POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB

III/IV B.Tech-I SEMESTER

STUDENT OBSERVATION RECORD

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA
NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
 VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPT.OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION OF THE INSTITUTE

To be a premier institute for professional education producing dynamic and vibrant force of
technocrats with competent skills, innovative ideas and leadership qualities to serve the society with
ethical and benevolent approach.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE

To create a learning environment with state-of-the art infrastructure, well equipped laboratories,
research facilities and qualified senior faculty to impart high quality technical education.

To facilitate the learners to foster innovative ideas, inculcate competent research and consultancy
skills through Industry-Institute Interaction.

To develop hard work, honesty, leadership qualities and sense of direction in rural youth by
providing value based education.

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce professionally deft and intellectually adept Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
equip them with the latest technological skills, research & consultancy competencies along with
social responsibility, ethics, Lifelong Learning and leadership qualities.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce competent Electrical and Electronics Engineers with strong core knowledge, design
experience & exposure to research by providing quality teaching and learning environment.

To train the students in emerging technologies through state - of - the art laboratories and thus bridge
the gap between Industry and academia.

To inculcate learners with interpersonal skills, team work, social values, leadership qualities and
professional ethics for a holistic engineering professional practice through value based education.
 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES(PEOs)

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs) of B.Tech (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

program are:

Within few years of graduation, the graduates will

PEO 1: Provide sound foundation in mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals to analyze,
formulate and solve complex engineering problems.

PEO 2: Have multi-disciplinary Knowledge and innovative skills to design and develop Electrical &
Electronics products and allied systems.

PEO 3: Acquire the latest technological skills and motivation to pursue higher studies leading to
research.

PEO 4: Possess good communication skills, team spirit, ethics, modern tools usage and the life-long learning
needed for a successful professional career.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO-1
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
PO-2
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
PO-3
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
PO-4
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO-5
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
PO-6
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
PO-7
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
PO-8
of the engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
PO-9
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
PO-10
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
PO-11
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO-12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

On completion of the B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering) degree, the graduates will be
able to

PSO-1: Higher Education: Apply the fundamental knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering to pursue higher education in the areas of Electrical Circuits, Electrical Machines,
Electrical Drives, Power Electronics, Control Systems and Power Systems.

PSO-2: Employment: Get employed in Public/Private sectors by applying the knowledge in the domains of
design and operation of Electronic Systems, Microprocessor based control systems, Power systems, Energy
auditing etc.
 POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB MANUAL

COURSE OUTCOMES
Course Course
Course Outcomes
Code Name
Calculate the sequence impedances of cylindrical
C418.1 rotor synchronous machine, sub-transient reactance of
salient pole synchronous machine.
C418.2 Calculate fault currents and fault voltages for
Power
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
Systems &
15A02710 C418.3 Determine the parameters of equivalent circuit of
Simulation
three winding transformer.
Laboratory
C418.4 Develop a MATLAB program for formation of Ybus
and Zbus.
C418.5 Develop a MATLAB program for Gauss seidel and
Fast decoupled load flow studies.

Name:__________________________________

H.T.No:_________________________________

Year/Semester:__________________________

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY::P.KOTHAKOTA

NEAR PAKALA, CHITTOOR-517112
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

B. Tech IV-I Sem. (EEE)

LTPC
0042
15A02710 POWER SYSTEMS AND SIMULATION LABORATORY
Course Objectives: The objectives of this course include:

• Experimental determination (in machines lab) of sequence impedance and

subtrasient reactances of synchronous machine
• Conducting experiments to analyze LG, LL, LLG, LLLG faults
• The equivalent circuit of three winding transformer by conducting a suitable
experiment.
• Developing MATLAB program for formation of Y and Z buses.
• Developing MATLAB programs for gauss-seidel and fast decoupled load flow
studies.
• Developing the SIMULINK model for single area load frequency control problem.

