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Unit 4 - Transistor

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20 views41 pages

Unit 4 - Transistor

Uploaded by

Raj Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 4

TRANSISTORS
What is a Transistor?
• A Transistor is an electronic device composed of
layers of a semiconductor material which
regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a
switch or gate for electronic circuit.
• A transistor basically acts as a switch and an
amplifier.
• A transistor is a miniature device that is used to
control or regulate the flow of electronic signals.
• Transistor is a three terminal device and a small
current / voltage at one terminal (or lead) will
control a large flow of current between the other
two terminals (leads).
TRANSISTOR
• The transistor is a semiconductor device which
transfers a weak signal from low resistance
circuit to high resistance circuit.
• The words trans mean transfer
property and istor means resistance property
offered to the junctions.
• Bipolar Transistors are "CURRENT" Amplifying
or current regulating devices that control the
amount of current flowing through them in
proportion to the amount of biasing current
applied to their base terminal
TRANSISTOR
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power.
• Transistors are one of the basic building blocks
of modern electronics.
• It is composed of semiconductor material usually
with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
• A transistor consists of two PN diodes
connected back to back.
TRANSISTOR
History of the Transistor

• P-N Junction
Russell Ohl 1939
• First Transistor
Bell Labs 1947
Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen
• First Solid State Transistor - 1951
Applications

• Switching
• Amplification
• Oscillating Circuits
• Sensors
Parts of a Transistor
• A typical transistor is composed of three layers
of semiconductor materials or more specifically
terminals which helps to make a connection to
an external circuit and carry the current.
• A voltage or current that is applied to anyone
pair of the terminals of a transistor controls the
current through the other pair of terminals.
Parts of a Transistor
• There are three terminals for a transistor.
• Base
• Collector
• Emitter
Parts of a Transistor
• Emitter – It is moderately sized and
heavily doped.
• Base – This segment is at the center of
the transistor. It is thin and lightly doped.
• Collector – It is larger than the emitter
and is moderately doped.
Transistor
Types of transistor
BJT and FET
• A bipolar junction transistor, BJT, gains its name
from the fact that it uses both holes and
electrons(majority and minority charge carriers)
in its operation.
• BJT, has two PN diode junctions which are back
to back.
• In field-effect transistor (FET) only majority
charge carries flows. So Field effect transistors
are unipolar devices
BJT and FET
• The basic difference between BJT and FET is
that the bipolar junction transistor is the bipolar
and current control device
• While FET (field effect transistor) is the
unijunction transistor.
• It is a voltage control device.
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
• Junction Transistors are generally called as
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
• The term ‘Bipolar’ means both electrons and
holes are required for conducting current and
the term ‘Junction’ means it contain PN Junction
(two junctions).
• The BJTs have three terminals named Emitter
(E), Base (B) and Collector (C).
• The BJT transistors are classified in to NPN and
PNP transistors depending on the construction.
NPN Transistor
• In this transistor, one p-type material that is
present between two n-type materials.
• N-P-N transistor is basically used to amplify
weak signals to strong signals.
• In NPN transistor, the electrons move from the
emitter to collector region resulting in the
formation of current in the transistor.
• This transistor is widely used in the circuit.
NPN Transistor
PNP Transistor
• It is a type of BJT where one n-type material is
placed between two p-type materials.
• In such a configuration, the device will control
the flow of current.
• PNP transistor consists of 2 diodes which are
connected in series.
• The right side and left side of the diodes are
known as the collector-base diode and emitter-
base diode respectively.
P-N-P Transistor
Transistor Symbol

The arrowhead shows the direction of the


conventional current in the transistor.
Transistor Terminals
• Emitter: This segment is on one side of the
transistor. It has a moderate size and is heavily
doped causing it to supply a large number of
carriers for the flow of current.
• Base: This segment is at the centre of the
transistor. It is thin and lightly doped.
• Collector: This segment is also on one side of
the transistor. It is larger than the emitter and is
moderately doped. Hence, it collects most of the
majority carriers supplied by the emitter.
NPN and PNP Transistor
Transistor Construction

• A transistor has 3 regions.


• Emitter ,Base and Collector regions
Unbiased Transistor
• When no external supply is connected to a
transistor then the transistor is in unbiased
condition .
• A transistor with three terminals left open is
called an unbiased transistor or open circuited
transistor.
• Under these conditions diffusion of free
electrons across the junction produces two
depletion layers.
Unbiased Transistor
• Emitter Base depletion layer
• Collector Base depletion layer
Unbiased Transistor
• Emitter Base depletion layer
• Collector Base depletion layer
Biased Transistor

• If external supply is connected to a transistor


then the transistor is in biased condition.
• Biasing is the process of providing DC voltage
which helps in the functioning of the circuit.
Transistor Operating Conditions
The transistor has two junctions which can be
biased in different ways.

Emitter Junction Collector Region of


Condition
(EB) Junction (CB) Operation

FR Forward-biased Reversed-biased Active

FF Forward-biased Forward-biased Saturation


RR Reversed-biased Reversed-biased Cut-off

RF Reversed-biased Forward-biased Inverted


Transistor Operating Conditions
• FR – In this case, the emitter-base junction is
connected in forward biased and the collector-
base junction is connected in reverse biased.
• The transistor is in the active region and the
collector current is depend on the emitter
current.
• The transistor, which operates in this region is
used for amplification.
Transistor Operating Conditions
• FF – In this condition, both the junction is in
forward biased.
• The transistor is in saturation and the collector
current becomes independent of the base
current.
• The transistors act like a closed switch.
Transistor Operating Conditions
• RR – Both the current are in reverse
biased.
• The emitter does not supply the majority
charge carrier to the base and carriers
current are not collected by the collector.
• No current flows through the transistor.
• The collector, emitter and base currents
are all zero in this mode of operation.
Transistor Operating Conditions

• Thus the transistors act like a open switch.


Transistor Operating Conditions
• RF – The emitter-base junction is in reverse
bias and the collector-base junction is kept in
forward biased.
• As the collector is lightly doped as compared to
the emitter junction it does not supply the
majority charge carrier to the base.
• Hence poor transistor action is achieved.
• Inverse active region is seldom used
Operation of an NPN Transistor
Operation of an NPN Transistor

• An NPN transistor biased in Forward


active mode.
• The emitter-base of a transistor is forward
biased and collector-base junction is
reverse biased.
• If the Applied forward bias voltage is
greater than the barrier potential, the free
electrons in the N type emitter flows
towards the base region.
Operation of an NPN Transistor
• This constitutes the emitter current (IE).
• The direction of Conventional current is
opposite to the flow of electrons.
• Therefore electrons after reaching the
base region tend to combine with the
holes in the base.
• If these free electrons combine with the
holes in the base, they constitute base
current (IB).
Operation of an NPN Transistor
• However most of the free electrons do not
combine with the holes in the base.
• This is because of the fact that the base
region is lightly doped.
• The base current is about 2% of the
emitter current
• While collector current is about 98% of the
emitter current.
• IE = IB+IC
Operation of a PNP Transistor
Operation of a PNP Transistor
• The operation of a PNP transistor is
similar to that of an NPN transistor.
• However the current within a PNP
transistor is due to the movement of holes,
whereas in an NPN transistor it is due to
the movement of free electrons.
Bipolar Transistor Construction

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