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Physics: amazingPhysics@alinaimanarif
Quantum
Physics
1 BLACK BODY • A surface that absorbs and emit all
electromagnetic radiation
(ideal black body)
• black body radiator: emit thermal radiation
(depends on its temperature)
2 PHOTON ENERGY 𝒉𝒄
E = hf or E= 𝝀
• discrete energy packet and not a continuous energy
• Energy size of the radiation depends on frequency E = photon energy
• Frequency increase, energy photon increase h = Planck’s constant (6.63 X 10– 34 Js)
• Wavelength decrease, energy of photon increase f = frequency of light waves
c = light speed = 3 X 10 8 ms-1

3 PHOTON POWER 𝒏𝒉𝒄

P = nhf or P= 𝝀
n = n photon emitted per second
4 WAVELENGTH DE BROGLIE 𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= =
• Wave properties of matter = De Broglie waves or matter 𝒑 𝒎𝒗
waves λ= wavelength
• Electron: particle that have momentum & kinetic energy h = Planck’s constant
• Electromagnetic radiation (light): p = momentum of particle (p = mv)
- wave properties m = mass of particle
- phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and v = velocity of particle
interference.
• Electromagnetic radiation (light + e):
- Particle properties
- Photoelectric effect
Comparison between LIGHT MICROSCOPE AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
LIGHT microscope ELECTRON microscope

Source of light Beam of light Beam of electron (high speed)

Image focused by Glass objective lens Electromagnetic objective lens
Image viewed through Glass ocular lens Fluorescent screen
(kanta mata kaca)
Resolution Low (Max: 1500 X) High (Max: 500 000 X)
Power of resolution Max: 200 nm Max: 0.1 nm
Specimens require special stain or treatment Not always Yes
Specimen placed on Glass slide: (live/dead) Copper mesh: (Always dead)
Image color Colored Black and white
Image produced
(Human blood)

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5 %
Graph activation voltage, Va against &
𝒉𝒄
Gradient = 𝒎 =
𝒆
𝒎𝒆
Planck’s constant, h =
𝒄
e = charge of an electron (1.60 x 10–19 C)
c = speed of light in vacuum (3 x 108 ms– 1)

Wavelength decrease, activation voltage increase

' )
Voltage, V = (
=(

E = VQ = eV (photon energy)
ACTIVATION VOLTAGE
• voltage across PN junction
From graph:
• electron and holes move across the PN junction, 𝟏
∴ current will flow Va ∝ 𝛌

Va λ = constant
∴ Va λ = gradient

'(
Photon energy, E = hf =
)
= eVa
eVa λ = hc
'(
Va λ = *
= gradient of the graph

𝐡𝐜
m= 𝒆

𝐦𝐞 (𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭) 𝐞
∴h=
𝒄
= 𝒄

6 EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION Photon energy: minimum energy required to release

photoelectron + maximum kinetic energy of a
photoelectron

7 STOPPING VOLTAGE

• it is the voltage difference required for stopping

electrons from moving between plates and
generating a current in the photoelectric
experiment.
• The stopping voltage is readily used to determine
the kinetic energy that the electrons have as they
are ejected from the metal plate.

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8 Photoelectrons are emitted without kinetic energy

9 Threshold frequency, f0 : increase

Work Function: increase

* This means the minimum energy required for

photoelectric effect to occur is higher.
* Different metals have different threshold
frequencies.

Threshold frequency: The minimum frequency for a

light photon to produce photoelectric effect

10 WORK FUNCTION 𝒉𝒄
W = hfo =
• The minimum energy required for a photoelectron to be 𝝀
emitted from a metal surface

11 1 eV 1 eV = 1.6 X 10 – 19 J
12 MASS OF ELECTRON me = 9.11 X 10 – 31 kg
13 PLANCK’S CONSTANT h = 6.63 X 10 – 34 Js
14 WAVELENGTH
! (!#)! &!
K = ½ mv2 X ! → 𝐾 = %!
= %!

Which p = mv
𝒑 = √𝟐𝒎𝑲

𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= =
𝒎𝒗 √𝟐𝒎𝑲

K = kinetic energy of particle

v = velocity of particle
m = mass of particle

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BLACK BODY

TYPE OF SURFACE EXPLANATION

• White surface is a good light reflector.
• Absorb very little light and reflect most.
• The laser pointer looks glare (irritating the eye)

• Black surface is a good light absorber.

• Absorb most light and reflect very little.
• The laser pointer less glare (less irritating the eye)

• An ideal black body is a very good light

absorber.
• Absorb all lights and reflect none.
• Emits radiation when its temperature increases.
(Black body radiator)

IDEAL BLACK BODY

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 SOURCE OF LIGHT BLACK BODY RADIATOR

Electroluminescence

Bioluminescence

Reflection of the sunlight

The light emitted is due to

its high temperature

The radiation is emitted is due to

body’s temperature

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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
THERMIONIC EMISSION PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Emission of electron from heated surface metal Emission of photoelectrons from a metal surface
when light at a certain frequency illuminates the
metal

Take some time Instantaneous

(Longer time) (Shorter time)

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

1. Light at higher frequency illuminated to the cathode

2. Photoelectron is emitted
3. Photoelectron attracted to anode
4. Movement of photoelectrons (cathode ⟶ anode), current flow
(Photoelectric current produced)

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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Photoelectrons are emitted

without kinetic energy

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GENERATING PHOTOELECTRIC CURRENT IN A PHOTOCELL CIRCUIT

Production of PHOTOELCTRIC CURRENT by photocells coated with CAESIUM and

LITHIUM
CAESIUM LITHIUM

Work function of caesium, W = 2.14 eV Work function of lithium, W = 2.50 eV

14 14
Threshold frequency, f = 5.16 × 10 Hz Threshold frequency, f = 6.03 × 10 Hz
0 0
Maximum wavelength to produce Maximum wavelength to produce
photoelectric current, 𝝀 = 579 nm photoelectric current, 𝜆= 496 nm

Work Function: increase

Shorter max. wavelength to produce photoelectric current

Light Intensity: increase

Photoelectric current: increase

*Light intensity affected number of electrons released

*Kinetic energy affected by light frequency
frequency increases, kinetic energy increases

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Concept & idea 7.1 Quantum Theory of Light

1. Calculate the wavelength of de Broglie for a bullet of mass 0.025 kg moving at velocity 320 m s-1.

. .
𝜆 = / = 01

2.24 5 67$%&
𝜆=
7.789 5 487

= 8.29 x 10-35 m

2. Calculate the wavelength of de Broglie for one electron moving at a velocity of 2.0 x 106 m s-1

. .
𝜆 = / = 01

2.24 5 67$%&
𝜆 = : 5 67$%' 5 8.7 5 67(

= 3.68 x 10-10 m

3. A beam of light having a wavelength of 8 x10-7 generates a power of 2.5 W.

Calculate;
(a) the energy of the photons in the beam of light.
!"
E=
#

2.24 5 67$%& 5 4 5 67)

𝐸= ; 5 67$*

= 2.49 x 10-19 J

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 (b) the number of photons per second emitted by the beam of light.

<.=
P = nhf =
>

< (2.24 5 67$%& 5 4 5 67) )

2.5 = ; 5 67$*

n = 1.004 x 1019 photon per second

4. The number of photons per second emitted by a 50 W red light is 1.77 x 1020.
Calculate the frequency of the red light.

P = nhf

50 = 1.77 𝑥 1087 (6.63 𝑥 10A4B 𝑥 𝑓)

f = 4.26 x 1014 Hz

“DON’T WATCH
THE CLOCK;
DO WHAT
IT DOES.
KEEP GOING.”
SAM LEVENSON
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Formative PRACTICE 7.1
(Text book: m/s 233)
Let's Try
1. What is the frequency and energy of
a photon with a wavelength of 10 nm?
c=f𝜆
= 4 5 67) E = hf
ƒ = > = 67 5 67$+
-34
= (6.63 × 10 )(3.0 × 1016)
f = 3.0 x 1016 Hz -17
E = 1.99 × 10 J
2. How many photons are emitted per second by a 50 W green light lamp?
[Frequency of green light, f = 5.49 × 1014 Hz]

Photon power, P = 50 W
-34
Planck's constant, h = 6.63 × 10 J s
Frequency of green light, f = 5.49 × 1014 Hz
P = nhf
C
Number of photons emitted per second, n =
.D

97
n = 2.24 5 67$%& 5 9.B: 5 67'&

n = 1.37 x 1020 s-1

3. Given that the mass of an electron is 9.11 × 10-31 kg:
(a) what is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron beam with 50 eV kinetic energy?
[1 eV = 1.60 × 10-19J]

2
. .
6 𝜆 = / = 01

1
E=8 mv 8
step
step 2E = mv 8
2mE = m2v2 𝜆=
.
√80E
mv = √2𝑚𝐸

(b) name a phenomenon that shows the wave properties of electrons.

2.24 5 67$%&
𝜆= = 1.74 x 10-10 m
F8 (:.66 5 67$%' )(97 5 6.2 5 67$'+ )
electron diffraction

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Formative PRACTICE 7.2
(Text book: m/s 237)
Let's Try
1. What is meant by photoelectric effect?
Emission of electrons from a metal surface when
shone on by light of a certain frequency //
Emission of photoelectrons from a metal surface when light at a certain frequency
illuminates the metal

2. Will a bright light emit more photoelectrons from a metal surface compared to a dim light of the same
frequency?
Yes.
The number of photoelectrons emitted depends on the number of photons that
arrive on the metal surface.

3. State four characteristics of photoelectric effect that are obtained experimentally.

• The higher the frequency of the light photons, the higher the kinetic energy of
the photoelectrons emitted from the metal surface.
• The minimum frequency of light needed for a metal to emit electrons is the
threshold frequency, f0 for the metal.
• The kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend on the intensity of light.
• Photoelectrons are emitted instantaneously when shone on by light.

4. Why are photoelectrons emitted instantaneously from a metal surface when it is illuminated by a
light of certain frequency?
• Light consists of discrete energy packets, when a photon hits a metal surface, all
its energy will be transferred to an electron in the metal.
• With this, the photoelectron will be emitted instantaneously from the metal
surface if the frequency of light is higher than the threshold frequency of the
metal.

5. Does an increase in the light intensity increase the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons? Why?
No.
The intensity of light only affects the number of photons arriving on the metal per
second (photon rate).
The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is influenced by the photon energy.
Increasing the light intensity will not increase the kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons.

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Formative PRACTICE 7.3
(Text book: m/s 245)
Let's Try
1. (a) State Einstein's Photoelectric Equation.

1 '
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑊 + 𝑚𝑣$%&
2
(b) State the meaning of:
(i) work function
The minimum energy required for a photoelectron to be emitted from a metal surface

(ii) threshold frequency

The minimum frequency for a light photon to produce photoelectric effect

(iii) the relationship between work function and threshold frequency

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2. (a) Sketch a graph to show the relationship between the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons and the frequency
of light shone on a metal.

(b) What are the physical quantities represented by the gradient and the intercepts of the graph sketched in 2(a)?

Based on answer in 2(a):

-34
Gradient of the graph = Plank's constant (h = 6.63 × 10 J s)
y-intercept = Work function (W)
x-intercept = threshold frequency (fo)
W = hfo

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3. When a metal with a work function of 4.32 × 10-19 J is shone on by a violet light
(𝜆 = 4 × 10-7 m), what is the maximum kinetic energy of an emitted photoelectron?
[Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10-34 J s, speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m s-1]

Work function = 4.32 × 10-19 J

𝜆 = 4 × 10-7 m
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10-34 J s
speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m s-1
hf = W + Kmax
!"
= W + Kmax
#
!"
Kmax = -W
#

(6.63 × 10−34 )(3 × 108 )

Kmax = - 4.32 × 10-19
(4 × 10−7 )

Kmax = 6.53 x 10-20 J

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