List of Experiments

1. Determination of Sequence Impedances of Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Machine.

2. Fault Analysis – I
LG Fault
LL Fault
3. Fault Analysis – II
LLG Fault
LLLG Fault
4. Determination of Sub transient reactances of salient pole synchronous machine.
5. Equivalent circuit of three winding transformer.
6. Y bus formation using MATLAB
7. Z bus formation using MATLAB
8. Gauss-Seidel load flow analysis using MATLAB
9. Fast decoupled load flow analysis using MATLAB
10. Develop a Simulink model for a single area load frequency control problem

CONTENTS
 POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A 3-Ø THREE

WINDING TRANSFORMER
DETERMINATION OF SEQUENCE
2 IMPEDANCES OF CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
3 FAULT ANALYSIS – I (LG & LL FAULTS)

4 FAULT ANALYSIS –II (LLG & LLLG FAULT)

5 SUBTRANSIENT REACTANCE OF A SALIENT

POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
6 Z BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

7 Y BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

8 GAUSS-SEIDEL LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING

MATLAB
FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
9
USING MATLAB

SIMULINK MODEL FOR A SINGLE AREA

10
POWER SYSTEM
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

DO‘S

1. Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory.

2. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards.

3. The Students should come with proper uniform.

4. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory.

5. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory.

6. Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory.

7. Circuit connections must be checked by the lab-in charge before switching the supply

DONT‘S

8. Students bringing the bags inside the laboratory..

9. Students wearing slippers/shoes insides the laboratory.

10. Students scribbling on the desk and mishandling the chairs.

11. Students using mobile phones inside the laboratory.

12. Students making noise inside the laboratory.

13. Students mishandle the devices.

14. Students write anything on the devices

 SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Marks Awarded
Total
S.No Experiment name Date Record Observation VivaVoce Attendance
30(M)
(10M) (10M) (5M) (5M)

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
1 A 3-Ø THREE WINDING
TRANSFORMER
DETERMINATION OF
2 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
OF CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
3 FAULT ANALYSIS – I (LG &
LL FAULTS)
4 FAULT ANALYSIS –II (LLG
& LLLG FAULT)
SUBTRANSIENT
5 REACTANCE OF A SALIENT
POLE SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
Z BUS FORMATION USING
6
MATLAB

7 Y BUS FORMATION USING

MATLAB
GAUSS-SEIDEL LOAD
8 FLOW ANALYSIS USING
MATLAB
FAST DECOUPLED LOAD
9 FLOW ANALYSIS USING
MATLAB

SIMULINK MODEL FOR A

10 SINGLE AREA POWER
SYSTEM

Signature of Lab In-charge

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST (PRIMARY EXCITED & BOTH SECONDARY ‘S ARE OPEN)

TABULAR COLUMNS AND CALCULATIONS:

VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(A) POWER(W)

(1) Power factor, Cos 0 =

(2) Core loss resistance,R0=

(3) Magnetizing resistance,R0=

 1 .EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF 3 WINDING TRANSFORMER

AIM:

To draw the equivalent circuit of the three winding transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 3 winding transformer Trainer set up

PROCEDURE:

FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST (PRIMARY EXCITED & BOTH SECONDARY’S ARE
OPEN)

1. Connections are made as per the above diagram-1 , connect digital

Ammeter, Voltmeter & Power meter as per the diagram.
2. Keep the dimmer stat in zero (minimum) position.
3. Switch ON the main MCB.
4. Slowly apply the rated input voltage i.e., 220v to the primary of the
transformer by varying the dimmer stat.
5. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST-1:

(PRIMARY EXCITED & SECONDARY SHORTED &TERTIARY WINDING (64V) OPEN

TABULAR COLUMNS AND CALCULATIONS:

VOLTAGE(V) CURRENNT(A) POWER(W)

PROCEDURE:
FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST-1 (PRIMARY EXCITED & SECONDARY SHORTED
&TERTIARY WINDINGS (64V) OPEN

1. Connections are made as per the above connection diagram.

2. Short circuit the secondary winding of the transformer.
3. Keep the dimmer stat in zero (minimum) position.
4. Switch ON the main MCB.
5. Gradually increase the voltage up to the transformer rated current(5A) by
varying the dimmer stat.
6. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
FOR CIRCUIT TEST-2:

(PRIMARY EXCITED & SECONDARY (110V) OPEN & TERTIARY WINDING (64V) SHORTED)

TABULAR COLUMN FOE CALCULATIONS:

VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(A) POWER(W)

=
Procedure:
Short circuit test-2 (primary excited & secondary (110v) open &tertiary
windings (64v) shorted)

1. Connections are made as per the above connection diagram.

2. Short circuit the secondary winding (64v) of the transformer.
3. Keep the dimmer stat in zero (minimum) position.
4. Switch ON the main MCB.
5. Gradually increase the voltage up to the transformer rated current(5A) by
varying the dimmer stat.
6. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
FOR CIRCUIT TEST-3 (SECODARY (110V) EXCITED & PRIMARY OPEN & TERTIARY WINDING
(64V)

