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Electrostatc Precipitator Ar Pollucton Control

The document discusses electrostatic precipitators, which are devices used to remove fine particles like smoke and dust from gas streams. It describes how electrostatic precipitators work using positive and negative electrodes to ionize particles and attract them to collector plates. The document also discusses the types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of electrostatic precipitators.

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9 views7 pages

Electrostatc Precipitator Ar Pollucton Control

The document discusses electrostatic precipitators, which are devices used to remove fine particles like smoke and dust from gas streams. It describes how electrostatic precipitators work using positive and negative electrodes to ionize particles and attract them to collector plates. The document also discusses the types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of electrostatic precipitators.

Uploaded by

pathekkondubouina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTROSTATC PRECIPITATOR

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is defined as a filtration device that is used


to remove fine particles like smoke and fine dust from the flowing gas. It is the
most commonly used device for air pollution control. They are used in
industries like steel plants, and thermal energy plants.

In 1907, chemistry professor Frederick Gardner Cottrell patented the first


electrostatic precipitator used to collect sulphuric acid mist and lead oxide
fumes emitted from various acid-making and smelting activities.
Working Principle of Electrostatic Precipitator
The working principle of the electrostatic precipitator is moderately
simple. It consists of two sets of electrodes: positive and negative. The
negative electrodes are in the form of a wire mesh, and the positive
electrodes are plates. These electrodes are vertically placed and are
alternate to each other.

The gas borne particles such as ash are ionised by the high voltage
discharge electrode by the corona effect. These particles are ionised to a
negative charge and are attracted to positively charged collector plates.
The negative terminal of the high voltage DC source is used to connect
the negative electrodes, and the positive terminal of the DC source is
used to connect the positive plates. To ionize the medium between the
negative and the positive electrode, a certain distance is maintained
between the positive, negative electrode and the DC source resulting in
a high voltage gradient.
The medium that is used between the two electrodes is air. There might
be corona discharge around the electrode rods or the wire mesh due to
the high negativity of negative charges. The entire system is enclosed in
a metallic container containing an inlet for flue gases and an outlet for
filtered gases. There are plenty of free electrons as the electrodes are
ionized, which interact with the dust particles of the gas, making them
negatively charged. These particles move towards positive electrodes
and fall off due to gravitational force. The flue gas is free from the dust
particles as it flows through the electrostatic precipitator and is
discharged to the atmosphere through the chimney.

Efficiency of Electrostatic Precipitator


where,
𝜼= 1-e(-WA/Q)
𝜼 is the fractional collection efficiency
W is the terminal drift velocity in ms-1
A is the total collection area in m2
Q is the volumetric air flow rate in m3s-1

Types of Electrostatic Precipitator


There are different electrostatic types, and here, we will study each one
of them in detail. Following are the three types of ESPs:

 Plate precipitator: This is the most basic precipitator type that


consists of rows of thin vertical wires and stack of vertically
arranged large flat metal plates that are placed at a distance of
1cm to 18cm apart. The air stream is passed horizontally through
the vertical plates and then through the large stack of plates. In
order to ionize the particles, a negative voltage is applied between
the wire and the plate. These ionized particles are then diverted
towards the grounded plates using electrostatic force. As the
particles get collected on the collection plate, they are removed
from the air stream.
 Dry electrostatic precipitator: This precipitator is used to collect
pollutants like ash or cement in a dry state. It consists of
electrodes through which the ionized particles are made to flow
through and a hopper through which the collected particles are
extracted out. The dust particles are collected from a stream of air
by hammering the electrodes.
 Wet electrostatic precipitator: This precipitator is used to
remove resin, oil, tar, paint that are wet in nature. It consists of
collectors that are continuously sprayed with water making the
collection of ionized particles from the sludge. They are more
efficient than dry ESPs.
 Tubular precipitator: This precipitator is a single-stage unit
consisting of tubes with high voltage electrodes that are arranged
parallel to each other such that they are running on their axis. The
arrangement of the tubes could either be circular or square or
hexagonal honeycomb with gas either flowing upwards or
downwards. The gas is made to pass through all the tubes. They
find applications where sticky particles are to be removed.
Advantages of electrostatic precipitator:
 The durability of the ESP is high.
 It can be used for the collection of both dry and wet impurities.
 It has low operating costs.
 The collection efficiency of the device is high even for small
particles.
 It can handle large gas volumes and heavy dust loads at low
pressures.
Disadvantages of electrostatic precipitator:
 Can’t be used for gaseous emissions.
 Space requirement is more.
 Capital investment is high.
 Not adaptable to change in operating conditions.

Electrostatic Precipitator Applications


A few noteworthy electrostatic precipitator applications are listed below:

 Two-stage plate ESPs are used in the engine rooms of shipboard


as the gearbox produces explosive oil mist. The collected oil is
reused in a gear lubricating system.
 Dry ESPs are used in thermal plants to clean the air in ventilation
and air conditioning systems.
 They find applications in the medical field for the removal of
bacteria and fungus.
 They are used in zirconium sand for detaching the rutile in plants.
 They are used in metallurgical industries to clean the blast.
out other Physics-relate.
Absorption
Adsorption is a process that involves the accumulation of a substance in
molecular species in higher concentrations on the surface. If we look
at Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen, these gases adsorb on activated
charcoal. Also, we have to note that adsorption is different from
absorption. The two processes involve totally different mechanisms.
Conditions:
This technique is widely used when the effluent gas contains hazardous
pollutants like NOx, SOx, H2S, Fluorides, etc

Process:
The effluent gas is passed through a suitable suitable liquid adsorbent
adsorbent like aq. NaOH, aq. HNO3, liquor NH3, NaOH+Phenol, Ethanolamine
di Me Aniline, etc. One or more pollutants get absorbed / modified.

Equipments:
Plate towers, packed towers, spray towers, bubble cap towers, scrubber
towers, etc

Adsorption
The term adsorption was first coined in 1881 by a German physicist named
Heinrich Kayser. Adsorption is often described as a surface phenomenon where
particles are attached to the top layer of material. It normally involves the molecules,
atoms or even ions of a gas, liquid or solid in a dissolved state that is attached to the
surface.

Adsorption is mainly a consequence of surface energy. Generally, the surface


particles which can be exposed partially tend to attract other particles to their site.
Interestingly, adsorption is present in many physical, natural, biological and chemical
systems and finds its use in many industrial applications.

Types of Adsorption

On the basis of interaction forces between adsorbate and adsorbent,


adsorption is of two types.
 Physical adsorption
This type of adsorption is also known as physisorption. It is due to weak
Van der Waals forces between adsorbate and adsorbent. For example,
H2 and N2 gases adsorb on coconut charcoal.

 Chemical adsorption
This type of adsorption is also known as chemisorption. It is due to
strong chemical forces of bonding type between adsorbate and
adsorbent. We can take the example involving the formation of iron
nitride on the surface when the iron is heated in N2 gas at 623 K.

INCINERATION
Principle
Incineration is the process of burning combustible waste materials at
high temperatures and converting them into gas and ash as by-product
residues. The process in an incinerator includes the combustion of MSW
at a high temperature ranges from 850°C to 1200°C and convert it into
flue gas CO2 and water as end products.

Application
In incineration applications, the fuel is predominately waste (although
fossil fuels may be co-fired) and the oxygen source is air. Combustion
produces many of the same stable end products, whether the material
burned is natural gas, coal, wood, gasoline, municipal solid waste,
hazardous waste, or medical waste.

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