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Cell Division

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45 views

Cell Division

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minecraft2018minecraft
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cell Division

* Life begins from single cell called zygote.


* Zygote = Sperm + Ova (Fertilization)
* The new cells formed from pre-existing cell is called cell division.

Cell Cycle

* Cell cycle = Non-dividing (Interphase) + Dividing (M phase)


* Interphase = G1, S, G2

Why cell divides?


* To maintain the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.
* To continue generations.

Cell cycle sequences


1. G1-S-G2-M
2. S-G2-M-G1
3. G2-M-G1-S
4. M-G1-S-G2

Cell Cycle = Interphase + M-phase


Interphase
- non-dividing phase
- preparatory phase
- resting phase
- resting phase
- metabolically active phase of cell cycle

M-Phase
- dividing phase
- cell division phase
- shortest phase of cell cycle

QUESTIONS!
* Longest and metabolically most active phase of:
Cell cycle = Interphase
Cell division = Prophase

* Shortest phase of
Cell cycle = M phase
Cell division = Anaphase

# Interphase
- resting phase, non-dividing phase, preparatory phase
- longest and metabolically most active phase of cell cycle
- Nucleus has maximum size

# 3 substages of Interphase
1. G1 phase (Gap 1/Growth first/Post mitotic)
- also known as pre-DNA synthesis phase
- Synthesis of Ribosome, r-RNA and protein
- Synthesis of Histone protein (starts in G1 phase and occurs in S phase)
- Decision of cell division occurs.

2. S phase (DNA synthesis)


- metabolically most active phase of interphase.
- replication of DNA and synthesis of histone protein occurs
3. G2 phase (Gap II/Growth 2nd/pre mitotic)
- also known as post-DNA synthesis phase
- preparation of cell division occurs
- synthesis of spindle fibre, microtubule, centriole occurs.
Note: At the end of G2 phase, DNA content is doubled.

Cell Division

Types of cell division


1. Direct cell division or amitosis
2. Indirect cell division or Mitosis
3. Reductional cell division or Meiosis

1. Amitosis

* In this cell division, the nucleus elongated and then constricts into 2 equal halves.
No morphological change in chromosomes
* It is simple and most primitive type of cell division.
* Cell division without spindle fibre formation.
* also known as direct/incipient/primitive cell division.
* main method of cell division in prokaryotic and yeast cells.
* Budding, Fission, Fragmentation, Gemma cup formation.
* Commonly occurs in protozoans, bacteria and yeast.

2. Mitosis: The formation of 2 daughter cell having same number of


chromosomes and half amount of DNA as compared to parent cell is called
mitosis.
3. Meiosis: The formation of 4 daughter cell having half no of chromosome and
half amount of DNA as compared to parent cell is called meiosis.

Mitotic cell Division/Mitosis


* Also called, somatic/indirect/equational cell division
* Term = Flemming
* First observed by: In plant = Strasburger and in animal = flemming
* occurs in haploid, diploid, polyploid, somatic and reproductive cell
* cell under going mitosis is Mitocyte
* Best material to study mitosis = Onion root tip cell

A. Karyokinesis: Division of Nucleus: 4 phases: @PMAT


a. Prophase, b. Metaphase, c. Anaphase and d. Telophase

a. Prophase

* 1st, longest and metabolically most active phase of cell division.


* late prophase = spindle fibre formation starts
* Chromatin/DNA strands become condensed and change into chromosome
* Show spiralisation = Plectonemical coiling
* Note: Paranemic coiling = Meiotic prophase (IMP)
* Nucleolus and nuclear membrane start to disappear.
b. Metaphase

* Chromosome are thickest with visible centromere and chromatids.


* Structure, size and counting no of chromosomes.
* Chromosome are arranged in single line at equator.
* Spindle fibre is well developed.
* NOTE: cholchine treatment is done in metaphase and it inhibits spindle fibre
formations and induce polyploid conditions.

c. Anaphase

* shortest phase
* shape of chromosome is best studied
* separation of chromatids due to splitting of centromere
* poleward movement is due to spindle fibre and centromere
d. Telophase

* also called re organization phase


* Nuclear membrane and nucleolus starts to reappear
* It is just reverse of prophase

B. Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm


CHARACTERS : BY CELL PLATE : BY FURROW
Plane is determined by : Microtubule : Microfilament
Growth of cell occurs in : Centrifugal manner : Centripetal manner
Occurs in : Plant cell : Animal cell

SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
* Mitotic division of vegetative or somatic cells are responsible for growth,
maintenance and repair of damaged cell.
* Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells, which are both quantitatively and
qualitatively similar to parent cell and thus responsible for genetic stability.
SPECIAL POINTS
1. For production of n daughter cells, mitosis = n-1
2. No of daughter cell produced after division/generation = 2^n

Meiotic cell division/Meiosis


* also called: Reductional cell division
* termed by: Farmer and moore
* occurs in: Reproductive/germinal cell
- diploid or polyploid cell
- never occurs in haploid cell
- pollen mother cell, oocyte, spermatocyte
* cell undergoing meiosis = meiocyte
* best material to study meiosis = anthers of onion or tradescantia

TYPES OF MEIOSIS
1. Zygotic meiosis: occurs on zygote e.g., thallophyte
2. Sporic meiosis: occurs for spore formation e.g., embryophyte
3. Gametic meiosis: occurs for gamete formation e.g., animal
Meiosis I:
Stages of Meiosis I:
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I: Disjunction occurs (IOM)
d. Telephase I

Meiosis II:
Stages of Meiosis II
a. Prophase II
b. Metaphase II
c. Anaphase II: Centromere divides (IOM)
d. Telophase II

Stages of Prophase I
- most active, longest phase, most complex phase of meiosis
- 5 substage
i. Leptotene
ii. Zygotene
iii. Pachytene
iv. Diplotene
v. Diakinesis

1. Leptotene

* also called boquet stage


* chromosome = beaded and thread like = chromomere
* best stage for the observation of chromomere
2. Zygotene

* pairing of 2 homologous chromosome


* due to chemical protein = synaptonemal complex
* synapsis, syndesis, zipping
* bivalent formation

3. Pachytene
* Crossing over occurs
* exchange of DNA segment between 2 non-sister chromatids
* tetrad formation = 4 chromatid
* chiasmata formation starts
* chaismata = point of which crossing over takes place

4. Diplotene
* Chaismata formation takes place
* NOTE: Diplotene is longest in case of human female

5. Diakinesis

* Terminalization occurs
Cytokinesis in Meiosis
1. Successive: Both meiosis I and II followed wall formation.
- formation of isobilateral tetrads e.g., monocot
2. Simultaneous: Meiosis I is not followed by wall formation but occurs
simultaneously after meiosis II.
- formation tetrahedral tetrad e.g., dicot

SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
* It maintains the chromosome no constant from generation to generation.

# No of meiotic division required to produce n seed/grains/fruits:


= n sperm + n ova
= n/4 + n
= 5n/4

[email protected]
9845406262
Bikram Thapa

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