SHORTED

TABULAR CLUMN FOR CALCULATIONS:

VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(A) POWER(W)

=
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST-3 (SECONDARY (110V) EXCITED & PRIMARY OPEN &
TERTIARY WINDINGS (64V) SHORTED

1. Connections are made as per the above connection diagram.

2. Short circuit the secondary winding (64v) of the transformer.
3. Keep the dimmer stat in zero (minimum) position.
4. Switch ON the main MCB.
5. Gradually increase the voltage up to the transformer rated current (5A) by
varying the dimmer stat.(note do not apply more than 110VAC).
6. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
 Transferring both values to primary side,

= × ^2=

= × ^2=

The equivalent circuit resistance , , are

= ( + - )=

= + - )=

= ( + - )=

Leakage impedance referred to primary side,

= ( + - )=

= + – )=

= ( + - )=

Leakage impedance referred to primary side,

= =

= =

= =

Leakage impedance referred to primary winding,

= +j =

Leakage impedance of secondary winding referred to primary side,

= +j ^2=

Leakage impedance of tertiary winding referred to primary side,

= +j ^2=
From the above value draw the equivalent circuit, as below

RESULTS:

Circuit diagram:
Positive sequence impedance measurement:
TABULAR COLUMNS:

Positive sequence combination (A1, B1):

AC Voltmeter AC Ammeter reading X1

reading(V) (I)

Average (X1)=

X1 (average) =

Positive sequence combination (B1, C1)

V I X2

Average (X2)=

X2 (average) =
2. SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS OF 3PHASE ALTERNATOR

Aim:
To measure the following sequence impedance of Alternator
i. Positive sequence impedance
ii. Negative sequence impedance
iii. Zero sequence impedance

Procedure:
Measurement of positive sequence impedance:
1. The machine should be in ideal.
2. Alternator field winding shorted through an ammeter.
3. Apply single phase voltage to A1,B1( two phases) terminals of star connected
alternator.
4. Switch ON the single phase ac supply and rotate the alternator shaft by manually &
Note down the ammeter &voltmeter readings in table keep the shaft position at the
position of maximum field current value.
5. The single phase voltage input to alternator terminal ‘A1 & B1’ is assumed as ‘X1’.
6. Repeat the above procedure with single phase ac input to alternator terminal ‘B1 &c1’
is assumed as ‘X2’.
7. Repeat the above procedure with single phase ac input to alternator terminal ‘C1 &
A1’ is assumed as ‘X3’.

X1= V/2I1

X2 = V/2I2

X3= V/2I3

K=

M=

X∞=k-m

Positive sequence combination (C1, A1)

V I X3
 Average (X3)=

X3 (average) =

Circuit diagram:
Negative sequence impedance measurements:

Negativesequence combination:

Voltmeter Ammeter Z2
reading (V) reading(I)

Average(Z2) =

Z2 (average) =
Procedure:
Negative sequence impedance measurements:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram-2
i. Field winding to shorted through an ammeter
ii. Alternator should be connected in star connection
iii. Short any two phase of alternator
iv. Apply single phase voltage to short phases (A1 & B1) & open phase (C1)
2. Run the alternator at its rated speed (1500rpm)
3. Note down the readings &tabulate

Z2=

X2=

Note: R2 is the resistance of alternator winding &it is measured by multimeter.

Circuit diagram:
Measurement of zero sequence measurement:
Zero sequence combination:

Voltmeter Ammeter Z0
reading (V) reading (I)

Average(Z0) =

Z0 (average) =
Procedure:
Measurement of zero sequence measurement:
1. Connections are made as per the above diagram-3
i. Field winding to shorted
ii. Connect all 3 phase of the armature winding in series and apply a single phase
variable voltage
2. Run the alternator at its rated speed (1500rpm)

Z 0 = X0 =

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3.(A).FAULT ANALYSIS OF LINE TO GROUND FAULT ON AN ALTERNATOR

AIM:

To find the fault current and voltage for the lineto ground fault.

Apparatus required:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE

QUANTITY

1. Salient pole synchronous alternator - 1

2. Variable frequency drive (0- 1

50HZ)

3. DCVariac (0- 1

200v)

4. AC voltmeter (0- 1

20v)

5. AC Ammeter (0- 1

5A)

6. Variable AC source (0- 1

230v)

7. Current limiting resistor 10 1

ohms

8. Connecting wires - As per

required

Name plate details:

For salient pole synchronous alternator

Speed N =

Rating =
Voltage =

current =

DC excitation : Three phase induction motor (220v DC).

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.

3. Set 50HZ frequency by using VFD meter.
4. Run the salient pole synchronous alternator and observe whether the machine speed is 1500 rpm or not .If not set

RST button to obtain 1500 rpm.

5. Set starting winding of an alternator in L-G fault connection (as per circuit diagram).
6. Set ending winding of an alternator in star (join R3Y3B3) .

7. Slowly vary the DC Variac for different values of voltages until ammeter reaches 1.3A (rated) and note down the

ammeter and voltmeter readings.

8. Calculate L-G fault current using formula.

Fault current(IF )=(3Ea)/(Z0+Z1+Z2+3ZF)

=3I0

TABULAR COLUMN:

E(L-L)( V) Meter current (I) fault current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3.(B).FAULT ANALYSIS OF LINE TO LINEFAULT ON AN ALTERNATOR

AIM:

To find the fault current and voltage for the line to linefault.

Apparatus required:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE

QUANTITY

1. Salient pole synchronous alternator - 1

2. Variable frequency drive (0- 1

50HZ)

3. DCVariac (0- 1

200v)

4. AC voltmeter (0- 1

20v)

5. AC Ammeter (0- 1

5A)

6. Variable AC source (0- 1

230v)

7. Current limiting resistor 10 1

ohms

8. Connecting wires - As per

required

Name plate details:

For salient pole synchronous alternator

Speed N =

Rating =
Voltage =

current =

DC excitation : Three phase induction motor (220v DC).

PROCEDURE:

9. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

10. Switch on the supply.

11. Set 50HZ frequency by using VFD meter.
12. Run the salient pole synchronous alternator and observe whether the machine speed is 1500 rpm or not .If not set
RST button to obtain 1500 rpm.
13. Set starting winding of an alternator in L-L fault connection (as per circuit diagram).

14. Set ending winding of an alternator in star (join R3Y3B3) .

15. Slowly vary the DC Variac for different values of voltages until ammeter reaches 1.3A (rated) and note down the
ammeter and voltmeter readings.

16. Calculate L-L fault current using formula.

Fault current(IF )=(√3Ea)/(Z1+Z2+ZF)

TABULAR COLUMN:

Ea(phase voltage V) Meter current (I) fault current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
4.(B).FAULT ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT ON AN ALTERNATOR

AIM:

To find the fault current and voltage for the three phase to ground fault.

Apparatus required:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE

QUANTITY

1. Salient pole synchronous alternator - 1

2. Variable frequency drive (0- 1

50HZ)

3. DCVariac (0- 1

200v)

4. AC voltmeter (0- 1

20v)

5. AC Ammeter (0- 1

5A)

6. Variable AC source (0- 1

230v)

7. Current limiting resistor 10 1

ohms

8. Connecting wires - As per

required

Name plate details:

For salient pole synchronous alternator

Speed N =

Rating =
Voltage =

current =

DC excitation : Three phase induction motor (220v DC).

PROCEDURE:

17. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

18. Switch on the supply.

19. Set 50HZ frequency by using VFD meter.
20. Run the salient pole synchronous alternator and observe whether the machine speed is 1500 rpm or not .If not set
RST button to obtain 1500 rpm.
21. Set starting winding of an alternator in LLL-G fault connection (as per circuit diagram).

22. Set ending winding of an alternator in star (join R3Y3B3) .

23. Slowly vary the DC Variac for different values of voltages until ammeter reaches 1.3A (rated) and note down the
ammeter and voltmeter readings.

24. Calculate LLL-G fault current using formula.

Fault current(IF )=(√3ER)/(X1+ZF)

TABULAR COLUMN:

ER( V) Meter current (I) fault current

 5. REACTANCE MEASUREMENT OF 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR

AIM:
To determine sub transient direct axis (Xd’’) and quadrature axis (Xd’’) synchronous reactance of an
alternator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus quality

1 Reactance measurement unit 1no

2 Three phase alternator setup 1no

3 2-pin power card 1no

4 Clamp meter 1no

5 Patch chords As per

required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 PRO
CEDURE:
1. Make the connection as show in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the variac output to zero.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Gradually increase the variac output and set armature current to a suitable value.
5. Slowly rotate the armature and see the field current and armature current readings.
Note the values of applied voltage and armature current when field current is
maximum and also when it is minimum.
6. Repeat the step five for other applied voltage. Take care that armature current does not
go beyond its rated value during the experiment.
TABULATION:
S Arm Arm Armature X A X A
. atur atur current d v q v
N e e ’ g ’ g
I I
o volt volt f ’ X ’ X
age age f M d q
phas M i ’ ’
e a n ’ ’
x
FORMULAS:
Direct axis sub transient
Reactance’s Xd’’ (If Max)
Quadrature axis sub transient
Reactance’s Xq’’ (If Min)

Xd’’ (pu)

Xq’’ (pu)

Base Impedance =

CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:

EXP.NO: DATE:

6. Z BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

Aim:- To form bus impedance matrix by using MATLAB and verify the output with
theoretical output.
 Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the bus admittance matrix.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

PROGRAM

clear all
clc
disp('Zbus Building Algorithm')
data=[1 0 0 1.25;
1 2 0 0.25;
2 3 0 0.4;
3 0 0 1.25;
2 4 0 0.125;
4 3 0 0.2]
num_bus=max(max(data(:,1),data(:,2)));
sz=size(data);
size=sz(1,1);
buses_added=1;
bus_status=zeros(1,num_bus+1);
for n=1:size
if(data(n,1)==0)
temp=data(n,1);
data(n,1)=data(n,2);
data(n,2)=temp;
end
if(data(n,1)>data(n,2) && data(n,2)~=0)
temp=data(n,1);
data(n,1)=data(n,2);
data(n,2)=temp;
end
end
for n=1:size
if(data(n,1)==1 && data(n,2)==0)
temp1=data(1,:);
data(1,:)=data(n,:);
data(n,:)=temp1;
end
end
for n=1:size
for m=1:size
if(data(m,1)==n)
bus1=data(m,1);
bus2=data(m,2);
p_bus1=0;
p_bus2=0;
for k=1:num_bus
if(bus_status(1,k)== bus1 && bus1~=0)
p_bus1=1;
end
if(bus_status(1,k)== bus2 && bus2~=0)
p_bus2=1;
end
end
if(bus_status(1,buses_added)==0 && bus2==0 && p_bus1==0)
disp('Adding Z=')
disp(data(m,3)+ i*data(m,4))
disp('between buses:')
disp(bus1)
disp(bus2)
disp('This impedance is added between a new bus and reference')
buses_added=buses_added+1;
bus_status(1,buses_added-1)=bus1;
if(bus1==1)
Zbus(bus1,bus1)=data(m,3)+i*data(m,4)
else
ssz=length(Zbus);
Zbus(ssz+1,ssz+1)=data(m,3)+i*data(m,4)
end

