = f(x) and iesy-y, (=x). x). and y = g(x) and = g(x) at P. If 0 is the my -m2 angle between the two.curves, then tan @ = | 7 Mz - Here m, = [f(x)] lew wv) ‘and m, = [20], (b) The two curves touch each other at their point of intersection if m, = m,. (c) Orthogonal Curves : If the angle of intersection between two curves is a right angle ‘then the two curves are said to be intersecting orthogonally. The two curves will cut orthogonally (at right angles) if m, m, =~ 1. (4). The two curves y = f(x), y = g(x) touch each other if © = 0 ie., if m, = m,. Let the tangent and the normal at any point P (x, y) of the curve meet the x-axis at T and N respectively. Draw the ordinate PM. Then PT and PN are called the lengths of the tangent and the normal respectively. The projection of PT on x-axis which is TM is called the length of the subtangent and MN, the project of PN on x-axis is called the length of the subnormal. ieee - Applications of Differentiation 18.3 y Fig. 11. Let P (x, y,) be a point on the curve y = f(x) and let m= (¢ ony) hn wim or | yivirivm |. (a) Length of the tangent at P = (b) Length of the normal at P = |yvivm? F . (c) Length of the subtangent at P =| y,/m |. (4) Length of the subnormal at P = | y, m|. 12. Let P(t) be a point on the curve x = f(t),y = a(t) 2 2 -— fs) .(& (a) Length of tangent at P = dy/at (S) (2) : : Yat (b) Length of normal at P= (4) (2) : ax/at Wat) “(a * y(dx/dt) (©) Length of subtangent at P=" gy7qy . : i = Yedyldty (@) Lengtti of subnormal at P= 97g 13. Important Results : (i) The condition for the two curves a, x?+b, y°= 1, a, x°+.b, y?= 1 should intersect orthogonally is 2-1 -1-1,1-121-1 yb ag By. Bg” OO (ii) Area of the right-angled triangle formed by the tangent, normal at a point P on the 5 2 = f() and the x-axis is ——— (2) book id 2(dy/dx) ax) |* = ln == a (chapter-t8) 18.4 (iii) (iv) w) (wi) (vii) (viii) (ey &) (xi) (xii) (xiii) === Differentiation and its Applications Area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes with the tangent to the curve xy = a? at the point (x,, y,) is 2a? sq.unit. af/ox — ag/éx The curves f(x, y) = 0 and g(x, y) = 0 touch cach other if ‘aflay = delay ~ The parabolas y? = 4ax and x? = day intersect at (0, 0) and (4a, 4a). At (0, 0) the curves cut each other orthogonally and at (4a, 4a) the angle betiveen the 3 curves is tan! (3) : 2 Z x Equations to the tangent and normal to the ellipse “+ jz = 1 at (Ky, ¥)) are a = . xX YY respectively 2 + eS xy Equation of the tangent at (x,, y,) to the curve Vx + vy = vais ie yi va. q 1 2 : 7 : Equations of-the tangent and normal to the curve —> — x = Tat (x, y,) are . a Z F (x —x,) respectively. x 2 Equation of the tangent at (a cos @, bssin’6) to the ellipse 7 =his x yt = cos@ ++ sin@=1. a b 2. eye : xy Kee avis aha = If the curves 2 + Po land a + oT 1 will cut orthogonally then a — b= a, — by. 3 The angle of intersection of the curves y* = 4ax and x? = day is ‘tan! (3) 5 Area of the triangle formed by any tangent to the curve xy = c? and coordinate axes is 2c’. ; y? = 4ax cut each other orthogonally, then c* = 32 at. Ifthe curves xy = 14. Related Rates : @ (Chapter-18) Rate of change of y with respect to x is dy/dx ie., the rate of change of one variable with respect to another is the differential coefficient of the first with respect to the second. > applications of Differentiation = (ii) Let the displacement s of Then the velocity Sai us sae = 18.5 a particle moving along a line at time t be given by s = f(t). Vand acceleration a of the particle at any time t are given by _ ds dw — ds veg aMan ao Note: (1) a= 0 = velocity v becomes maximum, (2) a> 0 = V increases, ‘a’ minimum. 3) a <0 = v decreases. ‘a’ maximum. el an ; a ds Gi) A particle moving on a straight line comes to rest => at ; . . d Civ) A particle attains maximum height => ‘i dv (¥) A particle acquire maximum velocity = "0 Some Important Results : (vi) The side of-an equilateral triangle js.‘a’em and it increases at the rate of kem/sec. . 5 «v3 Then the rate of increase of its area is 7 ak sq.cm/sec. (ii) An inverted conical vessel of semi-verical angle 7 is being filled with water at the ; 2 k rate of k om’/see. The rate of change in water level when itis *h’ em is + A source of light is being ‘h’ meters directly above a straight-horizontal path on which a boy ‘a’ mt in height is walking. Ifa boy walks at a rate of b mv/see. from the = cm/sec. (viii) light then the rate at which his shadow increases is mt/sec. 15. Increasing and Decreasing Functions : (i) Inthe function y = f(x), ify increases as x increases, it is called an increasing function of x i.e., 0x) is an increasing function of x, if x, > x, < M{x,) > fx,). Similarly if y decreases as x increases it is called a decreasing function of ie, if x, > x, > f(x.) < Mx): Hence a function f(x) is an increasing function at x =a if f(a) > 0 and f(x) is a decreasing function at x = a if f(a) < 0: (ii) If the equations of motion of a particle P(x, y) on the curve are x= f(t) and y = g(t) ds : then the velocity of the particle is given by Gr = [POF + [g\(WF. Radiant's = (Chapter-18) 18.6 ii) = Differentiation and its Applications A function f(x) is said to be an increasing-function in an interval (a, b) if P(x) ig positive at every point of the interval. 16. Maxima and Minima: @ Gi) Gi) If a continuous function -increases upto a value and then decreases, that value ig called a maximum value of the function. Similarly, if continuous function decreases toa value and then increases, then that value is called a minimum value of the function, Definition : A function y = f(x), which is continuous i8 said to have a maximum value at x =a, if there exists a small number h, however small, such that f(a) > f{a ~ h) and f(a) >'f(a +h). Then f(a) is the maximum value of f(x) at x = a. A function y = f (x) is said to have a minimum value at x = a if f(a) < f(a -h) and f(a) < f(a +h) where h is a small number. f(a) is the minimum value of f(x)‘at x = a, The maximum and minimum values of a function taken together are called its extreme values and the points at which the function attains the extreme values are called the turning points of the function. Working Rule for finding Maxima and Minima iv) (vy) (vi) (vii) (Chapter-18) = (a) A function f(x) is maximum at x ='a-if (j) f(a) = 0 and (ii) £"(@) <0. (or) A function f(x) is maximum if f'(x) = 0 and f(x) changes sign from + to -. (b) A function £(x) is minimum at x = a if (i) f(a) = 0 and (ii) f"(a) > 0 (or) £(x) i8 minimum if (i) (x) = 0 and (ii) £"(x) changes sign from — to +. (c) Ifa>b, (x—a) (xb) > 0 if x lies outside (a,b) i.e., x. (Coo, a) U (b,0) and (x ~ a) (x — b) < 0 if x lies inside (a, b) i.e., x € (a, b). If f"(x) = 0 atx =a then find f""(a). If f""(a) + 0 then f(x) is neither maximum nor'minimum at x = a-Such a point is called a point of inflection. If f(x) is increasing in [a, b] then (a) Maximum value of f(x) in fa, b] is f(b). (b) . Minimum value of f(x) in [a, b] is f(a). If f(x) is decreasing ‘in (a; b] then (@) Maximum value of f(x) in a, b] is f(a). (>) Minimum value of f(x) in [a, b] is f(b). (® (a) Maximum’ value of a sin x +b cos x (a> b) is Va? +b? , (b) Minimum value of a sin x + b cos x (a > b) is — Va? +b? ii) (a) If a > b, maximum value of a sin? x + b cos? x is a. (b) Ifa > b, minimum value of a sin? x + b cos? x is b. —={Radiant's Applications of Differentiation = a 18.7 (viii) The minimum value of a sec x + b co. sec x ( Fw) ..» X,,) is a homogeneous function of dgree n, then Note : In general if f (x, x or at at +X, 3x, 7H XO, 7% Oxy If u = f (x, y) where x and y are functions of t, then 1. du ou de Udy dt Ox * dt © Oy “dt 8. Ifu=f(x, y,z) and x, y, z are all functions of t, then du ou ou dy = Frdkt 5 dy+ Fo de ~ = {Radiant's} = (Chapter-19) == r partial Differentiation == SSS «19.3 9, Some Standard. Bete 19 @ Ifu= fx ~¥, ¥~ 2, 2—x) is a homogene a i a : ous function, then > + x +370 ( Hu=&=-y)Y~2) @-x) then Hy, By 5 . ox by (ii) Thu = loge + y+ 2 3xyz) then 3 xtytz (iv) W) y iro om( Be #25) then = 4M Zeotu 3 — xy (vi) Ifu=tanc! (22) then x e + ve = sin 2u (vii) (chapter-19)

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