CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

One of the best aspects of healthcare reform is it starts emphasis prevention

-Anne wojcicki

Globally there are 136 million workers in the health and social work sector ,

approximately 70% of whom are women. All these workers have the right to decent work

,including protection of health and safety measures for protecting health workers and is also

fundamental for well functioning and reselient health systems ,quality of care and maintaining a

productive health workforce . Health workers faces a range of occupational risk associated with

biological , chemical, physical and psychosocial hazards affecting the safety of both health workers

and patients

The safety of nurses from workplace induced injuries and illness is important to nurses

themselves as well as to the patients they serve . The presence of healthy and well rested nurses

is critical to providing vigilant monitoring emphatic patient care and vigorous advocacy . Aspects

of direct care work that influence nurse safety will be discussed ,including the impact of physical

job demands such as patient lifting and awkward posture ,protective devices to prevent needle

stick , chemical , occupational exposure and potential for violence

Needle stick injuries are among the hazards and problems that can expose health

workers to infection . Hepatitis B and C and HIV are some of biological hazards threatening the
health of thousand of health care workers . The most common mode of transmission of these

disease is via needle stick injury

A needle stick injury is an accidental skin penetrating stab wound from a hollow bore

needle containing another person’s blood or body fluid . Health care workers including dental

professionals are at an occupational risk of exposure to blood born pathogens following needle

stick injuries and sharp injuries

The study of Kebede A Gerenesa H prevalence of needle stick injuries and it’s

associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals of Desssie town North East Ethiopia

, 2016 , the majority of nursing students training takes place in clinical setting where they learn

various nursing skills including injection techniques taking that samples and the monitoring blood

sugar level using under the supervision of instructor . However these nurses more vulnerable to

needle stick injury then experience due to inadequate knowledge and experience in terms of

handling needle and sharp objects in a clinical settings.

Based on literature review, Cheung k Ching , chang kkp , Hosc prevalence of and risk

factors for needle stick and sharp injuries among nursing students in Hong Kong , An j infect

control ( 2012) , the prevalence of needle stick injury among nursing students has varied between

81% and 71%.

Our first aim is to preventing this problems is to gain on understanding of its exact

prevalence .Therefore the study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of needle stick injury

in nursing students all over the world .

 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Need stick injuries constitute The greatest threat to nursing students During

clinical practise, Mainly because of accidental exposure to body fluids and infected blood, needle

stick injuries are the injuries that are caused by various type of needle such as Hypothermic

needles, blood collection needles, Intravenous cannula needles [1]

Study on global prevalence and device related cause of needle stick injuries

Among health care workers (2020) Showed that risk of Needle injury is due to various factors like

improper handling of needles ,work overload, recapping of needles lack of safer needle devices

,sharp Disposals ,low Resources, lock of Proper training, immunisation rate , failure to observe

universal precautions [2]

Needle stick injuries can be Dangerous as they can transmit blood born pathogens

such as Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . All these viruses can be acquired by a percutaneous

needle stick or splashing of blood on the mucosal surfaces of the body ( Arezzo 2015). While HIV

primarily affects immune system both Hepatitis B and C have a predilection for the liver . World

health organization estimated that 16000 cases of Hepatitis C (HCV),66000 cases of hepatitis B (

HBV) and 1000 cases of HIV might occur globally in the year 2000 among health care workers

through their exposure to needle stick injuries (3)

According to meningistu DA jolera ST(2016) half of the health care workers has an

NSI during their work time and one third had it the previous year . Nursing students appear more

vulnerable to NSI than health care professionals due to inadequate knowledge and experience

[4]
 In developing countries which have the highest global prevalence of HIV , the

prevalence of NSIs is also at the highest level . (5) it is thought that regardless of the experience

or nature of health care provision , the risk of the exposure to blood born infection of healthcare

workers through needle stick injury is a major cause of serious health consequences and

psychological stress[6]

Nurses who worked in a hospital with the lower staffing rate and high level of

emotional stressful events as a result of their jobs had a Significantly higher risk of needle stick

injuries[7]

Nursing students appear to be at a greater risk of suffering as a compared to

professional nurses , which is primarily due to the absence of medical capabilities . Universal

precautions are standard of practice aims to discover the spread of blood born diseases such as

the use of hand washing before and after procedure is advised ,as in the case of barriers such as

protective clothing, personal protective equipment’s when interacting with the blood or others[8]

Safe injection practices while caring patients play a major role in safety of health care

workers and their health including nursing students [Abbottabad 2015].Needle pricks shop

injuries represent as significant hazards in professional nursing[Theresa Lawson 2015]

 CHAPTER II

Review of Literature

A research never conduct a study in an Intellectual vaccum studies are usually under taken with in the
content of an existing knowledge basis, researchers undertake a literature review to familarises them with
that knowledge basis.

[Polit, 1995]

A literature review is an account of that has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and
researchers.

In this study reviews are Real categorised into:

Section A: Studies related to Incidence of needle stick injury

Section B: Studies related to Knowledge regarding needle stick injury

Section C: Studies related to prevention of needle stick injury

Section A: Studies related to Incidence of Needle stick injury

Across sectional study titled ``Incidence, knowledge, attitude and practice toward Needle
Stick Injury Among Health care workers in Abha city, saudhi Arabia´´published by Abdulla Alsabaani, Norah
speeds, Sarah saeed S in public health journal in 2022 February 14. The aim of the study was to
estimate.The incidence of needle stick injuries among health care worker during previous 12 months. A
structured questionare is used to called data. The study found that incidence of needle stick injuries during
previous 12 Months was 11.57% more than half (52-7%) are unreported. About 52.7% of needle stick
injuries occurred during using sharp devices and 42-91% injuries happened in patient room.

A crosssectional study titled‘‘occurrence and knowledge about needle stick injury in nursing
students published by Prasuna Sharma in 2015 April in northeast, India. The purpose of the study is to
measure the occurrence of needle stick injury along with past exposure measures and evaluation of
knowledge regarding needle stick injury among students. The sample size was 83. Self structured question
are is used to collect data. The Study found that the occurrence of needle stick injury during their course
was reported by 39.76% participants.It was also found that 54.54% of needle stick injury were not
reported. Among those exposed, only 15.15% student has took post exposure prophylaxis.

An article titled ``incidence of Needle Stick injury among, nursing students in Kathmandu, Nepal
published by Binita Kumaripaudel, kanchan kaski,in international journal of scientific and technology in
September 2013. The purpose of the study to determine the incidence of needle stick injury among
nursing students in Kathmandu. The sample size was 407. Self administered questionare are used to collect
data. The study found that 46.9% had have needle stick injury in the past and 44.7%experienced it more
than one time. The over all incidence was found 5.82% person 1000 days exposure.
 Thus, After receiving the above literature, the investigator could identify the incidence of needle
stick injury. It widely reflects the significant needle stick injury experienced by health care professionals
especially nurses. Most of the studies are related to the knowledge regarding needle stick injury. Most of
the NSIs occured while recaping the needle.

Section B: Studies Related To Knowledge Regarding Needle Stick Injury

A cross sectional study titled ``Needle Stick and sharps injury in healthcare Students: prevalence,
Knowledge, atitude and practice published by Uma vasant Datas, Mamata Kamat,Mahesh khaisnas in
journal of Family Medicine and primary case in 2022 october 11. The purpose is to asses the prevalence
of needle stick injury and evaluate the knowledge, atitude and pratice regarding its prevention and
Management. The sample size 942 health care students in sangli, Maharashtra. A structured questionare
is uses to collect data. The study found that prevalence of needle stick and sharp injury was found to be
25.2%. The students had adequate knowledge about prevention any management of needle stick injury.

An article titled``prevalence, student nurses knowledge and practices of needle stick injuries
during clinical training: a cross sectional survey´´ published by mohammed Al gadise, cherry Ann c Ballond
in Al gadise BMC Nursing in 2021 october. The purpose of the study was to determine the knowledge of
the prevention guidelines of needle stick injury with a sample size of 167 students. questionare is used to
called data. The result showed of the participant 81.2% were females. The Mean knowledge score was 6.6
cut of 10. The study demonstrates the student nurses have a moderate level of knowledge about needle
stick injury prevention measures.

An article titled ``Nursing student’s Knowledge regarding needle stick injury: Effectiveness of
structured teaching plan published by Rahul Stil, shivaleela p upashe in international journal of medical
and health research 11 2020 December 18. The purpose of the study to asses the knowledge regarding
needle stick injury among nursing students, conducted by Doyananda sagar university, Bengalur.A total 30
student nurses were recruited randomly. knowledge questionare is used to collect data. The Study findings
showed that 6 students (20%) har manegerate kronedie tousands needle shele casy. 24 Student (80%) had
moderate knowledge and none of them have adequate knowledge level regarding needle stick injury.

An article titled “ A study to asses the knowledge of first years nursing students on Needle Stick
injuries at selected colleges of puducherry” published by sudha B and Ds. Selvanayaki in international
journal of research and Analytical Reviews in 2019 March 20. The purpose of the study is to asses the level
of knowledge on needle sick injury among first year nursing students. The sample size was 107 and the
study was conducted in vinayaka mission college of Nursing puducherry. Structured knowledge
questionares are used to collect data. The study found that 82.2% of the student had poor knowledge and
16-82 had average level of knowledge and 0.3% student had good knowledge on needle stick injuries.

An article titled ``Student nurses knowledge and prevalence of Needle stick injury in jordan
´´published by Mohammed suliman, Manas Alazzam,sami Aloush in Nurse education in today in January
2018. The purpose of the study to Measure Student nurses level of Knowledge about needle stick injury
with a sample size of 279 Students in jordan. The study used online survey composed of 22 questions.
Student nurses were recruited through facebook. The result was The mean score for the knowledge post
was 7 out of 10. The student nurses in Jordan have a moderate understanding of issues regarding needle
stick injury.
 The studies stated above shows that lack of knowledge is the main reason for needle stick injuries.
The present study indicated a high incidence of needle stick injuries among nursing students with more
under reported cases and subjects were not aware of post exposure measures. The studies shows that
samples have moderate level of knowledge regarding needle stick injury.

Section C: study related to prevention of needle stick injures.

A descriptive cross-sectional study titled “Awareness in nursing students regarding prevention of

needle stick injuries: Prevention of needle stick injury” was conducted by
Shabbir.Janjua.S,Hanan.A,Afzal.M and Ali.A published in NURSEARCHER Journal of Nursing and Midwifery
Science. The study was aimed to aware nursing students regarding prevention of needle stick injuries. This
descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Lahore School of Nursing, the University of Lahore,
Pakistan. The population of the study included 76 nursing students from 3rd year and 4th year. Sloven’s
formula was used to get the sample size: n=N/(1+N€2) where ‘N’ denotes the population, ‘e’ denotes the
margin of error and ‘n’ denotes the sample size. Data were collected used self administered questionnaire.
The study result showed “Did you experience needle stick injury?” 49(64.5%) respond yes and 37(35.5%)
respond no, “Did you reported the NSI event” 24 (31.6%) respond yes and 52(68.4%) respond no, “NSI
may lead to significant anxiety for the affected person “ 33(43.4%) respond yes and 43(56.6%) respond no,
“Do you know about needle safety device ?” 15(19.7%) respond yes and 61(80.3%) respond no. The study
showed that lack of awareness is one of the major factor for needle stick injury.

A cross sectional study titled “knowledge and practice of needle stick injury Prevention among
nursing personnel in a teritary care teaching hospital in South India” was conducted by Muhammad and
Reddy.K.V, published in IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Topical Disease on 2020. The
sample size include 100 nursing staffs. Data were collected using structured questionnaire having close
ended and multiple choice questions. The study found that the result rate was 80%, incidence of NSI was
45%, only 24% of the nurses were aware of the definition of NSI, about 90% of them was aware about the
infection transmitted, 85% of them are unaware of ‘no recapping ‘ technique of disposal, 90% of them
were aware of standard precautions. Overall knowledge is adequate among 65% nurses, only 35% nurses
reported their NSI after incident,24% knew post prophylaxis, 98% of the reported NSI incidents.

A cross sectional study titled “knowledge and practice of needle stick injury Prevention measures
among nurses of Sana’a city hospital in Yemen” was conducted by Gawad.M.A.Alwabr published in Indian
Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research on November 2018. 259 samoles were randomly
selected from the staff nurses. A pre-test structured self administered questionnaire was used for data
collection. The result shows that 114(44%) respondents had poor knowledge of NSI prevention measures,
75(29%) had a fair knowledge and 70(27%) had good knowledge. 198(76.5%) respondents had a poor
practice of NSI preventive measures, (8.9%) had fair practice and (14.7%)good practice. There was a
statistically significant association between the knowledge and practice. Among the respondents 48.6%
was vaccinated against Hepatitis B. The study showed that the practices and knowledge of needle stick
injury preventive measures were low and occupational exposure to needle stick injury was a common
occurrence in the study sample.

A pre-experimenral study titled “Effectiveness of structured teaching program regarding prevention

of needle stick injury among nursing students in selected college of nursing Noida was conducted by
Lavanya Nandan,Shilpa Katoch published in Indian Council of Holistic Nursing in 2019. 30 samples were
selected and data collection was done through questionnaire. Study results showed that the mean post-
test score (10.166) with the mean difference of 4.567. Therefore the structured teaching program was an
effective method for improving knowledge on the prevention of needle stick injury.

A quasi experimental study titled “Prevention of needle stick and sharp objects Injuries among
internship nursing students during their clinical exposure: An educational program at Assiut University
Hospital, Egypt was conducted by Zanb Abd-Ellatif,Fathya Rdi, Heba Abdul Mowla on April 2018 and
published on IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. The study was aimed to assess the effect of
educational program on knowledge and practice of internship nursing students towards practice of needle
stick injury. 76 samples were selected and data were collected using questionnaire and observational
checklist. Result of the study showed that. Result of the study showed that the subject’s knowledge
regarding needle stick injuries in post program is better than program. There is a highly significant
statistical difference between subject’s knowledge & performance regarding precautions to be taken
before, during and after needle stick injuries from pre to post program.

A quasi experimental study was conducted on 2017 to assess the effectiveness of self instructional
module on prevention of needle stick injury among nursing personnel between the age group of 21 to 35
years. Sample size was 50 satff nurses selected randomly from Sri Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore. 20
questions were administered and time provided to answer were around 30 minutes. The result shows that
the mean value of pre-test was 18.18 and post-test was 26.94 with the mean difference was 17.09. The
result shows that the nurses has improvement in the level of knowledge after the self instructional
module.

The studies stated above shows that lack of occurrence is one of the major factor for needle stick
injury. Self instructional modules occur effective in terms of exchange the knowledge regarding the
prevention of needle stick injury among health personnel.

SUMMARY

This chapter deals with the literature of review categorised under three sections. In section A:
Studies related to Needle Stick Injuries; numerous studies state that, there are various circumstances
where needle stick injury was occurred. In section B: Studies related to knowledge regarding needle stick
injury; it shows that lack of adequate knowledge is one of the major cause of needle stick injuries. And in
section C: Studies related to prevention of needle stick injury; it focused on providing educational
programs or self instructional modules helps to improve the knowledge regarding the prevention of needle
stick injuries

CONCLUSION

The above literature review give brief idea about need of the study for identifying the effectiveness
of self instructional module in Prevention of needle stick injury among nursing students. The review also
helped the investigator in selection of suitable design, sample size, tools and techniques for the study.
Thus overall theses reviews facilitated the investigator in planning the methodology for the present study.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

“ Methodology should not be a fixed track to a fixed destination but a conversation about everything that
could be made of happening “

- jc jones

Introduction

Research methodology involves specific procedure or technique used to identify, selecte, process, and
analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader the
reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability. A research methodology is an outline
of how a given piece of research is carried out

This chapter deals with the methodology followed by investigator to assess the knowledge regarding
needle stick injury among BSc nursing students in upasana college of nursing ,kollam

“Methodology is the complete structure of resey study ;the size and sample method, the practices and
technique utilized to collect data, and the process to analyze data

_ Bowling ( 2002)

Research approach

A research approach is a plan and procedure that consist of broad assumptions to a detailed method of
data collection, analysis and interpretation. Therefore, it is based on the nature of research problem, the
approach of data analysis or reasoning. The three common approaches for conducting research are
quantitative, qualitative and mixed methy

In this study, the investigators used a quantitative research approach to asses the knowledge regarding
needle stick injury

Research design

The research design is the plan specifying specifyings and procedures of collecting and analyzing the
needed information in a research study. Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for answering
research questions or testing the hypothesis. The research design incorporates some of the most
important methodology decision that researcher makes

In this study, a quantitative descriptive survey design is used which facilitates the investigator to assess
the knowledge regarding needle stick injury with a view to develop say – instructional module
TO assess the knowledge regarding needle stick injury among BSc nursing students with a view to develop
sey -instructional module

Research approach and design quantitative description survey design

Preparation and validation of tool

Setting Upasana College of Nursing Kollam

Sampling technique ; non probability convenient sampling

Tool for data collection

Demographic data, sey -structured questionnaire to asses knowledge regarding needle stick injury

Technique for data collection

Data analysis

Data interpretation conclusion

Development and validation of self instructional module

Dessimination of research finding

Research variable

A variable in a research simply refers to a person, place, thing or phenomenon

that the researcher is trying to measure in some way

In this study, demographic variables, knowledge regarding needle stick injury

Research setting

The research setting is the physical, social, or experimental contact within which
research is conducted

In this study, the setting selected by the investigators is upasana college of

nursing, kollam

Population

A research population is a diverse collection of individual or object that is the

focus of a scientific enquiry

A research population is also known as a well defined collection of individual or

object known to have similar characteristics

According to Polit and Hungler “population consist of the whole group of people
that tha researcher is interested, and the result of the research can be
generalized”
Target population

“ A target population is a certain group of the population that share similar

characteristics and is identified as the intended audience for research. It is a
portion of the whole universe of people selected as the objective audience “

The target population in this study consist of 4 th year BSc nursing of upasana
college of nursing, kollam

Accessible population

The accessible population is the population yo which the resercher can apply their
conclusion. This population is a subset of target population and is also known as
the study population that the researcher can do draw their samples

In this study, the accessible population consist of 4 th year BSc nursing students
of upasana couple of nursing, kollam who were available during the period of data
collection

Sample

A sample is a group of pepy, objects or items that are taken from a larger
population for measurement. The sample can generalize the finding from the
research sample to the population
In this study, sample who are participating consist of 4 th year BSc nursing
students who meet the inclusion criteria

Sample size

Sample size refers to the number of participants ot observation included in a

study

In this study, sample size consist of 30 students of 4 th year BSc nursing of upasana
college of nursing ,kollam

Sampling technique

Sampling is the technique of selecting individual members or a subset of

population to make statistical inference from them and ultimate the
characteristics of entire population. The sampling technique are classified as
probability and non probability sampling.

In the study, the investigator used the non probability convenient sampling for
selection of samples.

Criteria for selection of sample

Eligibility criteria describes characteristics that must be shared by all participants

and that defines which potential participants are eligible for involvement in the
study.
Inclusion criteria:-

1. Students are willing to participate in this study

Exclusion criteria:-

1.Students who are not on theory block .

2.Studenta who are absent .

Tools and technique

Development and description of tool

The research tool is an instrument used to measure the concept of interest in the
research project that the researcher used to collect the data. The tool for this
study was development based on objectives of the study, literature review and
opinion from experts.

In this study self structured questionnaire was used for knowledge assessment
consist of 4 section.

Section A

Consist of demographic data which include age, sex, year of study, martial status,
educational qualification and previous source of information.
Section B

Consist of 30 questions to assess knowledge regarding needle stick injury.

Each question had 3-4 choices. The respondents were requested to put the mark
in the space provided against each question, which is more appropriate. Each
correct answer is scored as 1 and wrong answer is scored as 0. Total score was 30.

Technique of data collection

Data collection technique is a process where the researcher needs to choose an

appropriate data collection approach and will help in gathering reliable, accurate
and valid data.

In this study, it aims to assess the knowledge regarding needle stick injury among
Bsc nursing students. For Conducting study, first of all, permission is taken from
the college. Informed consent is obtained from the study participants. The
investigator used survey method for data collection. The validated self structured
questionnaire tool was administered to participants. The data collection is done
in 4th year Bsc nursing students of Upasana college of nursing, Kollam

Feasibility of study

The feasibility of the research study is an assessment of practically of a proposed

project. A feasible study aims to objectively and rationally uncover the strength
and weakness of existing phenomena, the resources required to carry through
and ultimately the prospects for success.
The feasibility of present study on following basis:-

•Period of data collection.

•Approval from college and class coordinator

•Availability of 4 th year BSc nursing students those who are fulfilling the
inclusion criteria

•cooperation from participants and college

Ethical consideration

Ethics in nursing research is the act of moral principles that the researcher must
follow while conducting nursing research to ensure the rights and welfare of
individuals, group of community under study

Before data collection, a participant information sheet was given to subject under
study and written informed consent was taken obtained.

Validity of tool

Validity of a research instrument assesses the extent to which the instrument

measures what it is designed to measure. This is the extent which the method of
measurement include the entire major element relevant to the concept being
measured.

To establish the convent validity, the tool along with the objective was submitted
to experts in nursing field modification were made on the basis of suggestions
given by experts.

RELIABILITY

After Validation of the tool was subjected to test for reliability. The questionnaire
was administered 5 students. The reliability was established using split half
technique by spearmans brown formula.

PILOT STUDY

Pilot study is a small scale version or preliminary tryout of the method to be used
in an actually large study, which acquaints the researcher with problem that can
be corrected in proportion for the large research study or is done to provide the
researcher with an opportunity to try out procedures, method and tools of data
collection

Pilot study was conducted in Upasana college of nursing, kollam on .

The subjects were informed about the purpose of the study and requested to
complete the tools. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Statistical
analysis of pilot study reveals that there was correlation between knowledge level
and selected demographic variables.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is the procedure of collecting measuring, and analyzing accurate
Insights for research using standardized validated technique. It is the
identification of subjects and precise and systematic gathering of information
relevant to the research purpose or the specific objective, questions or hypothesis
of the study

The data collection period commenced from

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Various analytic procedure provide a way of drawing inductive inference from

data and distinguishing the signal from the noise present in the data

•Frequency and percentage distribution is used to analyse demographic data

•Frequency and percentage distribution is used to assess the knowledge

regarding needle stick injury among BSc nursing students in upasana college of
nursing, kollam

•The chi-square test is used to find the association between knowledge and
demographic variable.

•Analyed data is presented in the form of tables, graphs and bar diagrams.
Summary

The investigator used quantitative descriptive survey design. After ethical

committee approval, the tool was prepared and checked for validity and
reliability. The pilot study was done on 10 samples. Further, the tool was
administered to 30 eligible sample to obtain data. Descriptive and Inferential
statistics were used in the analysis of data. Self-instructional module was
developed based on study findings.

Conclusion

Chapter 3rd deal with the research methodology adopted for the study and
includes a detailed description of research approach, research design,
identifications of population and sample, study setting, sampling size and
technique, eligibility criteria, the feasibility of tool, validity and reliability of tool,
pilot study, method of data collection and plan for data analysis.
 CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data analysis is a process of organizing and synthesizing data in such a way that
research

Questions can be answered and hypothesis could be tested. It enables the

researcher to

Summarize, evaluate, interpret and communicate the data collected.

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of result. In this study
knowledge of 30

4th year Bsc Nursing students of Upasana college of Nursing were assessed.

The data obtained were analysed and presented under following section.

Section 1: Demographic data

Section 2: Assess the level of knowledge regarding needle stick injury among 4 th
year Bsc

Nursing students
Section 3: Association between knowledge score and selected demographic
variables.

Section 1: Demographic data

Fig: Pie diagram showing distribution of sample according data shows that 60%
are 20-22 years and 40% are 22-24 years

Pie diagram showing distribution of samples according to sex. Data shows 93.3%
as female and 67 % makes.
Fig: Bar diagram showing distribution of sample according to religion.

Data presented shows that 56.6% are Hindu, 16.6% are Muslim and 26.6% are
Christian.
Pie diagram showing status of Hep B immunization. Data presented shows that
73.3% are 3rd

Dose completed, 23.3% are 2nd dose completed, 3.3% are 1st dose completed.

Fig: pie diagram showing incidence of needle stick injury.

Data presented shows that 86.6% are samples who gets needle stick injury and
13.3% are
those who not.
Section 2:-
Assess the level of knowledge regarding needle stick injury.
This section deals with frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge score
of 4th year
Bsc Nursing students regarding needle stick injury.

Table: Association between knowledge and selected demographic variable.

The data presented in table shows that there was significant accociation between
knowledge score

Of fourth year Bsc. Nursing students and their age (x2 = 0.19), sex (x2-2.56),
Religion (x2 -3.92), status of

Hepatitis B immunization (x2=2.+3+), incidence of needle stick injury [x2=0.54)

hence the calculated

Chisquare value is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.

Results
This chapter deals with the objectives, hypothesis and result of the study.
Interpreting the result

In the Most Challenging and least structured step in the research findings which
requires the investigator

To be creative.

Objectives of the study are to:-

• Assess the knowledge regarding needle stick injury among fourth year BSC.
Nursing students in

Upasana college of Nursing, Kollam.

• To find out the association between knowledge score of students regarding

needle stick injury and

Selected demographic variable.

Hypothesis

H1 :- There is a significant association between knowledge score of fourth year

Bsc. Nursing Students
With selected demographic variables.

Results

The data obtained were analyzed and presented under the following section.

Section-1 Demographic Data

The finding of the study that 60%Of the total sample belongs to age group 22-24
years, 40% belongs to age group 20-22 years and 93.3% of Samples were female
and 6.1% were Males, 56.6% Samples eere belongs to hindu community, 16.6%
were Muslims and 26.6% were christians, 3.3% of Sample were taken 1st dose of
hepatitis B vaccine, 23.3% were taken 2nd dose of hepatitis B Vaccine and 13.3%
were taken 3rd dose of hepatitis B Vaccine, 86.6% of samples who got needle stick
injury and 13.3% are those who not get needle stick injury.
Section 2 :- frequency and. Percentage distribution of knowledge score regarding
needle stick injury

Among 4Th year Bsc. Nursing Students.

In this study 13.3% Sample had below average knowledge, 86.6% had average
knowledge on

Needle stick injury. These findings highlights needs of self instructional Module to
Improve their knowledge

Regarding needle stick injury.

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding needle stick injury among
BSC. Nursing

Students, kerala. Total students participate in the study is 30. Result among 30
Sample is 4 (13.3%) show

Below average and 26 (86.6%) had average knowledge regarding needle stick
injury In this study Majority

Of Students shows average knowledge towards needle stick injury.

Section 3 :-Association between knowledge score and selected demographic

variables.

In this section, there was significant association between the knowledge score
and demographic variable such as age, sex, Religion, status of hepatitis B
immunization, incidence of needle stick injury and calculated x² value is (0.19, 2.
56, 3.92, 2.737, 0.54).So the result revealed that there was significant association
between demographic variables and knowledge score.

CHAPTER 6
DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION
In the present study 40% of samples were in the age group of 20-22 years and 60% of samples
were in 22-24 years. 93.3% of students were females & 6.7% were males. 56.6% of students
belongs to Hindu relegion, 16.6% of students belongs to Muslim. 26.6% of students belongs to
Christian. 73.3% of sample completed III doses of hepetitis B vaccine and 23.3% samples
completed 2 nd dose of Hepatitis B vaccine. 3.3% sample completed 1 st dose of
Hepatitis B. 86.6% of students gets NSI and 13.3% of students who not get NSI
A descriptive study to assess the level of knowledge about NSI and to examine
its prevalence and post exposure measures in Jordan. The samples of the study was 279
nursing students and instrument consist of 22 survey question. Study reveals that
characteristics of respondants were 71% of females & 26.2% exposure to knowledge.
86.3%have average knowledge &13.7% have poor knowledge
Distribution of samples according to knowledge score
In the present study 13.3% of the sample had knowledge and 86.6% had average
knowledge regarding needle stick injuary
Association between the knowledge score and selected demographic variables
In the study, finding shows that there are significant a.sociation between the
knowledge score and demographic variables such as age, sex, relegion, status of
Hepatitis B immunization, incidence of needle stick injury. Here the

Summary
Neddle stick injury is an accidental skin penetrating swab wound from a hollow bore
needle containing another peraon blood or body fluid. Health care workers are very much
prone to cause infection like hep B & hep C, Hiv. So, they should have adequate knowledge
regarding needle stick injuary. The aim of the study to “ assess the knowledge regarding
needle stick injury among forth year BSC nursing students in upasana college of nursing
Kollam and to find out the association between knowledge score & selected demographic
variables. 30 forth year BSC nursing students from upasana college of nursing kollam
were selected by convenient sampling technique. After obtaining conscent from them
questionnaire was given to them then the data collected were analyzed using descriptive
and inferential statistics technique. Result which revealed that students have
(13.3%)below average knowledge and (86.6%) have average knowledge regarding needle
stick injury and there was a significant association between the knowledge score and
demographic variables such as age, sex, relegion, status of hepatitis B immunization,
incidence of needle stick injury
Conclusion
Bsc nursing students had adequate knowledge regarding needle stick injury
There was significant association between the knowledge score and demographic
variables such as age, sex, relegion, status of Hepatitis B immunization, incidence of
needle stick injury

Nursing Implication

The findings of the study have implications of nursing practice,nursing education,nursing

administration and nursing research

Nursing practice

Prepare Bsc nursing students and teach them how to prevent needle stick injuries.

Health information can be imparted through pamplet,lecturer etc

As health professionals,the nurses who are in the hospital and community setting have a major

responsibility regarding needle stick injuries.

Nursing Education

It is very important for nursing students in understanding about needle stick injuries.

The structured knowledge question used in the study should be employed by teachers to refine

their knowledge about needle stick injuries.

Provide good education to the teachers can improve their knowledge on how to prevent the

spread of needle stick injury.

Nursing Administration

Nurse as an administer has a role in planning for protocols to prevent needle stick injury.

Administrator can also take intiative in impacting health education through different teaching

methods

Nursing Research

Research investigator can use the methodology as reference material to provide a venue for

further studies in this area.

Research Studies should be done on practicing newer methods of health teaching, focusing on

interest, quality and cost effective.

Limitations

The study was confined to specific group of students the structured knowledge questionnaire was

used to collect the data which restricted the respondent in providing adequate information

regarding the prevention of needle stick injury.

The findings of the study would be generalized only to that population who fulfilled the criteria

in this study.

Recommendation

A similar study can be replicated with a small sample in order to generalize the data.

A study can be conducted to assess the knowledge on preventing of needle stick injuries among

nursing students.

The study can be conducted to assess the knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury among

nursing students.