disp(' ')
disp(' ')
elseif(p_bus1==1 && p_bus2==0 && bus2~=0)
disp('Adding Z=')
disp(data(m,3)+ i*data(m,4))
disp('between buses:')
disp(bus1)
disp(bus2)
disp('This impedance is added between a new bus and an existing bus')
buses_added=buses_added+1;
bus_status(1,buses_added-1)=bus2;
size_zbus=length(Zbus);
for var=1:size_zbus
Zbus(size_zbus+1,var)=Zbus(bus1,var);
Zbus(var,size_zbus+1)=Zbus(var,bus1);
end
 Zbus(size_zbus+1,size_zbus+1)=Zbus(bus1,bus1)+ data(m,3)+ i*data(m,4);
Zbus
disp(' ')
disp(' ')
elseif(p_bus1==1 && p_bus2==0 && bus2==0)
disp('Adding Z=')
disp(data(m,3)+ i*data(m,4))
disp('between buses:')
disp(bus1)
disp(bus2)
disp('This impedance is added between an existing bus and reference')
size_zbus=length(Zbus);
Zbus1=Zbus;
for var=1:size_zbus
Zbus1(size_zbus+1,var)=Zbus1(bus1,var);
Zbus1(var,size_zbus+1)=Zbus1(var,bus1);
end
Zbus1(size_zbus+1,size_zbus+1)=Zbus1(bus1,bus1)+ data(m,3)+
i*data(m,4);
for var1=1:size_zbus
for var2=1:size_zbus
Zbus(var1,var2)=Zbus1(var1,var2)-
Zbus1(var1,size_zbus+1)*Zbus1(size_zbus+1,var2)/Zbus1(size_zbus+1,size_zbus+1);
end
end
Zbus
disp(' ')
disp(' ')
elseif(p_bus1==1 && p_bus2==1 && bus2~=0)
disp('Adding Z=')
disp(data(m,3)+ i*data(m,4))
disp('between buses:')
disp(bus1)
disp(bus2)
disp('This impedance is added between two existing buses')
size_zbus=length(Zbus);
Zbus1=Zbus;
for var=1:size_zbus
Zbus1(size_zbus+1,var)=Zbus1(bus1,var)-Zbus1(bus2,var);
Zbus1(var,size_zbus+1)=Zbus1(var,bus1)-Zbus1(var,bus2);
end
Zbus1(size_zbus+1,size_zbus+1)=Zbus1(bus1,bus1)+Zbus1(bus2,bus2)-
2*Zbus1(bus1,bus2) + data(m,3)+ i*data(m,4);
for var1=1:size_zbus
for var2=1:size_zbus
Zbus(var1,var2)=Zbus1(var1,var2)-
Zbus1(var1,size_zbus+1)*Zbus1(size_zbus+1,var2)/Zbus1(size_zbus+1,size_zbus+1);
end
end
Zbus
disp(' ')
disp(' ')
end
end
end
end
bus_status

for var1=1:num_bus
for var2=1:num_bus
if(bus_status(1,var2)==var1)
zvar1=Zbus(var2,:);
Zbus(var2,:)=Zbus(var1,:);
Zbus(var1,:)=zvar1;

zvar2=Zbus(:,var2);
 Zbus(:,var2)=Zbus(:,var1);
Zbus(:,var1)=zvar2;

z_s=bus_status(1,var1);
bus_status(1,var1)=bus_status(1,var2);
bus_status(1,var2)=z_s;
end
end
end
Zbus

Calculations

Precautions:-
1. Check and write the program with out errors.
2. Properly turn on and turn off your pc

Result

EXP.NO: DATE:

7. Y BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

Aim:- To form bus admittance matrix by using MATLAB and verify the output with
theoretical output.
 Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the bus admittance matrix.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

PROGRAM

linedata=[1 2 0.08 0.24;1 3 0.02 0.06;2 3 0.06 0.18]

nl=linedata(:,1);
nr=linedata(:,2);
r=linedata(:,3);
x=linedata(:,4);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1));
nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));
z=r+j*x;
y=ones(nbr,1)./z
Y=zeros(nbus,nbus)
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)>0&&nr(k)>0
Y(nl(k),nr(k))=Y(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k);
Y(nr(k),nl(k))=Y(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr;
if nl(k)==n||nr(k)==n
Y(n,n)=Y(n,n)+y(k);
end
end
end
Y

Calculations

Precautions:-
1. Check and write the program with out errors.
2. Properly turn on and turn off your pc

Result

EXP.NO: DATE:

8. GAUSS-SEIDEL LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim:- To solve power flow problems by the method of Gauss-Seidel using MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-
 S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

PROGRAM

clc;
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20
2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32]
elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3)));
y=zeros(bus,bus);
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:bus,
if (p~=q)
for r=1:elements
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW:');
b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR:');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW:');
b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR');
pu=input('enter the base value in MVA');
p2=(a1/pu);
q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu);
dx1=1+j*0;
dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0;
iter=0;
disp('iter v2 v3');
while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7;
iter=iter+1;
g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2);
g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3);
dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3;
v2=v2+dx1;
v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf ('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]);
end

Calculations

Precautions:-
1. Check and write the program with out errors.
2. Properly turn on and turn off your pc

Result

EXP.NO: DATE:

9. FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim:- To solve power flow problems by the method of fast decoupled using MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-
 S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

PROGRAM

clc
clear
%-------------v-----del-----Pg-----Qg----Pd----Qd-------------
bus = [ 1 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1;
2 1.02533 0.00 1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2;
3 1.02536 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2;
4 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3;
5 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.30 0.00 0.00 3;
6 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3;
7 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 3;
8 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3;
9 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.50 0.00 0.00 3];

% formation of y bus for nominal tap ratio i.e. a=1

%----------------r-------x------------b------------
line = [1 4 0.0 0.0576 0. 1. 0. ;
4 5 0.017 0.092 0.158 1. 0. ;
5 6 0.039 0.17 0.358 1. 0. ;
3 6 0.0 0.0586 0. 1. 0. ;
6 7 0.0119 0.1008 0.209 1. 0. ;
7 8 0.0085 0.072 0.149 1. 0. ;
8 2 0.0 0.0625 0. 1. 0. ;
8 9 0.032 0.161 0.306 1. 0. ;
9 4 0.01 0.085 0.176 1. 0. ];

r = size(line);
p = r(1);
w = line(:,2 );
buses = max(w);

% b=zeros(1,buses);
ybus = zeros(buses,buses);
y = zeros(buses,buses);

for k= 1:p % finding the elements of ybus

l= line(k,1);
m= line(k,2);

y(l,m) = 1/(line(k,3)+ 1i*line(k,4));

y(m,l) = y(l,m);
% b(l) = b(l)+(i*line(k,5))/2;
% b(m) = b(m)+(i*line(k,5))/2;

end

for i = 1:buses
for j = 1:buses

if i==j
ybus(i,j) = ybus(i,j)+sum(y(i,:)); %+ b(i);
end

if i~=j
ybus(i,j) = -1*y(i,j);
end
end
end
ybus;
b = -imag(ybus);

%formation of b' matrtix

b1=zeros(buses-1,buses-1);
for i = 1:buses-1
for j = 1:buses-1
b1(i,j) =b(i+1,j+1);
end
end
b1;

%formation of b" matrtix

%assuming all the load buses are at last
b2=zeros(buses-3,buses-3);
for i = 1:buses-3
for j = 1:buses-3
b2(i,j) =b(i+3,j+3);
end
end
b2

v = bus(:,2);
del = bus(:,3);
Pg = bus(:,4);
Qg = bus(:,5);
Pd = bus(:,6);
Qd = bus(:,7);

Pspec = Pg-Pd;
Qspec = Qg-Qd;
iter = 1;
slack = 1;
tolerance = .01;
flag=1
while flag==1;

m = real(ybus);
n = imag(ybus);
P = zeros(buses,1);
Q = zeros(buses,1);
iter= iter+1;

for i=1:buses %finding bus real and reactive power

for j=1:buses
P(i) = P(i)+ (v(i)*v(j)*(m(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j))+n(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))));
Q(i) = Q(i)+ (v(i)*v(j)*(m(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))-n(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j))));
end
end

P
Q
%finding del P by v
for i=1:(buses-1)
if(i<slack)
delP(i,1)= Pspec(i)-P(i);
else
delP(i,1)=(Pspec(i+1)-P(i+1));

end
delPbyv(i,1)=delP(i,1)/v(i,1);
end

%finding del Q by v
c=0;
for i=1:buses
if bus(i,10)==3
c=c+1;
delQ(c,1)= (Qspec(i)-Q(i));
delQbyv(c,1)= delQ(c,1)/v(i,1);
end
end

if max(abs(delP))>tolerance | max(abs(delQ))>tolerance
flag=1; % tolerance check
else
flag=0;
end

%calc correction vector

deldel = inv(b1)*delPbyv;
delv = inv(b2)*delQbyv;

%updating values
for i=1:(buses-1)
del(i+1,1)= del(i+1,1)+deldel(i,1);
end

c=0;
for i=1:buses
if bus(i,10)==3
c=c+1;
v(i,1)=v(i,1)+delv(c,1);
end
end

iter
v
del
end

Calculations

Precautions:-
1. Check and write the program with out errors.
2. Properly turn on and turn off your pc

Result

EXP.NO: DATE:
Fig.10.1: Simulink model for a single area power system with out controller

Fig.10.2: Frequency deviation step response without controller

EXP.NO: DATE:

10. SIMULINK MODEL FOR A SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEM

Aim:- Develop a Simulink model for a single area load frequency problem and Simulate
the same by using MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the Simulink button and select the new model file.
4. Connect the blocks as shown in fig 9.1 and fig 9.3.
5. After completion of the process, save and simulate.
6. Observe and draw the graph of frequency deviation step response.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.
Fig.10.3: Simulink model for a single area power system with controller

Fig.10.4: Frequency deviation step response with controller

 POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB

Result:-

Conclusion:-

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 POWER SYSTEMS & SIMULATION LAB

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY