Electrical Machines Lab 1

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB MANUAL

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA
NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB MANUAL

Name:__________________________________

H.T.No:_________________________________

Year/Semester:__________________________

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA

NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

B.TechII - II sem (E.E.E)

(15A02404) ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - I

OBJECTIVES:The student has to learn about:

 No load and load characteristics of DC generators
 Various tests on DC motors
 The speed control techniques of DC motors

The following experiments are required to be conducted as compulsory experiments:

1. Magnetization characteristics of DC shunt generator. Determination of critical field resistance
and critical speed.
2. Load test on DC shunt generator. Determination of characteristics.
3. Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of performance curves.
4. Load test on DC compound generator. Determination of characteristics.
5. Hopkinson’s tests on DC shunt machines. Predetermination of efficiency.
6. Fields test on DC series machines. Determination of efficiency.
7. Swinburne’s test and speed control of DC shunt motor. Predetermination of efficiencies.
8. Brake test on DC compound motor. Determination of performance curves.
In addition to the above eight experiments, atleast any two of the experiments from the following
list are required to be conducted.
9. Load test on DC series generator. Determination of characteristics.
10. Retardation test on DC shunt motor. Determination of losses at rated speed.
11. Separation of losses in DC shunt motor.

OUTCOMES:The student should be able to do the following:

 Conduct experiments to obtain the no-load and load characteristics of D.C. Generators
 Conduct tests on D.C. motors for predetermination of efficiency
 Conduct tests on D.C. motors for determination of efficiency
 Control the speed of D.C. motor in a given range using appropriate method
 Identify the reason as to why D.C. Generator is not building up voltage

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CONTENTS

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

1 BRAKE TEST ON D.C COMPOUND MOTOR 1

2 BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR 6

3 FIELD’S TEST 12

4 HOPKINSONS TEST 18

5 LOAD TEST ON D.C COMPOUND GENERATOR 26

6 LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATOR 32

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A
7 38
D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN A D.C SHUNT

8 44
MOTOR

9 SPEED CONTROL OF A D.C SHUNT MOTOR 50

10 SWINBURNE’S TEST 56

11 RETARDATION TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR 62

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

DO‘S

1. Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory.

2. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.

3. The Students should come with proper uniform.

4. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.

5. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.

6. Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory.

7. Circuit connections must be checked by the lab-in charge before switching the supply

DONT‘S

8. Students bringing the bags inside the laboratory..

9. Students wearing slippers/shoes insides the laboratory.

10. Students scribbling on the desk and mishandling the chairs.

11. Students using mobile phones inside the laboratory.

12. Students making noise inside the laboratory.

13. Students mishandle the devices.

14. Students write anything on the devices

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SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Marks Awarded
Total
S.No Experiment name Date Record Observation VivaVoce Attendance
30(M)
(10M) (10M) (5M) (5M)

1 BRAKE TEST ON D.C

COMPOUND MOTOR
2 BRAKE TEST ON D.C
SHUNT MOTOR
3 FIELD’S TEST

4 HOPKINSONS TEST

LOAD TEST ON D.C

5
COMPOUND GENERATOR

LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT

6
GENERATOR

MAGNETIZATION
7 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

SEPARATION OF LOSSES
8
IN A D.C SHUNT MOTOR

SPEED CONTROL OF A
9
D.C SHUNT MOTOR

10 SWINBURNE’S TEST

RETARDATION TEST ON
11
DC SHUNT MOTOR

Signature of Lab In-charge

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

BRAKE TEST ON D.C COMPOUND MOTOR

Aim: To obtain the performance characteristics of D.C Compound Motor by direct loading.

