CHAPTER

PROBABILITY
(Continued from
Book 1)
(Laws of Probability)
18.01 Revision

ctudied tthe addition law of probability in class

You have
studied
11. Revise the same with
the help of
hefollowing
Asimple event is an event that describes a single outcome. A
made up of two or more simple events. compound event is an event
2. Mutually exclusive events are events that cannot both occur
at the same time. For example,
() When a number cube is rolled, a *1' and a '2' cannot be
rolled on the same roll of the number cube.
(i1) With one throw of a die, a three and a five Event A Event B
scored at the same time. So, cannot be
the events 'scoringa '3'
and 'scoring a '5" are exclusive events.
If A and B are exclusive, then P(A n B) =
0 since Mutually exclusive events
ANB is an
3.
impossible event.
of A There is no overlap and B.
Addition law for exclusive events: The
B probability of two mutually exclusive events A or
occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
PAUB) = P(A)+ P(B)
nis is known as the addition rule for exclusive events. It is also known the
exclusive events. as
'or rule for

P(A or B) =P(A) + P(B)

CXUCnding the result to n exclusive events
PA or A, or A, ... or 4,) = P(A,) + P(A,) + P(A,)+...+ P(A,)
i.e.,
FAUAUAz .. U A,) =P(A,)+ P(4,) + P(A,)+ .. + PA,)
AMst
Ex.
rative Examples
1.
When
"nen a a l
number cube is rolled, P (less than 3)
=
P(1 or 2) =
P(1)+ P2) -

Ex.
Nehbili2. In a
probability race in which there are no dead heats, the probability that Ravi wins is 0.2,
oability thathat that Shekhar wi
Shekhar wins is 0.3 and the probability that Imran wins is 0.4. Find the

)Ravi
Gi) Ravi oror Imran win
ins,
t Some Shekhar
khar or
meone else wins. Imran win
Ch 18-1
 SC Mathematics
h 18-2
wins, the
events are mutually exclusive PIOL
one person
Sol. Since only
wins)
=
P{Ravi wins)+ P(Imran wins)
or Imran
() PRavi = 0.2 +0.4 =0.6.

or Shekhar or
Imran wins)
il) P(Ravi = 0.2 +0.3+0.4 0.9.
1 -0.9 0.1.
(ii) P(Someone else wins)
=

4. Exhaustive events. If two events A and B are such that between them theu
whole of the possibility space, then Aand B are said to be exhaustive evente.
= 1. For example, if PAUB
S {the integers from I to 10 inclusive);
A
{theintegers below 7} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
B {the integers above 5} {6, 7, 8, 9, 10},then =

AUB {1,2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} =S

Special Cases: Consider an event A and its complementary event A'.
1. P(A nA') = 0
S

A A'

2. AUA'=S s
P(AUA) =PS)
PAUA') 1
PA)+ P(A') 1, since =
A and A' are
exclusive events. mutually
PA') =
1- PLA).
3. If A and B
are any events connected with a random
experiment, then
(i) PA) PA =
n B) +
(i) P(B) =PAn B)+ PAnB)
PA' nB)
Proof. From the
Venn
OcCur if diagram, it is obvious that A
mutually exclusive events A nwil
any one of the
and A n
B occurs. D
AnB' AnB Ar
.
By addition rule, we
have
4.
PA) PA nB) + FAOB),
PA' P(B) PANB) +PA'nB).
nB')=1-
P(neither A PAUB).
=

nor B) =
1
PA' B') =1 P(A or B)
-

i.e., n
P(AUB).
-

Thus, any event A

and its
mutually exclusive and complementary event
vent 4'
A' are
ar both
A

exhaustivve
Extending this to events, n

IfA. ApAg A, n we have the following AnB'

the whole are events which

possibility space without between them make
and the
overlapping, then
PA)+ PA,)+ P(A,)+.
n events +
are both P(A,)=
mutually exclusive and
exhaustive
ability(Laws of Probability) Ch 18-3

Inclusive events that is events which are not exclusive

5 events, a
are events that have one or more outcomes
r e eve
3
common.
Thus, when a number cube is rolled, the
c o m m o n .

outcomes rolling an even number";and "rolling a prime

number" are
mutually exclusive. The number 2 is both
not

and even, so
the events are not mutually exclusive.
prime
to roll an even number and 3 ways Even numbers Prime numbers
there are 3 ways
Here,

rall a prime number but the number is

2 counted twice Even numbers n prime numbers
to
are added (3
+ 3). So the number of ways
when outcomes
number Is 3 +3-1 5. The concept subtracting the =
of
roll an even number or a prime
1o events.
are counted twice
leads to the following addition law for combined
Outcomes that
inclusive events
their individual
A or B occurring is the sum of
The probability of
two
the probabilit of both occurring.
probabilities minus
events A and 1B
For two inclusive
P(AUB)
=
PA) + P(B) -P(A nB)
B) =
P(A)+ P(B)
-

PA and B)
Alternatively, P(A or

mean A or B or both.
Note 1. The word 'or'
AnB
Thus, in the above illustration,
+ P(prime)
-

P(even and prime)

prime)
=
P(even)
P(even or

=
0. The above
events; AnB
=
¢ and so we have P(AnB)
Note 2. For mutually exclusive
U B) P(A)+P{B). =
athletics team.
addition law then becomes P(A the 15 girls are in the
and 6 of that
of the 10 boys Find the probability
In class of 25 children 8 the Sports Day.
.. a to lead the
team on
class is chosen
hehesk h e
child chosen is member of the
athletics team,
female
female, (ii) a
athletics team, (in
kmale or inethe athletics team.
mal children
the class of 25
Sol. Samples:space (i.e. possibility):
=
*
14 = 0.56
is chosen, PlA) 25
team
vent A : member of the athletics
) Event F : a female is chosen, P F ) =
= 25
0.60

=
PlA and F)
i) "Uemaleand in the athletics team) =0.24

so P{A and F)
=

T e are 6 girls in the ath letics team,

and F)
P(F)
-

P{A
iv) PA or F)
=
PA) +
0 . 6 0 - 0 . 2 4
0.92

0.56+
=
=
0.7,
0.5, P(B)
Ex4
=

that PlA)
A4. Events Aand B are
s ) , (ii)
such
8) =0.2. Find (i)P A n B n PA'
PlA'NB
" ') nB')
Sol. f(i)
SoI. PA)
=
PAnB) +PA AnB' AnB
A'nB
B')
0.5 0.2+P(An
= 0.3
0.2
= 0.5
-

P(AnB')
Ch 18-4 SC Mathemalicg-
(i) A'nB' (not Aand not B)
=
(A UBY S
PA' nB)
=
P{A U BY =
1-P(A UB).
[Since P(A) = 1 - P(A)]

A
PAUB) PA) +P(B)-P(A nB)
=
0.5 +0.4-0.2 0.7
PLA' nB) = 1-P(A U B) = 1 - 0.7 =0.3.
Shaded portion is
A'nB' or (AuB
Ex. 5. A card is drawn from an ordinary pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probahia
that the card is
( a club or a diamond
(i) a club or a king.
Sol.
52
Sample space S: the pack of 52 cards so n(S) =
52
C:a club is drawn, so P(C) = "C) 13 1
n(S) 52 4 13 13

D: a diamond is drawn, so P(D)= D)= 3

n(S) 52 4
) Since a card cannot be
both a club and a diamond, the events C and D are mutualy excu
xclusive

Therefore,
PCor D)= P(C)+ P(D) =+=
(i) Event K: a king is drawn, so P(K) nA)= = =

n(S) 52 13
The events C
and K are not a clu
Therefore, mutually exclusive since a card can be oth a
bouu kingand
52
PC and K)
P(King of clubs)
=

2
P(C or K)=
P(C)+ PK) P(C and K)
-

16.1 KKUKV

./A bag contains 5 red

either a red ball or balls, 8 black balls
EXERCISE 18(a) ofdrawn
a black ball from and and 77 yellow
yell balls. What is the
p r o b a b i l i t y

2. If PA)= 2 the bag?

P(B)= and P(A
3 n B) = 4
Find each probability on a 15areare AAand
and B
B exhaustive
exna events.
(i) rolling a 5 or an odd die
(ii) rolling at least one 4 number.
when
4/The probability that rolling 2 dice. Snotey
8 Dimple goes to the local 3
is
21 The shop is The probability that she
probability that she goes to pro
16
the shop and cycles 1s
35
 ility)
Ch 18-6
s the iluy that she eyeles
hat
l in the pobubility that she eyeles or goes to the shop?
th w n. WWhat is th
hat is the prohability that either an odd number or a number greater than
IN hwn.
A ath
(C.U)
h nthat tn twe events a and B, P14) PAU)-A
and Pl4 n B) Find
16

N and N av wa events such that 77A) = 0,54, PNB) - 0,.69 and PA nB) - 0.35,

A ) isequalto
()0,34 h 0.88 (4MU 2008)
Hint. PMAnS)= PMA)- PMA nB). (Refer to special case 3(i) on page 18-2)
&nA-0.8 and PMAOB)=0.3,then P(4)+ P(B) is equal to
(b) 0.5 (c)0.8 ( 0.9 (EAMCET 2003)
Nint 4)+P)-1-MA)+1-PM8)-2- [RA)+ PBI].
J and 8 are mutually exclusive events such that PYA) = 0.25, P(B) = 0,4, then P(A'B') is
qual to
(a) 035 (b) 0.45 (c) 0.55 (d) 0.65 &K CET2011)
Hint. 'nS- (4UBY]
A and
Bare two mutually exclusive events, then
(a) PM4)s PB) (b) PA) S PMB)
() None of these (AIEEE 2002)
AA
and Bare events of a random experiment such that P(A U B) PlA'U B') =

and
10
B) then P(4) is equal to
8
()10 (
10
(EAMCET 2009)
IL The
probability of event
bability even A occuring is 0.5 and of B occuring is 0.3. If A and B are mutually
exchusive events, then the
(a) 0.5 of neither 4 not B
probability is occuring
(b) 0.6 (c)0.7 () None of these
(Punjab CEET 2008, DCE 200)

ANSWERS
20 2. No, since P(4 B) el 3. ()

7. (b 8. (d
9. a 3S
10. (a) 11. (b) 12. ()The reqd. probability is 0.2
18-6
SC Mathematicsy
cONDITIONAL PROBABILITY -I
8,02. Conditional event
pack of >2 Cards, and is not put back
td cand is drawn from then the probabilin
a
SuwNise a
6
of 49. Ifa
nd cand in the second attempt will be instead Ifa black card
hlad.
f traw ing a
comes o
the first attempt and is not put
back then the probability or drawing a red card in the
second atemg ce
will In fact, in both the cases, the occurTence of the second event is fully denend

Such events are called conditional events.

wumme of the tirst event.

Definition: If 4. Bare events associated with a randomexperimentofa sample space Sod

Acus after the occurrence of B, then the event of occurrence of A after B has ocunedi
called condiional event It is denoted by AB. Similary, we define BIA.

A/B B/A
1
A occurs after First B occurs B occurs after First A occurs
oocurence of B occurence of A

(A. given B) (B, given A)

18.03. Conditional probability

The term conditional probability is used to describe the situation when the probabuy of
event is
dependent on the outcome of another event.
A formal definition of conditional probability
Let A and
B be nwo events associated
may be
the probal
given as under:
with a random perimen. Then,
iscaledth )0, calo
the eccurrence
of Aunder the condition that B has already occurred anur 0 , is
conditional probabiliy
of A
given B and is written as P(A/B).
valuate thecondino
tollow ing evamples illustrate this situation and the method to
probability cva p e m w

Tlustration 1. In an ofice, out of 35 people i18 like Piza and 23 like Coffee. Tvop
B o u p Whai
ike
neither and &
persons like both. One
pnbabilin that the person person is randomly selecteu
)ikes Piza
i) likes Pizza given that he/she likes cofjee Cofe

The Venn
diayram of he situation is as
shown. Pizza
18
a

APza =(of the 35

persons. 18 like Pizza)
15
10
8
PPizza Coffee)=(of the 23 who like Coffee, 8 like a)
23
riz dem
Note that the m b e r

sample space for P(Pizza ee) is

23,
the
the number of
persons who like Coffee. Coffee i.e., Pizza given
Hustration 2. In a
both fruits. ifa trainee is group of 60 trainees,
strawberri
42 like Des, 29
like
randomly mangoes,
selected. find the probabiliry thar "
he trainee
 of ProB
(Laws
hability Ch 18-7
likesboth fruits
at least one fruit
n likes
mlikes mangoes given that he/she likes strawberries
( )dislikes&strawberries given that he/she likes mangoes.
sol M represents trainees who like mangoes

S represents trainees who like strawberries

M S

a C
26 16 13

Itis given that a + b = 42

b+c 2 9
a+b+c = 55
a 55-29 26, c =55 - 42 13 and so b = 16
() P(likes both) (i) P(likes at least one) (ii) P(M/S) (iv) P(S'/M
60 15
60 12 16
29
26
42
13
21
8.04. Formula to evaluate P(A/B)?
Let Aand
a B
A
4 be any events, not
necessarily from the same experiment, then P(AIB) probability
-

OCCurs, given that B has

already occurred is given by
4, given B) or P(A/B) =
"40D,
n(B)P(B)
PB) 0
+0

Prooi " ne venn diagram, the possibility space, is the set B, since B has already occurred.
.
No.of cases favourable to both A and B
P(AIB)=.
No.of cases favourable to B S
A B
n(AnB)
n(AnB) n(S)_
n(B) n(B)
Dividing top and bottom by n(S).

n(S)
P(AnB) AnB

P(B)
So, PA
given B) =
P(A and
B) PAB): P(B) *0
P(B)
P(AIB) =
i.e.,

gvenmibylarly, the0nditional
P(B) P(B)
probability P{BIA) ofthe occurrence of B, knowing that A has occurred

PBIA)= P(AB,
PA)
PA) #0
Ch 18-8 SC Mathemalics- Prob

Note 1. The conditional probability P(AIB) is meaningful only when PR. 0,

If P(B) 0. then P(A/B) is not defined.
=
i.e. when 8
not an impossible event.
Ike
Note 2.
P(A/S) = P(AnS)P(A). P(A) where, S represents the
is ob
P(S) 1 sample sne

P(AIA) P(AA)-PA)=|
P(A) P(A)
P(SIA) = P(SA)=Fla)-1.
P(A)
P(A)
Note 3.1f A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P(A/B) = FaNB)_P)_0 = 0 is th
P(B) P(B) P(B)
and P(BIA) =

PBAP(A
P(A) P(A) 0

Thus. if A and B are mutually exclusive events, then A/B and B/A are impossible events.

18.05. Some properties of conditional probability

Property 1. The conditional property of an event A given that B has occurred lies Den
0 and I.

Proof. PlA/B) =P(AnB)

P(B)
Also, AnBcB n(A oB) Sn{B) P(A nB) < P(B)
PAB)
P(B)
sI (if P(B) * 0
P(A/B) s1) .

(2)[Using(

Again. P(An B)20 and P(B)

20 P(AB)
20 PA/B) 20
From (2) and (3) is P(B)
follows that 0 s
Property 2. 1f A and
PA/B) S 1.
B are two e x p e r i m e n ,

PMA/B) =
1
events associated with a
run
Proof. We have
-

P(A/B).
P(SIB) =
1 where S is
the
P(A UA'VB) =
1
sample space.
PAIB) P(A'IB)
+
=
1 u u a l l y
e x c u s n e "

PA'TB) A and A' are

Ex.6. Two coins are tossed. 1-P(AIB). heads
gi"
that aleast one coin shows a What is the conditional
conditional probability of getting
two

Sol. A head? probabiny

getting two heads,
B:
getting at least one head, S =

{HH, HT, TH, TT} O

{HH}, B= {HT. TH. HH}, AnB HH
PA) fr-
P(B) =, P(AnB)=
-

4
Required probability PAIR) =

PAnB)_1/4
P(B) 3/4 3
 of
P I U U e

( L a w s

apility Ch 18-9
Et
A coin oSsed twice and the four
possible outcomes are assumed to be
E
e h :IfE
event:both head and tail have equally
occurred' and F the event: "at most one
g hserved"
n d P (E). P(F), P(EIF) and P (FIE),. tail
sample space S, when a coin is tossed twice is

S {HH, HT, TH, TT}, E= {HT, TH}, F= {HH, HT. TH

EnF HT. TH), P(E)= 4.P()=.PEnh--5
P(E/F)=P(EoF) 2-P(FIE) -PENF)_/2,
P(F) P(E) 1/2
F.8A die is thrown twice and sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 7. What
tde conditional probability that the number 2 has appeared at least onc

Sol. n (S)= 36. Let A denote the event 'a sum of 7", then
A= {(1,6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1 ) } n (A) = 6
Let B denote the event "the number 2 has appeared at least once'.
B (1,2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),(2, 4), (2,5), (2, 6), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5. 2), (6. 2);
AB = {(2, 5), (5, 2)} n (4nB)=2 = PMOB) = 44nB)_2-1
n (S) 18

P(A) = " 4 ) 6 _ P(BIA) = E(4nB)_1/18

n (S) 36 P(A) 1/6 3
Ex.9.IfP(E) =0.40, P (F=0.35 and P (EU F=0.55, find P (E/F). (AI CBSE)
SalP(E) =0.40, P (F)=0.35, P (EUF)=0.55
P(EUF= P(E)+ P(F) -P(EnF)
0.55 = 0.40 +0.35 - P (EnF) » P(EnF)= 0.20

P(E/F) = EnF)_0.20_4

P(F) 0.35

B.IPA)= P(B) =and P(AnB)= find P(4'E') and P{B'I4'),.

Sol We have, B)
U B)'>P(A'OB) =1 -P(A
U
PA'OB') =
PLA
PA'nB') = 1- [P(A)+ P(B) - PlAnB)]

PRt'n)-1-
PA)-1-PA) =1-andPB')- 1-PLB)-1--
PAE)=P(AOB)_3/8 and P(B°A'")=PA) 5/8 35

P(B')
E11.A bag
ne Dag is selontains 3 red and 4 black balls and another
bag selected,
bag has 4 red
to be selected. From the selected
balls.
bag
and 2 black

ea of the two bags being equally

dranis drawn, ach to be
E be the event
drawn.*The
Let
the bag being equally likely
selected, F benthe
is and G the "The ball is
selected"
event
"The second bag
is
event
Find P(E), P(F), P(GIE), P(GIF).
18-10 ISC Mathematics-

Sol. PE) Ph=5

P GE) Probability ofdrawing a red ball, when first bag is selected

- Probability of drawing a red ball from first bag =

P GF) Probability of drawing a red ball from second bag =

Ex. 12. Two integers are selected at random from integers I through 11. If the sum is evea
find the probability that both the numbers are odd.
(ISC 2009 T
SoL The integers from I through 11 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Out
of these, there a
even and 6 odd integers.
Let A be the event "both numbers chosen are odd' and B be the event 'the sum of the numbes
chosen is even. Then. P (4) = C .Now, since the sum of two integers is evenifeither be
the chosen integers are even or both are odd, therefore,

P() 5 Also, P(A n B) PA)= = C

TC,
4 is a subset of B
implies (AnB) =
A.

Required probability P A/B) P(4nB)_3/11

=
=

Ex. 13. 12 cards

P(B) 5/11
card is drawn at numbered 1 to 12 are thens

random from the placed

placed in
in a box, mixed up thoroughly au
mixed up
it is known that the numbertnoou dr
drawn cardi
more than 3,
then find the box. If
SoL First. we
write the
probability that it is an even number. (AICBSE2
(AICBS
sample space, then find out
the formula PB
A) F4N B) =
P(A), P(B) and r *

P(A)
Let us define the
events as
A: Number on the drawn
B: Number card is more
on the
drawn card is an than 3.
Here. total
number of elements even number.
in
So. AB= A4.5.6,7. 8.9. 11. 12;sample
10,
and
space, n(S)
B=
=
12
4,6. 8. 12;. Also,
10, {2,4,6, 8, 10, 123
nA) =9, n(B) =6 and n{A1*
PA=A)_9
-

We have to find
PB)- B)-5 - and P(A nB) n(AnB)

P(BIA). It is given by
PBA)DPA) PA)+0=
PBI A) 5OA)
=
P(AnB
3/4 (Since P(BnA
= PAB) 1
 Probabllity)
of
(Lawn Ch 18-11
Mbly
l e haw 2 chlldren. Flnd the probabillty that both are boy», 1fit a known that
is a boy, (/) the older chld
Iw a boy.
wofthem
(ICSE Sanmple Paper 2018, CBSE Delhi 2014C, 2008C, Al Inda 2014, 2010)
b older and youngor boy child
slet 8 and represent
und g represent the older and younger girl child.
{Bb, Bg. Gg, Gb
[hko,sanple spuce (5) 'nS)-4
-

l4Adenote the event that both children are boys. Then A- Bb} and A)- 1
i let Bdenote the ovent that atlenst one ofthe children is a boy. Then, B- {Bb, Bg, Gh} and
n{0)-3

P(B) n(B)3
n(S) 4

Also, AnB - Bb}> m{AnB)-1 P(AnB)- 4OB)_

n(S) 4

We have to find P(AIB) which is given by

P(AIB) PLANB),
P(B)
PB) +0 3/4
1
Hence, the required probability is

ti) Let B: The older child is a boy. Then, B- {Bb, Bg}

n(B)m 2 P(B) = n(B)

n(S)

Also, AnB {Bb} => n{AnB) l PANB)= (AB).

n(S)

P(AnB)_ 1/41
lence P(AIB)
P(B) 1/2
n d PBIA), If () A is a subset of B, (i) A and B are mutually excluslve

B must
whenever A
occurs
fA is asubset of B, then eve event A, and therelore,
vent B implies
DCcur, henee P(BIA)= PAnB)P(A) .
Alterna A; hence (51/4) P(A) P(A)
, i f Ais a subset of B. then Ao B=
B cannot occur,
whenever A occurs
then
are mutuallyy exclusive, i.e., disjoint, exclusive, then
hence (BIA) ifA and B are
mutually
, Alernately, 0
P(AB) P() 0.
P(A) P(A)
AnB d. hence P (BIA) P(A)
 in Math.
Ch 18-12
25% of
the
studente
failed
matle», 1/
certain
colege,
students
studenta
falled
fulled hoth in Msthemattes ane
Ex. 16. In
a

(hemistry
and 10% of the
in
ailed at
random
that he failed
ie the probability
selected

student
t
is
fhe failed
in (
hemistry,
what

what is the
probability that he telt. wthewe
or ('h
Mathematies,

(in Ifhe failed

in
failed in Mathematies or (hemistry?
that he
What is the probability
ii) Mathematics

Student falcd in

Sol. Iet A:
failed in (Chemistry
Student
B

PA)
25
0.25,P(B) 100
15 0.15, P(AnB)- 10-9.N10
100
P(AnB),10 10 2

()
Required p r o b a h i l i t y P ( A I B ) -
P(B) .15 15 3
P(AOB).0.10 10 2
Required probahility P(BIA)= P(A) 0.25 25 5

(i) Required prohability

P(A U B) =

P (A) + P (B)- PUO

30
0.25+0.15-0,10-0.30 100 10
Ex.17. In a certain college, 65% of the students are full time students, 55% od the st
are female, 35% of the students are male
full time students, Find the probabity that
i) a student chosen at random from all the students in the college is a part time tida
a student chosen at random from all the students in the college is femake nd a y

time student,
ii) a student chosen at random from all the female students in the collegeh a
time.
Sol. Let us define the events as follows:
F: student is female, PP) 0.55 =

M: student is male, P(M) 1 -0.55 =

045 =

Full student is full-time, P(Full) 0.65 -

(i) Pstudent is
part-time) =1 0.65=0.35 -

(i) Given that 35% are

male, full-time students P(Mn
Also, Full)- 0.39
PFull)PM Full)+ P(F Full)
0.65
0.35+ P(F Full) PFo Full)= ).39
PF) PF n Full)+ P(Po
i.e., 0.55
Part)
Part) 0.30+P(F n
PFemale and part-time) =0.35-0.30 0.25
(iii) P(Part, given F) P(Part and F)
025 - 045
=

PF) 0.55
Ex.
18. Aand B are two events such PA)=02

() PBIA) that PlAIB) 04. P(B)

= -
0.25 an
() PA B)
(ii) PAuB)
ity(Laws of Probability)
Ch 18-13

(
P(A5)
P(B) PAnB) =PLAIB). P(B)
P(Bn A)PLANB)
PBIA)=
P(A) P(A)
PAn B) =P{BlA) . P(A) (ii)
nand(i) > PAIB). P(B) = P(BIA) . P(A)

0.4 x 0.25 = P(BIA) x 0.2

P(B/A) = 9.4x0.25
0.5.
0.2
P(A nB) = P(A/B) . P(B) = 0.4 x 0.25 = 0.1.
P(A UB) =P(A) + PB) - PA nB)
0.2+0.25 -0.1 0.35.
=

19. An instructor has a test bank consisting of 300 easy True / False questions, 200
uit frue/ False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult multiple
o s . I f a question is selected at random from the test bank, what is the probability
l be an easy question given that it is a multiple choice question?
(NCERT)
lotal number of question, i.e.., n(S) = 300 +200+ 500 +400= 1400
Ethe
event that selected question is an easy question
t h e event that selected question is a multiple choice question
ME)= 500+300 800, n(M) = 500+400= 900
1

PE 7E) 8004 900

n(S) 1400 P(M) = 1400
=-
14
1'
n(S)
Number of sy
easy multiple choice questions = 500 i.e., n(EO M= 500

M)_500
P(En M=E M
n(S)
)
1400 14

Kequired probability =
P(E/M) =
FEOM)_S/14. 5/14.9
9/14
P(M)
e 1S rolled. Consider events E = {1,3,5}, F={2,3} and G= {2,3,4, 5}. Find1
)
PEIF) and
P(FIE) (in P(EIG) and P(G/E)
(NCERT
() PI(E FVG|
Sample
aven, E= space
{1,3,5(S) {1.2,3, 4, 5.6}
=

3, 5. F= {2.3} and G ={2, 3,4, 5}

131,EnG {3..5}.EUF= {1,2,3., 5} 3
nS =
E U n G ={2.3. 5} and (ENF)UG= {3.
6, o G) =
2. {EOÐ= 4,
n(E) 3, n(F) 2 . n(G) 4. n{En ) = 1, n(E
F

G 3
and n{(En F)nG] 1 =
=

By ing Number of favourable

events
the
formu Probability =

Total number of
events i.e., n( S)
Phodvabli Ch18-15
EXERCISE 18(b)
ht d'are evenls NCh tUt
PUE)- 0,o, P'() 0,1 nd PE )-0.2, lind /'EE)
and/177E).
A a 8 re two ovents sucli t t P'(A) (NCERT)
- 0,5, 7'(B)-0,h nnd P(4 ) - 0.N,
lind '(AB)
gnd' (8.A). (Ph,Hr)
w4 ud 8 ATe Iwo events such thut P'(4)-0,3,P(B) - (0.6 and P(B/A) - 0.5, find (4/) and
PdUB).
P (t4)-0,7,P(8)-0,7 d °'(B/A) - 0,5, fin«d P(4/8) and P(A 8).

(CBSE AP WB, Kerala)

&CGiventhat P(A)- 0,8, P(A/B) - 0,8, P(A nB) - 0.5, tind
( PB) (ii) P(B/A) (il) P(AUB)
(iv) PAlA B) ()P(A B/A UB) (v)P(AnByB|
(vi)P(Ar BlA)
Mdie is rolledd. IN' tlhe outeome is un odd number, what is the probubility tlut it is prine'' (UP)
1. Adie is thrown twice and the sum of' the numbers appeuring is observed to be b. Whut is the
conditionul probability that the number 4 has uppeured at least vnee'? (CBSE 2000, 1991)
o diece are thrown. Find the probability that numbers uppenretd have a sum 8, if it is known,
lbntthe seeomd die always exhibits4.
ASune that ench born ehild is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. Ifa family has two ehildren
en what is the conditional probability that both are girls ? Given that () the youngest is a
gir? i) at leust one is a (CBSE Delhi 2014, NCERD
A C
girl?
is to8sed and i t the coin shows head it is tossed again but i t it shows a tuil then a die is

SiCL. IT'8 possible outeomes are equally likely, tind the probubility that the die shows a number
than 4 it it is kuown that the first throw of the coin results in a tail.
C
"class 40% students read Suatisties, 259% Mathematies and 159% both Mathematies and
CS, One student is selected at random. F'ind the probability:
a t he reuds Statisties, it'it is known that he reads Mathematics,
h e reads Mathematies, it it is kuown that he reuds StatistiCS,
tlailed in Matlhematies and 10%
S Sehool, 20% students failed in lEnglish, 15*% studentsselected random. It be failed
ed in both Elish and Mathematies, A stulent is
at
i (CBSE 1997)
nglisl1, what is the obability that he also failed in Mathematies
One a wel1-shutled pack of 52
cards. If E is the event "the carnd drawn is a
Wnhom
g un aec" and F is the ovovent "the vard drawn is an ace or a jack", then tind the probability
or

e conditional event (EF).

Coins are tossed
where
E: tuil ppears ononee,
one con :one von shows head
i) E
Find PEFuil
no
appeans lhvad appeaUS. NCERN

Ck and red die

a
rolled.
Find the mditional Ol
are
nbubiliy ot obanng a sum gnaler than9, given
tdhat the blaek die

resulted in a5. pm
uiyFind t
Mnber
he pbubility of obaining
sm S, ginen that
the v l die nesulted
(NCERT
in a

iNen that less than 4. dttenen, finmd the probability

thowing twodiur
av

the the twe

" n b e r s appe.U
on (NCERT
t h e sum ot nmbers on the dice is*.
 ' e l

Aaly ( AW Ch 18-16
EXERCISE 18(b)
men that e
Hnd*. evenN l thnl /'/:)- ),6, /'0/)- (), d /; )- 0.2, find MI:IF)
h that P'(4)
(NCERT)
nl').
-0.5,P)-0.6 and PAuH)-0.8, lind P (A/1)
(Ph, 1 )
A A ale Wo evenlN Nuch tiut 7'(4)0.3,P(8) - ().6 nnd P (B/A)=0.5, find P(A/B) and
P'hdu).
n ' onot.)0.7,Pq)-0,7 nd (R/A) - 0.5, ind PAB)und P (AB).
(CBSE A, WB, Kerula)
0,8,
tivcn thatP" (4)- P'(AB)- 0,8, 'tdnB)-0.5, find
P) (/)P(B/A) (/) P uB)
a) P'q4/4 UB) ()P(An BiA U B) (W) P[M yr'|
a)'tRIA)
aie is volled. IN the outeome is odd
nnber, what is the probability that it is prime? (UP)
n

Adie is thrown twice and the suum of the numbers uppeuring is observed to be 6. What is the
ymulitiomal prvbubility tlut the nunnber 4 has uppeared at leust once7 (CBSE 2000, 1991)
Tha dice anre thrown. lind the robability thut numbers appeared huve a sum 8, if it is known,
that the secomd dic
always exhibits 4
c h horn ehild is cequally likely to be a hoy or a girl. Ifafamily has two children
i Nlat is the conditioml probability that both are girls 7 Given that (/) the youngest is a
gt' i) at least one is n (CBSE Delhi 2014, NCERT)
girl?
lossed and it the coin shows head it is tossed again but if it shows a tuil then a die is
possible outcomes are equally likely, find the probability that the die shows a number
it it is known thut the first throw of the coin results inu tuil.
0 a studenus read Slatisties, 25 Mathematics and 15% both Mathematics and
SIs. Oe student is selected al rndom. IFind the probability:
that
) d
Statistics, it'it is known that he reacds MathematiCcs,
that hei s that he reads Stuatistics.
Mathenuaties, if it is kwwn
Cer
Inaaccrtain in Mathematies and 10%
seheool,
Adents fafailed in 20%
udents students lailed in l'nglish, 15% students failed
both nglish an«d Matlhematies. A student is selected at random. If he failed
Pnglislh, what is the
Ohe eard is probability that he also lailed in Mathematies? (CBSE 1997)
is the event "the card drawn is a
King rdrawn
o m a well-shullled pack of 52 cards. If E then find the probability
i s the event "the card drawn is an ace or a juck",
he condiiomald event
No
coins are ssed (E/E).
E: tail apr tusse onee, wheie
ppears on on shows liead
u) E One com
no
md PEIF).tuil appears Fno hcad appeaTs.
(NCERT)
Ablack and arred die
Find the are

onditional probubili
rolled.
robability of obtaning a suni prenler tlun 9, given
that the black die
tesulted in a 5.
"yl inl the piven that
the red die resulted in
co Oaplobabilily of
unnher less obtaining sunm 8,
(NCERT)
iven
the that thhe two
than 4.
on throwinp two lue a e dilleicnt,
Iind the probability
wTs ppe.rinp (NCERT)
ents 'tlhe
sum ofmbers on te dice is
Ch 18-16 ISC Mathomatlcs
wablil
17. Mother, father and son ine up al random for a family picture.
o m on one end F: father in the middle

Find /E) (NCER

18. onsider the experiment of throwing a dic, if a muliple of 3 comes up throw the die ao
Re
if any other number comes, toss a coin. Find the conditional probubility of theeventih
he on
shows a lal, given that at least one die shows a 3. (NCERN .
19(ne thecket in selected at random from 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02,., 49.Then,the proho
that the sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given that the produet ofthesedigisi N
cquals
14.S
(a)
(25 () 50 AIEEE 0
20. If A and such that PMAIB)
arc events
=P(BIA), then
(a) AcBbut B (b) A B
(r)AnB (d) PA) PB) (NCER

ANSWERS
. PEIF) PFIE) 2. PAIB) 2
P(BIA)
3.
PMAVB)-PAnB) - 0.75
4 4. PMAIB)
3
14
PAUB) 0,85

5. ) (lii) 37 32 20 (vi) 0 V
40 (Iv) 11 (V)31
6.
1. 33
8. 11. '8

12
.3 10.

2 13.
14. (i)
15.()
6. 17. 1
15 18. 0 19. (b) 20. (d)

HINTS TO SELECTED
QUESTIONS
5. (iv)
(AIA B) PAA B)} P (A)
t h e givendata

PAB) Find P(MUB) Irom the gv

substitut. P(AUB)
(v Ar B)/(A B) PAB) n(AUB)} P(AB)
P(AUB) P(AU)
(vi) P AnB)iB;
PAnB)r B'} 0 0 ,s i n c e( A o B ) n W 9
P(B') P(B')
(vil A oB)/A}-
,PA B)A}
PA) P(AnB)
PA)
 of Probablily) Ch 18-17
wobably(laws
ll.i ,1, 7),,(7, D. (7, 2), (7, 3), (7,4), (1,5), (7, 6)
, . r , )}. - 7, ), (7, 2), (7., 3), (7, 4), (T, 3), (7, 6)5
P(AnD)
Roplpyol, - / ' A I M ) .
P)
A0, M M ) - 25, M S n M) 15, Reyd. prob, - (/) PMSIM), (u) PMIS)

huh
. /E. 52 13P)21PMP)-
14S-1/1,1IT, 111, 17
10) - //7, TI), P- ti/7, T1/, EnF- {/T, 71)
- 1 7 ) . F - 1 7 7 ) .F o P ~ 4 .

B. n5)- 36 h-
() : obtaining a Hunm>9 - 6 , 4), (4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)
F: Black dle reults in n 5 P - (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)}
E n - ( 5 , 5), (5, 6) n E ) - 6, ntP) - 6, n(EnF)- 2.

U) E: net of events having 8 as the sum

F Net of ovnts in whieh red die renults in any one die in a number 4,
- 1(2,6), (3, 5), 4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)1 ME)= 5
, ) , ( 1 , 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1),
(3, 2), (5, 3), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3)) nE")= J8
EnF-(5, 3), (6, 2) n)-2.
lolal number of ponnible outeomes- 6 6- 36
Net
of unmbers in which num of' number on the two dice in 4
o f umberu In which numbers appeuring in the two diee are different. Then,
, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)) E)- 3
2I, 3),(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1). (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4),
t6.
, ,(4, 1). (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1). (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, ), (6, 2),
), (6, 4), (6,
5)1
nP) -

30, Enr- IU, 3), (3, 1)

wnple spuce
events huving non on
($)- m/s, mt. ms. m, wm/, sfn
one end
Cvet hunving father n the micldle
ms, Jma, Nn/, sJn},
*- tn/s, sfin
Iet Snample npuee
he coin
Ihen, sow n lail, *: nl lent one dic showN up a 3
,1, , 2), (3, 3), (3, 4). (3, 5).(3, 6), (6, ), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4). (6, 5). (6, 6),.
).(2,lh. 2, 7), (4, /), (4, 7T), (5, 1/), (5, )1
, T).2, T). (4, 7). (5, 7)1
.(4, 2), (, 3), (3, 4), (, 5). (3,6), (6, 3)1
ninee there tNICe is no comnon cleiien.
Ce (S) q00, 01, 02, ... 49 S )5 0
n u ' t ol the lipits on the nelected icket In .
t 2, 01, 04, 05, OM, 07, O8, 09, I0, 200, 30, 401
that the in *
,
sum
o ot he dipits on the nelected tickel
17, 2o, 15, 44.
A, 1
Ch 18-18
SC Mathemalikg
18.06. Multiplication theorem of probability
Let A and B be two events associated with a sample space S. Then, A nE

by AB represents the event that

both have occurred. For example, drawino
two
oA and B)al.
represents the compound event, say, a king and a spade. The probability of thSone
one a cards ate
bility of the
can be found out with the help of the multiplication rule.
compoundd even e

We know that P(AIB) = P(A)

PB)
PB) #0
P(AnB) = P(B). P(AIB), P(B) 0

P(BIA)=ANB)
Also, P(A) A) :0

PAnB) = P(A). P(B/A), PA) 0

(i)& (ii) PAB) PA). P(BIA) P(B). PAIB), provided =

The above result is known as

multiplication rule of probability.
P(A)=, MB
Extension of multiplication theorem
03
1. IfA, B, Care three events
associated witharandom experiment, then
PA nBC) P(A) P(BIA). P(CIAn B)
=

Proof. By definition of conditional

probability
P(CIA
P(CIA B)
B) =
= [Cn(AnB)]_P(An BnC) SE
P(AOB) P(AnB)
WIL
PABC) PA nB). P(CIA n B) =P(A). P(BIA) .
=

2.
IfA, 4 A, are n events related to a random experiment then P(CIAN
PA,4A,...4) P(A,) P{A,A,) P(A,JA,A) ...

PAJA,42 *
18.07. Independent and dependent events
Two or more
events that are not
mutually exclusive may be classifiedasas independentor
depan
Independent events. A set of inaep
them does not, in
any way,
events is said to be dependent, ifir the occurrenceofifany ts
independent, ve

coin twice, the

affect the occurrence of instance

outcome of the second any other in the set. ro fis ts

If Ramesh toss will in no be of the
and Sanjay work
on
way
Exercise 7 in a list of affected
by u
or alure
ofoned0
not affect that
of the other so the two events of problems suce
the anjaysolvigs

problem are independent. Ramesh solving the prodic

of the
Dependent events. Two events are said to f theoccuna
one event in any trial be dependent if the
affects the
of one event
affects the probability of the other subsequent
happening of the other events then wa
For
example, if two cards
o t h a r

from well-shuffled they ar the

replacement then getting an acedrawn

are one
after
a
pack
a w a r eindepen

of 52
events. in the
But, if the card drawn in first draw and cand drawar in

getting a king 1n u
remain

will

pack, and the outcome of the first draw is not a r a s

the second
draw
replaced, then o
is dependent on the first
An event E is said
to be aa obabliya
1appenlng

independent another event

of
does not influence in any degree the probability of the
event FF, when happeningsof actual
theE.Iftheproba hapr
wnef E.he
s n a

the
be
happening of E is dependent or p e n i n g , t h e nE i s 5

dependent on F. influenced by the previous

 abilly(Laws o f Probability) Ch 18-19
ne illustration might help you to get better insight into the concept of independent
Thef o l l
sdoependente v e n t s .

ssed tw
tossed
twice, its landing heads up on the second toss are independent events. The
is
.Ifacoin toss does not affect the probability of heads on the other toss.
ucome ofone
on
2nd
1st toss
toss H
H

balls-five red and three other colours (not red). you pick If
Imagine a bag containing eight
2.
what is the probability that they will both be
oballsout of the bag at random, one after other,
the

the
The probability will be different depending on whether or not you put the first ball back in

ag before you pick the second ball out.

ifthe first ball is red and you do not put it back, there will be
one less red ball to pick out. In this
8, the probability of picking a second red ball depends
on whether the first ball picked out was
chosen.
or not. It is dependent on the colour of the first ball the
number of red balls to choose from on

you do put the first ball back there will be the same
tond pick as there were for the first pick.
does not depend on
the probability of picking a second red ball
the first ball picked was red or not. It is independent of the colour
fetber
the firsttheball
chosen. 6
when both ®
t should be noted that the whole event will be completed
balls are drawn
drawn out
are out of the bag. events.
Remark. udents
Students should not confuse mutually
exclusive events with, independent
atual are usually the
outcomes

are events that cannot happen together. They

one ex simultaneously or can be
seen
events
events that can happen
pen one after Independent
events are
Tappen
another.
CLASS DISCUSSiON
ORAL QUESTIONS FOR
Btermine if the events independent
e e
lossing heads
dependent
are or

3 times in row. a
. A4ling
is a 6 on the number cube and then rolling.
ia drawn.
then an ace
rawn from a
deck of cards, set aside and
4.S.SChofudhir
tosses a coin and spins a spinner.
DOsing a tie and shirt from the closet.
Sel1. Drawing
ecting 2dodd nun numbers when 2 slips are chosen without
replacement.
and then drawing an ace.

replacing it,
card from a deck of cards, not
ecting
ug aa pieo
piece of fruit, then choosing a drink another
0.

ANSWERSS
InIdependen
ndependent
ent
2. Independent
6. Dependent
3. Dependent

7. Dependent
4. Independent
8. Independent
 ISC Mathematics-
Ch 18-20
events 8 09.
18.08. Probability of independent
then P{A. given B has occurred) is precisely thesame h.
IfA and B are independent events,
walthe
since A is not affectedby B; i.e..
Similarly, P(BIA)
=
PB)
PAIB)= P4)
of probability. we have
Now, by multiplication nule nndon
PMAIB).
PLAnB) PA).PBlA) P{B). =
=

events, so we have
Since PB/A)
=
and P(B) P(A) Aand B are independent
if
P(4/B) =

PAnB)= PlA).P(B)
This is the multiplication rule
for independent events. Let

B to be independent and any

one ofthem may eing p
So there are three conditions for Aand
used as a test for independence. Nov
3. P(BIA) =P(B)
1. PMAn B) = P{A) * P(B) 2. PMAIB)=PA)
events
The multiplication law can be extended to any number of independent
4 4)= Pl4,) P(4) P4,) PPAJ
x * * *

Remarks.and andnB)
P4, 1. If4,PlA m

* P(4) x P(B), then the two events A and B are dependen.

are independent.
NB)=
2.
If events having non-zero probabilities are independent, then P(A mua

So AB * 0. Hence two independent events having non-zero probabilities cal

exclusive. Her
Theorem. fA and B are two independent events, then
(a) A and B are also independent and so P(AnB)= PMA) *FB)
(b) A' and B are also independent and so P(A' n B) = PlA) * PMB)
and
(c) A and PM4) *x PE)
BF are also independent and so P[A' nB) =

Thubi
PMA'IB') P(A') and PlBIA') PB)
=
=

Proof. (a) Since A and B are two independent events, we have

PAB)
Now PLA)
=

PA). P{B)
= P(A NB)+P(A n B )

PLAnB)= P\A)- PMA nB) )

An6' A^B/A*

P(A) -P(A). P(B)

PA)1 - P(B)} (A b u t notE
PlAn B) = PA) x P(BB)
Similarly. we can prove part (6)
(c) By De Morgan's law, A' nB
(AUBy =

PLA' B) P[(A U By] 1 - PIA UB) =

1-P(A) + P(B) - PMAnB)}

1-PA)- - PB) - PLA)PB)RATe ndepenken
ind
B an
and
(sinceA
1-PA)} -PLB){1 - PlA)}
This shows that A' and B' 1-PA)} {1 -PB)) =PLA').P5
also
are
independent events.
Dabilty(Laws o f Probability)
Ch 18-21
09. Useful remarks

HpP2-P3 .
are the
P, are
.D. probabilities that certain events happen, the probability of failing
I e v e n t s is
given by
pl these P =(1-P)(1-P2)... (1 -P,)
Deahability of the occurrence of at least one of the several independent events of a
P
adom experiment.

are the probabi that certain events

happen, then the
ipPaPa.P probability that at
events
one of these
must happen is
est
1-(1-P)1-P) (1l -p) . (1 -P,)
Latd, dz 4g be n independent events ofthe random experiment under reference
wing probabilities p,P2» P3» P, respectively, then P(A)=p, for i =1, 2, 3,.., n.
Now,P (4) =P(non occurrence of A) =1-P(A) =1 -P

The probability of non-occurrence of all the n events.

P-P(44n4.A)=P (4).P (4).P (4)...P(4,)

=(1-P)(1-p,)(1 -P).. (1 -P,) ( A , Az A, are independent events

A4, Agy , 4, are also independent events)

Hence, the probability that at least one of the events Occurs

-probability of none of the events Occur
-P)(l-P2) ...(1-P,)
robability of the occurrence of exactly one of the two events:
a n d B be two events associated with a random experiment and let p, and P2 be the
abilities of their
occurrer respectively, then
PA)=} and P (B):
P(A ) =P(non-occurrences of A)=1-P(4) =1-P =, (say)
P(B)-P
non-occurrence of B) =
1 -P (B)
I -P2 42 (5ay)
=

nce
only one of the two events A and B is to occur, therefore, there are two possibilities
A
Occurs and B does not or (ii) B and A does not
Simcee
these are
occurs

mutually exclusive events

Readcqd. probability =.-P(A B)+ P(A B)=P(A) P (B)+P(B) P( A)=P, 42tP41
Addition theorem for independent events:
a r e n independent events associated with a random experiment, then

4 ) - 1 - P(4) P (4).P(4,)
Proof.
Ve P(4, UA, U....A,) =
1-P(4U4. An)
1- PA 1-P(4). P(4).. P(4,)
:A,A,» * " are independent events A, A . . . A, are independent events]
Ch 18-22
ISC Mathemaics-j
Prbability
5. Repeated events
As a corollary to the multiplication theorem, we can obtain a
ormula for
formula for the
the
repeated events. probabilin
Corollary. If the probability that an event will happen is p, the chance that it uill. Now,
in any sucecession of r trials is p". hapa
The probability of non-occurrence is q=l -p. Iheretore, for
event we have the probability q= (1
n
repeated non-occurence t P(B)
=

-py.
ents.
18.10. Solved Examples
P(C
Type 1.
Proving the independence or dependence of events.
Ex. 22.In a group
of 60 students, 20 study Mathematics, 24 study Computer Science at Thre
study both Mathematics and
and a student studies
Computer Science. Are the events 'a student studies Mathemats
Computer Science' independent. events
Sol. Let A :group who
study Mathematics
B: group who
study Computer Science
The
Then.
from the information given. P(A) =

P(B)
ords, ti
PLANB)60
=

15 Ex
So. (he:
PAnB)= x P(A) x
P(B) C=

The two events are So

X 23. A coin is tossed thrice and
independent.
whether the events E and all eight outcomes
F are are assumed e4
E: the number independent or not ?
of heads
is odd.
F: the number of
tails is odd. (AICBSE,CBS
Sol. When a coin is
tossed three
S HHH. HHT, HTH.
times, the sample space is
THT, THH, HTT, TTH, givn oy
E HHH. HTT, THT, TTT} ahish
TTH;, F ={TTT, HTH, THH, HHT}
EnF ¢

PE) P(F)==.P(En)=0
PE).PF) = -*P(En
E
A 1 8 0

and F are not

Ex. 24. A fair
coin is
independent events.
tossed three
A= {first toss is times. Let A, B and C be defined
and CDE as
follows:

heads}, B =
C
{exactly two heads are {second toss is heads} annd
Check the tossed in a row
Sol. The independence of (i) and B, (in) B and C
A
sample space is S= and (iu) A.
{HHH.
}HHH, HHT, HTH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
TTT
A TTH,
THH, 1THT, andC={H
Also. HTT}, B
AnB
=

{HHH, HHT, THH.

{HHH, THl CnA=
{HII

{HHH, HHT, B
=

C {HHT, THH.
PnS P(B)- n5)
n5)--. P(C),
P(O)
 of Probability) Ch 18-23
ity (Laws
440B)
P A n B)
=
n(S) = Similarly, P(B n C)- and P(Cn4)=
O,P(4).P(B) =* A
P(AnB), therefore, and B are independent events.

(.P(C)x P (Bo c) which i s . Therefore, B and C are not independent

9.PA)=*-P(Cn A). Therefore, C and Aare independentevents.

hree events A, B and C are independent if:

) PAnB)= P(A) P(B), P(An) =P (A) P (C) and P(Bn C)=-P (B) P(C), ie., ifthe
nis are pairwise independent and

) P(AnBn C) =P(A).P(B).P(C).
iheexample given below shows that condition (i) does not follow from condition (). In other
Eevents may be pairwise independent but not independent themselves.
Let a pair of fair coins be tossed. Here S={HH, HT, TH, TT3. Consider the events
s on the first coin} = {HH, HT}, B = {heads on the second coin} = {HH, TH}
theads on exactly one
coin}={H7, THJ
Sol PA) = P(B) = P(C)== and

P(AB) =

P({HH}) =PA c)=P({HT})=

P(BnC) P({TH}) =AnBn)=¢
=

P(ADBnC) =P(¢) =0 *P(A) P (B) P (C)

Tbus, condition
(i) is satisi
tisfied, i.e., the events are pairwise independent. But condition (ti) is not
SO the three
EA6. The events Aevents not independent.
vents
are
A and B are such that P(AIB) = 0.4, P{BIA) = 0.25, PAnB) = 0.12.
Calculate
b) the value of
P(B).
Give a rease
reason why A and B are not independent.
Calculate the value (L)
of P(ANB').
ol.
P(A/B) P(An B) 0.4 =
0.12
P(B) P(B)
0.12
0.4 =0.3.
b) P(B) P(B)
e) P{BIA) 0.25 +
P(B) '.A
A andB are not independent.
ano 3

PA)= PA n B)+ P(AnB)

Also,
PBIA) = FB A)
P(A)
0.12 0.12 = 0.48.
0.25
DA
P(A)
PA) 0.2
AnB' AnB

So,048 =0 0.36.
P(AOB') =0.48 -0.12
=

*PAOB') >
Ch 18-24
ISC Manemaliks-i
SC Mathemalies-
that p
such that Probabilit

are independent
and are such
Ex. 27. The events A and B P(A) 0.3, =

PAB)=0.15. Find the value of ()

P(A) +P(B)
P(A U B) and (i) PAIB').

PANB) =0.3 +0.5

-

0.15 =
0.65.
PMBI=u Ex.

Sol. (i) P(A U B) =

independent, so are A' and B'.

(i) Since A and B are
1 -0.3 0.7.
P(4' B') P(A') 1- P(A)
=
=
=

Ex. 28. Two events A and B are such that PA) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4 and P(AIR-as

()
) State whether the events are independent.
(i) Find the value of P{A n B).
Sol
Sol. (i) The events A and B are not independent, since P(A) # P(A/B).

(i) P(An B) =
P(B) x
P(AIB) =
0.4 x
0.3 0.12.
Ex. 29. Three people in an office decide to enter a marathon race. The respective probabili
that they will complete the marathon are 0.9, 0.7 and 0.6. Assuming their performancsan
independent, find the probability that
) they all complete the marathon
(i) at least two complete the marathon.
Sol. Let us define the events as:
A: the first person complete the marathon, P(A) = 0.9, P(A') = 0.1
B: the second person complete the marathon, P(B) = 0.7, P(B") = 0.3
(i)
C: the third person complete the marathon, P(C) = 0.6, P(C) = 0.44
0)Plall three complete) = P(A) P(B) x x
P(C) Independent events
=
0.9 x 0.7 x
0.6 0.378.
( ) If at least two complete the marathon, then either two of them do, or all n e

P(all three complete) =

0.378 from part (i)
Ptwo complete) =
PA) PLB) x P(C)+PA) x
PB R
P(B')xHO)TT
x

9 * 0.7 x 0.4 + 0.9 x 0.3 x 0.4 +0.1 x 0.7 x 0.0

= 0.456

Plat least two

Ex. 30. The three
complete) 0.378 =

+0.456 0.834. =
events So
events E,, E, and The
E, are defined in the same space.

sa
Sample

and E, are
mutually exclusive. The events Given thatPE)
E, and E, are indepenac ent.

P(E)and P(E, u
E,)= find ( PLE, U E) (H PE).
Sol. (i) Since
E, and E, are mutually
exclusive, so
PE E) P{E) P(E) =

(ii)
=+15 +
dt
PE, E)-
PE,)+ P{E,)- P(E, E independ
are

E,
PE)-P(E) xP(E,. (since E, and
and

PME)-2PME)= E 3
 of Probability) Ch 18-25
(Laws
ity
31. Two ordinary ordinary fair dice, one red and one blue, are to be rolled once.

( Find
the probabilities of the following events
the number wing on red die will be a 5 or 6,
EventA:
Suent B: the total of the numbers showing on the two dice will be 7,
vent C: the total of the numbers showing on the two dice will be8.
which two of the events A, B and C are mutually exclusive.
a Suate, with a reason,
Show that the events A and B are independent. (NEAB)
36
Sol(0)mS)=

m4)= 12
PA)36 5

4
nB)= 6 P(B)

C)= 5 PC) = 2
36

oi 2 3 46
Scores on red die

) ltis not possible to score 7 and 8 with the throw of the die, so events B and C do not overlap.
Events B and C are mutually exclusive.
Ihere are two ways to score 7 with the red die showing a 5 or 6. These are (5, 2) and (6, 1).

SonA and B) -2 and P(A and B) 6 18

But
PA) x
P(B) P A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
*
=

18
ence, Events A and B are independent.
SMn t s E and F are independent. Find P (F) if P (E) = 0.375 and P (EUH=0.6.
Sol. Since
PE and Fare independent events, therefore, P (EnF)=P(E).P(F)
P ( E ) + P(F)- P(EnF=P (E) +P(F)- P(E). P(F)

0.6 0.35
P(E)+ P(F.[l-P(EN
P(F)( +
(l-0.35), substituting the values of P (E U ) and P (E)

025=
(0.65) P(F) P (F) =

O.6
0.65
u3. AandB are two are
independent events. The probability that both Aand B occur is
probability neither
neit of them occurs is.Find the probability of the occurrence of A.
Ssal. Let
P(A) = P
(IIT)
Ciwen.
PAnB) = P(A) P(B) = ( : A and B areindependent events)

p.P(B) = P(B)= 6