List Out The Characteristics of Iot
List Out The Characteristics of Iot
Components of IoT:
- Sensors: Collect data from the environment.
- Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on data received.
- Connectivity: Technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks
enable device communication.
- Data Processing: Edge computing or cloud platforms process and analyze
the collected data.
- User Interface: Interface for users to interact with IoT systems and
devices.
- Security: Measures to protect data and devices from unauthorized access.
3. Write the different layers of the IoT protocol with their layers?
Domain-specific IoT:
- Precision Agriculture: Utilizes IoT devices such as sensors and drones to
monitor and optimize agricultural practices. Sensors collect data on soil
moisture, temperature, and crop health, allowing farmers to make data-
driven decisions on irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.
The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities.
IoT devices can exchange dat with other connected devices
applications. It collects data from other devices and process data
either locally or remotely.
An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for communication
to other devices both wired and wireless. These includes (i) I/O
interfaces for sensors, (ii) Interfaces for internet connectivity
(iii) memory and storage interfaces and (iv) audio/videointerfaces.
2) IoTProtocols:
a. Link Layer : Protocols determine how data is
physically sent over the network‘s physical layer or
medium. Local network connect to which host is
attached. Hosts on the same link exchange data
packets over the link layer using link layer
protocols. Link layer determines how packets are
coded and signaled by the h/w device over the
medium to which the host isattached.
Protocols:
● 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet
standards for the link layer. Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable;
802.3i uses copper twisted pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber
optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet overfiber.
● 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless
LAN(WLAN) communication standards including extensive
description of link layer. Eg: 802.11a operates in 5GHz band,
802.11b and 802.11g operates in 2.4GHz band, 802.11n
operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in 5GHz band,
802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
● 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless
broadband standards including exclusive description of link
layer. WiMax provide data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
● 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of
standards for low rate wireless personal area network(LR-
WPAN). Basis for high level communication protocols such
as ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s to250kb/s.
● 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up
to100Mb/s(4G).
Protocols:
● IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify
the devices on a n/w using a hierarchical addressing
scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of
2**32addresses.
● IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address
scheme and allows 2**128 addresses.
● 6LOWPAN:
(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork)operatesin
2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.
C) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of the underlying n/w. Set up on
connection with ACK as in TCP and without ACK as in UDP.
Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow
control and congestion control. Protocols:
● TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web
browsers(along with HTTP and HTTPS), email(along with
SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol. IP
Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion and
congestioncollapse.
● UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol.
Useful in time sensitive applications, very small data units to
exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless protocol. Does
not provide guaranteeddelivery.
D) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface
with lower layer protocols to send data over the n/w. Enables
process-to-process communication usingports.
Protocols:
● HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation
of WWW. Follow request- response model Statelessprotocol.
● CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-
machine(M2M) applications with constrained devices,
constrained environment and constrained n/w. Uses client-
server architecture.
● WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single
socketconnection.
● MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight
messaging protocol based on publish-subscribe model. Uses
client server architecture. Well suited for constrained
environment.
● XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real
time communication and streaming XML data between
network entities. Support client-server and server-server
communication.
● DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware
standards for device-to-device or machine-to-machine
communication. Uses publish-subscribemodel.
● AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open
application layer protocol for business messaging. Supports
both point-to-point and publish-subscribemodel.
OR
https://medium.com/@algopoint.ltd/introduction-to-iot-characteristics-
physical-logical-design-iot-enabling-technologies-
211c342671b4#:~:text=A%20logical%20design%20for%20an,with
%20low%2Dlevel%20programming%20specifics.
### Arduino:
1)
Management System : The operator uses a management
system to send NETCONF messages to configure the IoT
device and receives state information and notifications from
the device as NETCONFmessages.
2) Management API : allows management application to start
NETCONFsessions.
3) Transaction Manager: executes all the NETCONF
transactions and ensures that ACID properties hold true for
thetrasactions.
4) Rollback Manager : is responsible for generating all the
transactions necessary to rollback a current configuration to its
original state.
5) Data Model Manager : Keeps track of all the YANG data
models and the corresponding managed objects. Also keeps
track of the applications which provide data for each part of a
datam,odel.
6) Configuration Validator : checks if the resulting
configuration after applying a transaction would be a
validconfiguration.
7) Configuration Database : contains both configuration and
operastionaldata.
8) Configuration API : Using the configuration API the
application on the IoT device can be read configuration data
from the configuration datastore and write opeartional data to
the opearationaldatastore.
9) Data Provider API: Applications on the IoT device can
register for callbacks for various events using the Data
Provider API. Through the Data Provider API, the
applications can report statistics and opeartionaldata.
SET-2
1) Define IoT?
IoT Definition:
- IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the network of physical
objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity,
enabling them to collect and exchange data over the internet.
2) Differences between SDN vs NFV?
Thing in IoT:
- In IoT, "thing" refers to any physical object embedded with
sensors, actuators, and connectivity that enables it to collect and
exchange data over the internet. These can include devices such as
sensors, wearables, appliances, vehicles, and industrial machinery.
2) IoT CommunicationModels:
2) Publish-SubscibeModel:
3) IoT CommunicationAPIs:
a) REST based communication APIs(Request-Response
BasedModel)
b) WebSocket based Communication APIs(Exclusive PairBasedModel)
a) REST based communication APIs: Representational State
Transfer(REST) is a set of architectural principles by which we can
design web services and web APIs that focus on a system‘s
resources and have resource states are addressed andtransferred.
The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows
communication between client server with REST APIs.
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l Peripheral Interface):
2. **Characteristics**:
- Requires four signal lines: Master Out Slave In (MOSI), Master
In Slave Out (MISO), Serial Clock (SCK), and Chip Select (CS).
- Operates in a master-slave configuration, where in mn..
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- Supports higher data rates compared to Serial interface.
- Suitable for applications requiring high-speed data transfer,
such as data acquisition, display drivers, and memory interfaces.
2. **Characteristics**:
- Supports multiple devices connected to the same bus, each with
a unique address.
- Supports multi-master communication, allowing multiple
devices to initiate data transfers.
- Relies on addressing to specify the target device for data
transmission.
- Typically operates at lower data rates compared to SPI but
requires fewer signal lines.
- Commonly used in IoT applications for interfacing with
sensors, EEPROMs, real-time clocks, and other peripheral devices.
● ManagementAPI
● TransactionManager
● RollbackManager
● Data ModelManager
● ConfigurationValidator
● ConfigurationDatabase
● ConfigurationAPI
● Data ProviderAPI
SET-3
1) Registry (List) the IoT enabled Technologies?
Registry of IoT enabled Technologies:
- RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
- NFC (Near Field Communication)
- Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
- Zigbee
- LoRa (Long Range)
- Wi-Fi
- Cellular (3G, 4G, 5G)
- Ethernet
3) Defination of IoT?
Definition of IoT:
- IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical objects embedded with
sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange
data over the internet.
Things in IoT:
- In IoT, "things" refer to physical objects embedded with sensors,
actuators, and connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data over
the internet. Examples include sensors, wearables, appliances, vehicles, and
industrial machinery.
2) Cities:
a) Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier
and convenient for drivers. Smart parking are powered by
IoT systems that detect the no. of empty parking slots and
send information over internet to smart application
backends.
b) Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in
savingenergy.
c) Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide
information on driving condition, travel time estimating
and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic
condition andaccidents.
d) Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors
to monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as
bridges and buildings.
e) Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras
can be aggregated in cloud based scalable storagesolution.
f) Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas
and water leakage detection can help in generating alerts
and minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures.
3) Environment:
a) Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of
sensors attached and send the data to cloud based
applications and storage back ends. The data collected in
cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud
basedapplications.
b) Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission
of harmful gases(CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories
and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
The collected data can be analyzed to make informed
decisions on pollutions controlapproaches.
c) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban
development, noise levels in cities have increased and even
become alarmingly high in some cities. IoT based noise
pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise monitoring
systems that are deployed at different places in a city. The
data on noise levels from the station is collected on servers
or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to
generate noise maps.
d) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to
natural resources, property and human life. Early detection
of forest fire can help in minimizingdamage.
e) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to
natural and human resources and human life. Early
warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water
level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water
level and flow ratesensors.
4) Energy:
a) Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated
with the electrical grids that collects and analyze data
captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology
provides predictive information and recommendations to
utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to
manage power. By using IoT based sensing and
measurement technologies, the health of equipment and
integrity of the grid can beevaluated.
b) Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems
integrated with the transformers at the point of
interconnection measure the electrical variables and how
much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy systems,
closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at
point of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine
outputs and provides powersupport.
c) Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time
information is collected using specialized electrical sensors
called Phasor Measurment Units(PMUs) at the substations.
The information received from PMUs must be monitored
in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for
predictingfailures.
5) Retail:
a) Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring
of inventory using
data collected by RFIDreaders.
b) Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less
payments powered by technologies such as Near Field
Communication(NFC) and Bluetooth.
c) Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending
machines monitors its operations and send the data to
cloud which can be used for predictivemaintenance.
6) Logistics:
a) Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system
backed by cloud can provide first response to the route
generation queries and can be scaled upto serve a large
transportationnetwork.
b) Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles inreal-time.
c) Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring
systems use sensors such as temp, humidity, to monitor the
conditions and send data to cloud, where it can be analyzed
to detect foodspoilage.
d) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT
devices for collecting data on Vehicle operaions(speed,
RPMetc.,) and status of various vehicle subsystems.
7) Agriculture:
a) Smart Irrigation: to detemine moisture amount insoil.
b) Green House Control: to improveproductivity.
8) Industry:
a) Machine diagnosis andprognosis
b) Indoor Air QualityMonitoring
● ManagementAPI
● TransactionManager
● RollbackManager
● Data ModelManager
● ConfigurationValidator
● ConfigurationDatabase
● ConfigurationAPI
● Data ProviderAPI