Apparatus:
S. Name of the
Range Type Quantity
No. Equipment
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
Wire
3 Rheostat 400Ω/1.7A 1
Wound
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
4. By using motor field rheostat bring the motor to its rated speed and load the motor in steps to its
rated full load current and note down all the meter readings.
5. If speed gradually decreases then the motor is said to be cumulatively compounded, if not motor
is said to be differentially compounded.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
7. Now reverse series field winding connections i.e., Y & YY and then repeat step 4.
8. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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Tabular Columns:
Cumulative Compounding:
Spring Balance
S. VL IL N Torque Input Output ŋ
Reading
No. (V) (A) (rpm) (N-m) (kW) (kW) (%)
S1 S2 S1-S2
1
2
3
4
5
6

Differential Compounding:

Spring Balance
IL N Torque Input Output ŋ
S. No. VL (V) Reading
(A) (rpm) (N-m) (kW) (kW) (%)
S1 S2 S1-S2
1
2
3
4
5
6

Formulae:
Torque = 9.81 X (S1-S2) X R N-m
Input = VL IL kW
Output = (2∏N)τ/60 kW
Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100

Model Graph:

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Theoretical Calculations:

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Results:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What are the different types of compound motors?

2) What is the different between cumulative and differential compound motors?

3) How the two fluxes are aided or opposed in a compound motor?

4) What are number of series field turns required for compound motors?

5) Why two windings are used in dc compound motor?

6) What are the applications of cumulative compound motors?

7) What is speed equation of DC compound motor?

8) What is the difference between long shunt and short compound motor?

9) What is the difference between series field and shunt field winding compound motor?

10) Which type of compound motor is having high speed?

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To obtain the performance characteristics of D.C Shunt Motor by direct loading.

Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
3 Rheostat 400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:

1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
4. By adjusting the motor field rheostat bring the motor to its rated speed.
5. Now load the motor in steps to its full load and note down all the meter readings.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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Tabular Column:

Spring Balance
S. VL IL N Torque Input Output ŋ
Reading
No. (V) (A) (rpm) (N-m) (kW) (kW) (%)
S1 S2 S1-S2
1
2
3
4
5
6

Formulae:
Torque = 9.81 X (S1-S2) X R N-m
Input = VL IL kW
Output = (2∏N)τ/60 kW
Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100

Model Graph:

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Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA

VOICE

QUESTIONS:

1) What is the principle operation of DC motor?

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2) What is the Range of Shunt field Resistance?

3) What is no load current of Dc shunt motor?

4) How the Direction of a motor can be reversed?

5) What is Back emf or counter EMF?

6) Why the Shunt motor is called a constant speed motor?

7) What are the applications of DC shunt motor?

8) What is purpose of starter?

9) What meant by the DPDTS?

10) What is the output power the dc motor?

11) What is speed regulation of DC motor?

12) Explain principle of operation of DC motor?

13) Why shunt motor field winding has more no of turns?

14) What happens when DC motor is connected across AC supply?

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

FIELD’S TEST ON DC SERIES MACHINES

Aim: To determine the performance characteristics of a D.C Series motor using Field Test.

Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2

2 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 2

3 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1

4 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:
1. Make the connections tightly.
2. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
3. Initial Machine – II i.e., Generator is loaded with 7A of load.
4. Readings should not be taken when there is any fluctuation.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C Supply.
3. Machine – I is started as motor by keeping the load on Machine – II (i.e., generator) to such a
value that Machine – II is kept in safe speed limit.
4. By gradually loading in Machine – II in steps till maximum rated current of any of the machine,
note down the meter readings and speed at each step at each.
5. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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Tabular Column:

Motor Generator
V1 V2 I1 I2 N Total
(V) (V) (A) (A) (rpm) Input Ŋ Output Losses ɳ
Losses
(W) (%) (W) (W) (%)
(W)

Formulae:
Motor:
Motor Input = V1I1
Motor Losses = Armature + Field Losses + Stray Losses
Wm = (Ra + Rse) I12 + Ws
% ŋm = (V1I1 – Wm) / (V1I1)

Generator:
Generator Output = V2I2
Field Losses = I12Rse
Armature Cu Losses = I22Ra
W  Wc
Stray Losses = Ws= i
2
Total Losses = I12Rse + I22Ra + Ws = Wg
Total Losses = Wt = V1I1 – V2I2
Wc = (Ra + 2 RSe ) I12 + I22 Ra
% ŋg = (V2I2) / (V2I2 + Wg)

Model Graph:

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Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What is the necessity of field test on series machines?

2) What is the no load speed of dc series motor?

3) What is the no load current of dc series generator?

4) What are the advantages of compensating windings for series motor?

5) What are the applications of dc series motor?

6) Why the series motor can’t operate under no load condition?

7) Why it is not a regenerative test?

8) What is rated currant of series generator?

9) Explain Principle operation of motor

10) Explain Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction

11).Why a DC series motor should never be stared without load?

12). Why a DC series motor has a high starting torque?

13).Compare the resistances of the field windings of DC shunt and series motor?

14). Comment on the Speed – Torque characteristics of a DC series motor.

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Circuit Diagram:

To Find

Armature Resistance:

EXP.NO: DATE:

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HOPKINSON’S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES

Aim: To conduct a regenerative test on two identical mechanically coupled D.C shunt
machines to determine the efficiency of each machine.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

(0-600)V MC 1
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-20)A MC 3
2 Ammeter (0-5)A MC 1
(0-2)A MC 2
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
3 Rheostat 290Ω/2.8A Wire Wound 1
100Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:

1. Field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. Field rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Armature rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
4. Starter arm must be in OFF position.
5. SPST Switch must be kept open.

Procedure:
To Conduct Load Test:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the Motor Generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of the motor and bring the Motor Generator set to its rated speed.
5. Adjust the field rheostat of the generator and bring the voltage across the SPST Switch to zero.
6. By using the field rheostat of the generator in steps note down all the meter readings till
maximum rated current of any of the machine i.e., Motor or Generator.
7. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Tabular Columns:
For Motor:

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Losses
VL Ifm IL Iam Iag Ifg Output Input ŋ
WTL
(V) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (kW) (kW) (%)
(kW)

For Generator:

Losses
VL I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 Output Input ŋ
WTL
(V) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (kW) (kW) (%)
(kW)

To find Armature Resistance:

S. No. Va (V) Ia (A) Ra (Ω)

1
2
3

To find Armature Resistance:

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1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions close the DPST switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. By adjusting the rheostat for different values note down all the meter readings.
4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Formula:
Generator:
Armature Copper Losses = Iag2 Ra
Stray Losses = Ws = VIL - (Iam2 Ra + Iag2 Ra )
Output = Iag V
Input = Output + Losses
WS
Total Losses = + Iag2 Ra + Ifg vL
2
Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100

Motor:
WS
Total Losses = + Iam2 Ra + Iaf v
2
Input = V Iam
Output = Input – Losses
Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100

Model Graph:

Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What are the other names of Hopkinson’s test?

2) Why this test is conducted on two identical machines?

3) Why the energy is not sufficient to drive the motor from the generator?

4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the test?

5) Why the test is called as regenerative test?

6) Why field rheostat of motor kept minimum position at starting condition?

7) Why field rheostat of generator kept maximum position at starting condition?

8)What are different types of testing of DC machines?

9) Difference between direct and indirect testing?

10)Explain difference between DC and AC supply systems

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Circuit Diagram:

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To Find Armature and Series Field Resistance of the Generator:

EXP.NO: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON D.C COMPOUND GENERATOR

Aim: To perform load test on D.C Compound Generator and plot its load characteristics.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

(0-300)V MC 2
1 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-20)A MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 2
3 Rheostat
100Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name plate details:

Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Field rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Armature rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
4. Initially the load must be in OFF position.
5. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
To Conduct Load Test:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the Motor Generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat and bring the motor speed to its rated value.
5. Adjust the field rheostat of the generator so that generator gives rated terminal voltage of the
load.
6. Now load the generator in steps and note down all the meter readings. If the voltmeter shows an
increase in voltage that indicates the compounding is cumulative otherwise differential.
7. Repeat the procedure for another compounding by reversing the series field terminals of the
generator.

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8. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Tabular Columns:
Differential Compounding Generator Cumulative Compounding Generator

IL If VL Ia Eg IL If VL Ia Eg
(A) (A) (V) (A) (V) (A) (A) (V) (A) (V)

To find Armature & Series Field Resistance of the Generator:

S. No. Va (V) Ia (A) Ra + RSe (Ω)

Model Graph:

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To find Armature & Series Field Resistance of the Generator:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST switch and switch ON 220V D.C Supply.
3. By adjusting the rheostat for different values note down the meter readings.
4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Formulae:
For Cumulative Compound:
IL = Ia + If
Eg = VL + IL (Ra + RSe )
For Differential Compound:
IL = Ia + If
Eg = V + Ia (Ra + RSe )
Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What are the different types of compound generators?

2) What are the types of load characteristics of a dc compound generator?

3) What is meant by flat compound Generator?

4) What is no load voltage of Dc compound Generator?

5) What is the voltage regulation of a dc compound generator?

6) What are the applications of dc differential compound generator?

7) What are the applications of dc cumulative compound generator?

8) What are the differences between under, flat and over compound generators?

9) What is formula for induced voltage of compound generator?

10) Up to where we can load the dc compound generator?

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Circuit Diagram:

To find Armature Resistance of the Generator:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

Aim: To conduct load test on a D.C Shunt Generator and to determine the internal and
external characteristics.

Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-300)V MC 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-20)A MC 2
2 Ammeter
(0-5)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 2
3 Rheostat
100Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:
1. Field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Field rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Armature rheostat of the generator must be kept in maximum resistance position.
4. DPST Switch on the generator side must be kept open.
5. Initially load must be in OFF position.
6. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor-generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat and bring the motor to its rated speed and by varying the field
rheostat of the generator apply the rated voltage of the load and close the DPSTS2 switch.
5. Now load the generator in steps till maximum rated current of the generator and note down all
the meter readings.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
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Tabular Columns:

Eg = V + IaRa
S. No. V (V) IL (A) If (A) Ia = IL + If (A)
(V)

To find Armature Resistance of the Generator:

S.No. Ia (A) Va (V) Ra (Ω)

Model Graph:

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To find Armature Resistance of the Generator:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST switch and switch ON 220V D.C Supply.
3. By adjusting the rheostat note down all the meter readings.
4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What is no load voltage of Dc shunt Generator?

2) What is meant DC shunt generator?

3) What is rated current of Dc shunt Generator?

4) What is the field current of DC shunt generator?

5) What versus we can draw internal characteristics of Dc shunt Generator?

6) What are the applications of DC shunt Generator?

7) What versus we can draw internal characteristics of Dc shunt Generator?

8) Why the Dc shunt Generator having drooping nature of characteristics?

9) What is armature reaction of Dc shunt Generator?

10) Why the armature reaction drop is very low?

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Circuit Diagram:

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EXP.NO: DATE:

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C SHUNT

GENERATOR
Aim: To find critical field resistance of a separately excited D.C generator from its open circuit
characteristics.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
3 Rheostat
500Ω/2A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:
1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Potential Divider must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the Motor Generator set with the help of starter.
4. Adjust the speed of the Motor Generator Set to rated speed value by adjusting motor field
rheostat.
5. Increase the excitation of the generator in steps by adjusting the potential divider and note down
the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6. Take the readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
7. Again decrease the excitation in the same steps till field current is zero by adjusting the potential
divider noting down the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings.
8. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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Tabular Column:

Eg (V) Eg (V)
S. No. If (A)
Increasing Decreasing

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Model Graph:

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Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) Why the magnetization curve is a non linear curve?

2) What is critical Speed and Critical Resistance?

3) What are conditions to failure the self excitation?

4) What are the different methods of excitations?

5) Magnetization curves are also known as?

6) What are the characteristics of a dc generator?

7) What is Residual magnetism?

8) What is meant by magnetic saturation?

9) What is meant by the field flashing method?

10) What is meant by the residual voltage?

11) Why saturation curve for DC generator does not start with zero?

12) What is Open Circuit Characteristics of DC generator?

13) What are the different types of DC generators?

14) What are the characteristics of DC generators?

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Circuit Diagram:

To

find Armature Resistance:

EXP.NO: DATE:

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SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN A D.C SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To separate hysteresis, eddy current and mechanical losses of a D.C Shunt Machine.

Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-300)V MC 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
2 Ammeter
(0-2)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
3 Rheostat
100 Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details

Precautions:
1. Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor by adjusting the armature rheostat and obtain the rated voltage across the
terminals of the armature. Now adjust the field rheostat and bring the speed of motor to its rated
value.
4. Now vary the armature rheostat in steps and for each step note down the speed and all the meter
readings.
5. Repeat the procedure for another excitation (3/4 or ½ the rated value) suitably adjusting the field
rheostat.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

To find Armature Resistance:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the rheostat in its maximum resistance position close the DPST Switch and switch ON
220V D.C Supply.
3. By adjusting the rheostat for different values of current note down the meter readings.
4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Tabular Columns:

Field Current=0.6A Field Current=0.8A

IL = IL =
VL Ia N Ia + WC WC/N VL Ia N Ia + WC WC/N
(V) (A) (rpm) If (W) (W/A) (V) (A) (rpm) If (W) (W/A)
(A) (A)

To find Losses:

Speed Hysteresis Losses Eddy Current Losses Mechanical Losses

N (rpm) AN BN2 WC – (Wh + We)

To find Armature Resistance:

S. No. Va (V) Ia (A) Ra (Ω)

1
2
3

Model Graphs:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Formulae:
WC = VLIL – Ia2Ra
Wi = Wh + We
Wh = AN
We = BN2
Wmech = WC – (Wh + We)

Theoretical Calculations:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What are the types of losses that occur in a dc machine?

2) Why the test is conducted on no load?

3) Whether the test is direct or indirect?

4) Why the motor is operated in more than the rated speed?

5) Why this method is not suitable for series machines?

6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of this test?

8) What are the different types of iron losses?

9) How the eddy current losses occur in a dc machine?

10) How the hysteresis current losses occur in a dc machine?

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Circuit Diagram:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

EXP.NO: DATE:

SPEED CONTROL OF A D.C SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To obtain the speed characteristics of D.C Shunt Motor by
1. Armature Controlled Method.
2. Field Controlled Method.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-2)A MC 1
2 Ammeter
(0-5)A MC 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
3 Rheostat
100 Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:

1. Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:
Armature Controlled Method:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of starter.
4. By adjusting the field rheostat set the field current to a constant value.
5. By adjusting the armature rheostat for an armature voltage note down the speed and voltmeter
readings.
6. Repeat step 5 for another constant field current.

Field Controlled Method:

1. By adjusting the armature rheostat set the voltage to a constant value.

2. By adjusting the field rheostat for a field current note down the speed and armature current
readings.

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

3. Repeat the above step for another constant armature voltage.

Tabular Columns:
Armature Controlled Method:

Field Current=0.8A Field Current=0.6A

Speed
Va (V) Va (V) Speed (rpm)
(rpm)

Field Controlled Method:

Armature Voltage=160V Armature Voltage=200V
If (A) Speed (rpm) If (A) Speed (rpm)

Model Graphs:
Armature Controlled Method: Field Controlled Method:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Theoretical Calculations:

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Result:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What is speed equation of DC shunt motor?

2) What is the no load speed of DC shunt motor?

3) What are the various speed control techniques of a dc motor?

4) Why DC shunt motor is called Constant speed motor?

5) What happens when the field of dc shunt motor gets open circuited during running condition?

6) Why field rheostat is kept minimum position at starting condition?

7) Which method we can obtain speed of motor is above its rated speed?

8) Which method we can obtain speed of motor is below its rated speed?

9) what versus we can draw speed curve field controlled method?

10) what versus we can draw speed curve armature controlled method?

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Circuit Diagram:

To find

Armature Resistance:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

EXP.NO: DATE:

SWINBURNE’S TEST
Aim: To predetermine the efficiency of a D.C Shunt Machine when run both as generator
and motor.

Apparatus:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
(0-300)V MC 1
1 Voltmeter
(0-30)V MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
2 Ammeter
(0-2)A MC 1
3 SPSTS - Knife 1
400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
4 Rheostat
100 Ω/5A Wire Wound 1
5 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Precautions:
1. Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3. SPST Switch must be kept in closed position.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Adjust the speed of motor to its rated value by adjusting field and / or armature rheostat.
4. Now open the SPST Switch & note down all the meter readings.
5. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

To find Armature Resistance:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the rheostat in its maximum resistance position close the DPST Switch and switch ON
220V D.C Supply.
3. By adjusting the rheostat for different values of current note down the meter readings.
4. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Tabular Columns:

Supply Voltage Line Current Shunt Current

S. No.
(V) IL (A) If (A)
1

To find Armature Resistance:

S. No. Va (V) Ia (A) Ra (Ω)
1
2
3

Machine when run as Motor:

Voltage IL If Ia Input WCu WC Output Ŋ

S. No. WT
(V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (W) (W) (%)

1
2
3
4

Machine when run as Generator:

Voltage IL If Ia Input WCu WC Output Ŋ

S. No. WT
(V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (W) (W) (%)

1
2
3
4

Model Graph:

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Formulae:
Motor:
Ia = IL - If
Input = VLIL
WC = VLIL - Ia2Ra
WCu = Ia2Ra
WT = WCu + WC
Output = Input - WT
Ŋ = (Output/Input) X 100

Generator:
Ia = IL + If
Output = VLIL
WC = VLIL - Ia2Ra
WCu = Ia2Ra
WT = WCu + WC
Input = Output + WT
Ŋ = (Output/Input) X 100

Theoretical Calculations:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What is the necessity of Swinburne’s test?

2) Why this test is conducted on no load?

3) Why this test is not suitable for series machines?

4) Whether the test is a direct method or indirect method?

5) What are the advantages of Swinburne’s test?

6) What is meant by the efficiency?

7) What is rated current of motor as well as generator of dc shunt machine?

8) How do you estimate the half load efficiency?

9) How do you estimate the half load copper losses?

10) Explain Faradays Laws of Electro Magnetic Induction

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

EXP.NO: DATE:

RETARDATION TEST

Aim:

To determine the angular velocity of D.C Shunt Motor

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-5)A MC 1
2 Ammeter
(0-2)A MC 1
3 SPSTS - Knife 1
4 Rheostat 360Ω/1.2A Wire Wound 1
5 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Name Plate details:

Circuit Diagram:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Precautions:

1 Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2 Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.
3 SPST Switch must be kept in closed position.

S. No. Speed Time(sec) Angular velocity

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Adjust the speed of motor to its rated value by using field rheostat.
4. Now open the SPST Switch & note down all the meter readings.
5. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

Tabular Columns:

For rated speed :

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

S. No. Speed Time(sec) Angular velocity

1

For rated speed :

Formulae:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Ws=2pi N/60

Calculations:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Result:

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1) What is the necessity of retardation test?

2) Why this test is conducted on no load?

3) Why this test is not suitable for series machines?

4) Whether the test is a direct method or indirect method?

5) What are the advantages of retardation test?

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

ADDITIONAL
EXPERIMENTS

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

MATLAB-A

11. Brake Test on a DC Shunt Motor

AIM : To obtain the performance characteristics of a DC shunt motor by load test.
1. Speed ~ Armature current
2. Torque ~ Armature current
3. Induced emf ~ Armature current
4. Torque ~ Speed
5. Output ~ efficiency

Name Plate Details:

Power = 5.0 hp Field voltage = 220 volts
Armature voltage = 220 volts Field current = 1.0 amps
Armature current = 19.0 amps Field Winding = shunt
Speed = 1500 rpm

Apparatus:
1.P.C (or) Laptop with MATLAB, Simulink & SimPowersystems

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram in MATLAB as shown in figure.
2. Put torque constant as zero so that no initial torque is applied.
3. Run the Simulation.
4. Record the readings of the instruments at no-load condition.
5. Increase the load i.e. increase torque constant and record the readings as per the given
table after running the Simulation.
6. Maintain Constant armature voltage and constant field current during the total experiment.
7. Then stop the simulation.

Observations:
1. Armature voltage = Volts
2. Field voltage = Volts
3. Field current = Amps
4. No load speed = rpm

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Shaft
S. Input Shaft
Ia N T1 T2 W(rad/ Output K
No (Pin) Torque %ή E(volts)
Amp Rpm Kg Kg sec) (watts) Vs/r
. Watts (j/rad)

Sample Calculations:

Armature voltage = 220 volts Armature Current Ia = 4.9 amps

Field voltage = 200 volts Field current = 0.73 amps
No load speed = 1500 rpm Actual Speed N = 1498 rpm
T1 ~ T2 = 4 kgs. Armature Resistance Ra = 2.3 ohms

Power input = VaIa + VrIr

= 220×4.9 + 200×.73 = 1224 watts
Shaft torque Tsh = 1.5×(T1 ~ T2) =1.5×4=6.0 N-m
2N
Output Pout = Tsh × = 6.0 2 3.141498 = 940.74W
60 60
% Efficiency ηm 940.74
100 = 76.85%
=
1224
Eb =V - Ia Ra = 220 - 4.9 × 2.3 = 208.7 volts
E
K= b = 208.7 = 1.33 V-s/rad.
156.7
7

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Conclusions:
 The shunt motor speed regulation is small from no load to full load.
 Maximum efficiency occurs at less than its full-load condition.
 Maximum efficiency is between 70 to 85%.
 Speed ~ Torque characteristic is not linear but has some drooping due to demagnetization.
Graphs :
(a) Speed ~ Output (b) Torque ~ Output (c) Induced emf ~ Output(d) Flux per pole ~
Output (f) Efficiency ~ output(f) Speed ~ Torque

Model Graphs:

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Graphs:-

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 Electrical Machines Lab 1

RESULT:-
 Electrical Machines Lab 1

MATLAB-B
12.Swinburne’s Test
AIM: To pre-determine the efficiency of a D.C shunt machine considering it as a motor by
performing Swinburne’s test on it.
Name Plate Details:
Power = 5.0 hp
Speed = 1500 rpm
Armature voltage = 220 volts
Field voltage = 220 volts
Armature current = 19.0 amps
Filed current = 1.0 amps
Apparatus:
1 P.C (or) Laptop with MATLAB , Simulink & SimPowersystems
 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit in MATLAB as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Put torque constant as zero so that machine runs at no-load condition.
3. Apply rated voltage to armature using controlled voltage source.
4. Apply voltage to field using controlled voltage source so that rated speed is obtained.
5. Run the simulation.
6. Note down readings of the field voltage and current at no-load.
7. Also note down the field resistance and armature resistance values.
Observations:
At no-load (separately excited D.C. motor):
Speed = 1500rpm
Armature voltage = 237 V
Field voltage = 208V
Armature current = 0.65A
Field current = 1.0A
Armature resistance = 1.6Ω
Field resistance = 210 Ω
Sample Calculations:
Armature copper loss = 0.65 x 1.6 = 0.676 watts
Field copper loss = 1.0 x 210 = 210 watts
Mechanical loss + iron losses =armature input – armature copper loss
Total constant losses = Mechanical loss + iron loss + field copper loss
= 153.4 + 210 = 363.4 watts
Efficiency as a motor:
Let us assume that the current drawn by the armature = 5A
Input to the motor = input to the armature + input to the field
= (237 x 5) + (210 x 1) = 1395 watts
Total losses = constant losses + armature copper losses
= 363.4 + (52 x 1.2 x .6) = 411.4 wtts
Output = Input – total losses = 1395 – 411.4 = 983.6 watts
Efficiency, ηm = output/input = (983.6/1395) x 100 = 70.5%
Efficiency as a generator:
Let us assume that the current delivered by the armature = 5A
Output = 237 x 5 = 1185 watts
Total losses = constant losses + armature copper losses
= 363.4 + (52 x 1.2 x 1.6) = 411.4 watts
Efficiency, ηg = output/input = (1185/1596.4) x 100 = 74.2%
 Electrical Machines Lab 1

As a motor:
Sl. Load Power Copper Total Power Efficiency
No. Current IL Input Loss Loss Output
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

As a Generator:

Sl. Load Power Copper Total Power Efficiency

No. Current IL Input Loss Loss Output
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Conclusion:
 The power required to conduct the test is very less as compared to the direct loading test.
 Constant losses are calculated from this method are used to compute the efficiency of a D.C.
machine as a generator and as a motor without actually loading it.
 Hence this is an economic method.
Graph:
Draw the graph between Efficiency and IL of the machine as a motor and as a generator on the same
graph sheet.
 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Model Graph:

Generator

Motor

Output

% Efficiency Vs Output Characteristics

Calculations:-
 Electrical Machines Lab 1

Graphs:
Electrical Machines Lab 1
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-I

RESULT:-

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY