Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________

THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS CLASS: JS1

WEEK TOPIC
1. Revision
2. Simple Equation
3. Geometry- Plane Shapes: (a) Types of plane shapes and their properties
(b) similarities and differences between the following: Square, rectangle, triangle,
trapezium, parallelogram and circle
4. (a) Perimeter of regular polygon, square, rectangle, triangle, trapezium,
parallelogram and circle. (b) Area of regular plane shapes such as squares,
rectangles, parallelograms, etc
5. Three Dimensional Shapes: (a) Identification of three dimensional or 3 D-Shapes
(b) Basic properties of cubes and cuboids (c) Basic properties of cylinders and
spheres (d) volume of cubes and cuboids.
6. Angles: Identification and properties of angles (a) vertically opposite angles
(b) adjacent angles (c) alternate angles (d) corresponding angles
7. Angles (Cont’d): Theorems: (a) sum of angles on a straight line (b) supplementary
angles (c) complementary angles (d) sum of angles in a triangle
8. Construction: (a) construction of parallel and perpendicular lines (b) bisection of a
given line segment (c) construction of angles 90o and 60o.
9. Statistics I: (a) Meaning, purpose and usefulness of data (b) data collection, sources
and importance (c) presentation and analysis of data frequency distribution
10. Graphical presentation of data: the use of pictogram, bar-chart, pie chart and
histogram
11. Statistics II: Measure of Average(a) the arithmetic mean (b) the median (c) the
mode
12. Revision and Examination

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS
 New General Mathematics, Junior Secondary School Book 1
 Essential Mathematics for Junior Secondary School Book 1

WEEK ONE
Revision
1. Change 321four to base eight (a) 57 (b) 71 (c) 62 (d) 175
2. Simplify in base two (1101)2 (a) 1011011 (b) 10101001 (c) 1101101 (d) 1110111
3. Round off 0.00057891 to 2 s.f (a) 0.0006 (b) 0.00058 (c) 0.58 (d) 0.000579
4. What is MDLXXVII in Arabic numerals? (a) 1677 (b) 1607 (c) 1577 (d) 1527
5. What is the value of 5 in number 12 752 109? (a) 50 hundreds (b) 50 thousands
(c) 52 thousands (d) 5 hundredth
6. The product of 25 and 170 is (a) 425 (b) 4250 (c) 4050 (d) 4005
7. There are 805 students in a school. If 409 are boys, how many girls are in this school?
(a) 396 (b) 386 (c) 286 (d) 496
8. Express 240 as a product as a product of its prime factors. (a) 2 3 x 3 x 5 (b) 2 4 x 3 x 5
(c) 3 x 42 x 5 (d) 42 x 5 x 6
9. The L. C. M of 4, 6 and 8 is (a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 24
10. The H. C. F of 5, 10 and 15 is (a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 30
11. Angle 272o is (a) an acute angle (b) an obtuse angle (c) a right angle (d) a reflex
angle

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3 5 5 2
12. Which of these fractions is the largest? (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 6 8 3
2 6 10 26 8
13. Which of the following is notequivalent to ? (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 15 50 65 20
3
14. If 5 is expressed as an improper fraction its numerator is (a) 43 (b) 53 (c) 40 (d)
8
14
9 7 16 3 3 5
15. Simplify: × (a) (b) (c) (d)
14 15 29 5 10 12
2 1 3 4 1 1
16. Work out the answer to ÷ 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) 5
7 2 7 21 7 4
17. A man’s debt of #35 000 is reduced by ¼ . How much is the debt now? (a) #8 750 (b)
# 26 050 (c) #26 250 (d) #16 250
1 3 1 1 1 1
18. Simplify 4 + 2 (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 2
2 4 4 4 4 4
1 3 3 5
19. Write 15% as a fraction and a decimal. (a) ; 0.05 (b) ; 1.5 (c) ; 0.15 (d) ;
20 20 20 20
0.25
20. Calculate 0.07 x 0.9 (a) 0.630 (b) 0.063 (c) 6.300 (d) 0.0063
21. Find the cost of 54 exercise books, if 3 exercise books cost #200. (a) #3600 (b) #2600
(c) #1800 (d) #4600
22. If x + 5 = 25 is true, what does x stand for? (a) 40 (b) 35 (c) -7 (d) 7
23. Simplify 15k – 10k + k (a) 6k (b) 5k (c) -6k (d) 4k
2
24. Simplify of 36ab (a) 4ab (b) 72ab (c) 8ab (d) 6ab
9
25. If x = -2, y = -3 , evaluate 9x2÷ 2y (a) -6 (b) -3 (c) 6 (d) 12
26. What is the coefficient of x in the expression 7 – 9x? (a) 9 (b) 7 (c) -9 (d) -2
27. Simplify x- 6y – (7y- 3x) (a) 12x- 13y (b) 4x-13y (c) 2x +13y (d) 4x-y
28. If x = 3, y = 2 and z = -1, evaluate z( 5x-y) (a) -13 (b) -10 (c) 15 (d) 14
x−5
29. Solve the equation =3 (a) 12 (b) 17 (c) 7 (d) -7
4
30. A man weighs 8kg more than his son. If the sum of their weight is 138kg. What is the
weight of the man? (a) 57kg (b) 73 kg (c) 77kg (d) 82kg

SECTION B
Instruction: Answer all the questions in this part
1. Find the estimate and the exact cost of the following:
(a) 54 pens at #6.82 each (b) 214 mangoes at #1.95
2. A woman decides to buy a bed costing #6 950 and a table costing #2 680. (a) By using
approximations, estimate the total sum she decides to spend. (b) Calculate the
accurate cost
3. Evaluate the following binary numbers: (a) 111 x ( 110 + 101) (b) 101 x (1000 – 111)
(c) ( 1100 -111)2
4. Convert the following to base ten (a) 451eight (b) 3032four
5. Remove the brackets and simplify the following: (a) ( 8x + 5) + ( 4x – 3) (b) ( 7x + 5y) +
(3x – 2y)
6. Solve the following equations: (a) 6m + 2 = 20 + 4m (b) 9x- 20 = 8 – 5x

WEEK TWO
SIMPLE EQUATIONS:

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An algebraic equation is two algebraic expressions separated by an equal sign. The left hand
side is equal to the right hand side (LHS = RHS)
e.g 7 + 3 = 10, 20 -6 = 14, 4 x 5 = 20, 35/7 = 5
Translation of algebraic equations into words: Any letter of the alphabet can be used to
represent the unknown number.

Translate the following equations into words:

1. X + 9 = 12; means ‘a certain number plus nine is equal to twelve’
2. 15= 7 – 2x; means ‘fifteen is equal to seven minus twice a certain number’
4x
3. = 6; means ‘four-fifth of a number equal to six’
5
4. 3 k +8=20 ; ‘three times a certain number plus eight is equal to twenty’

Evaluation
Translate the following equations into words:
3x
1. 16 = 9 – 2x 2. 9 + 5x = 23 3. X + 5 = seventy 4. =9
4

Translation of algebraic sentences into equations:

Example: Translate the following into equations:
1. Three times a certain number plus 20 is equal to the number plus 12.
2. A woman is p years old. In seven years’time, she will be 45 years old.
3. The result of taking 10 from the product of a certain number and 7 is the same as
taking 4 from twice the number.
Solution:
1. Let the number be m
3 x m + 20 = m + 12
i.e 3m + 20 = m + 12
2. Woman is p years old;
7 years’ time, she will be (p + 7) years
i.e p + 7 = 45
3. Let the number be a,
Product of a and 7 = 7a
Taking 10 from 7a = 7a – 10
Taking 4 from twice the number = 2a – 4
Then, 7a – 10 = 2a – 4

Evaluation:Translate to algebraic equations:

1. A certain number is added to 15, the result is six minus the same number.
2. Ayo is y years old, 7 years ago, she was 15 years old.

Use of Balancing or See saw Method

This is very easy and convenient way of solving linear equations. An equation can be
compared to a balance. To maintain balance, whatever is done to the LHS of the scale must
be done to the RHS every time.
Examples:
Solve the following equations using the balancing method.
x
(a) X + 4 = 9 (b) x – 9 = 15 (c) 5x = 35 (d) =7
3
Solution
(a) X + 4 = 9

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
To eliminate 4 from the LHS and RHS of the equation, subtract 4 from both sides
X + 4 -4 = 9 – 4
X=5
(b) X - 9 = 15
Add 9 to both sides of the equation to eliminate -9
X – 9 + 9 = 15 + 9
X = 24
(c) 5x = 35
Divide both sides by 5 to balance the equation
5 x 35
=
5 5
X=7
x
(d) =7
3
Multiply both sides by 3 to eliminate 3 from the LHS
x
×3=7× 3
3
X = 21

Evaluation: Solve the following equations using the balancing equation method
x
(1) 4x = 25 (2) x + 16 = -19 (3) –x -3 = -9 (4) =1.4
2

Solving Linear Simple Equations Involving Collection of Like Terms

Simple equations can be solved by collecting like terms. That is taking the unknown like
terms to one side and the known to the other side.
Example:
Solve the following equations:
(a) 2y + 3 = y + 1 (b) 4c – 8 = 10 – 5c
Solution
(a) 2y + 3 = y + 1
Subtract y from both sides to eliminate y from RHS
2y – y + 3 = y – y + 1
y+3=1
Subtract 3 from both sides to eliminate 3 from LHS
y+3–3=1–3
y = -2
(b) 4c – 8 = 10 – 5c
Collect like terms by adding 5c to both sides to eliminate 5c from the RHS
4c + 5c – 8 = 10 – 5c + 5c
9c – 8 = 10
Add 8 to both sides to eliminate 8 from LHS
9c – 8 + 8 = 10 + 8
9c = 18
Divide both sides by 9
9 c 18
=
9 9
C=2
Evaluation: Solve the following equations by using the balancing method:
(1) 17a – 11 = 10a + 3 (2) 7d – 6 = 30 – 2d (3) -6 – 2x = 5 – 7x

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Solving Linear Simple Equations Involving Fractions
To solve equations involving fractions, the first thing is to clear the fractions and then collect
like terms.
Example: Solve the following equations;
x+ 4 x 2 4
(a) =3 (b) − =
3 2 5 5

Solution:
x+ 4
(a) =3
5
Multiply both sides by the LCM 5
x+ 4
( ¿ ×5=3 × 5
5
X + 4 = 15
Subtract 4 from both sides
X + 4 – 4 = 15 -4
X=9
x 2 4
(b) − =
2 5 5
Multiply both sides by 10, the LCM
x 2 4
×10− × 10= × 10
2 5 5
5x – 4 = 8
Add 4 to both sides
5x – 4 + 4 = 8 + 4
5x = 12
Divide both sides by 5
5 x 12
=
5 5
X = 2.4

Evaluation
Solve the following equations using the balancing method:
x 1 17 x+7
(1) + = (2) =1
5 4 20 2

General Evaluation:
(i) Solve using the balancing method: (a) 14 – x -5 = -5x + 3 (b) 12y – 4 = 2 (c)
y
−4=1
3
(ii) Twice a certain numberis added to 10. If the result is minus fourteen, find the
number.
(iii) Two thirds of a certain number plus five equals ten less than the same number.
What is the number?

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for Junior Secondary Schools 1. Page 144- 154

Weekend Assignment:
1. If 8 is added to a number, the result is 27, What is the number? (a) 25 (b) 35 (c) 19
(d) -27

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4x
2. Solve =5 (a) 30 (b) 7.5 (c) 15 (d) 26
6
26
3. Solve 3y + 4 = 22 (a) 6 (b) (c) 18 (d) 54
3
4. Solve x + 0.4 = 0.6 (a) 0.10 (b) 0.2 (c) - 0.2 (d) -1.0
5. Solve -3x + 5 –x = 14 – 6x (a) 4.5 (b) -4.5 (c) 4.75 (d) 9

Theory
1. Solve the linear equations (a) x – 2 = 2x + 1 (b) 19x – 12 = 11x + 4
2. Subtracting nine from a certain number gives thirteen.

WEEK THREE
Geometry- Plane Shapes
Plane shapes are two-dimensional shapes bounded by lines known as sides. Any shape
drawn on a plane is called a two-dimensional shape (or 2-D shapes for short). When we say
a figure is two- dimensional, we mean it can be measured along x and y axes i.e. it has
length and width or breadth.

Types of Plane Shapes

Common plane shapes are:
1. Triangles
2. Quadrilaterals
3. Polygons
4. Circles
Triangles and quadrilaterals are examples of polygon. However, because triangles and
quadrilaterals have their own special properties they are usually dealt with separately.

Triangles
Tri-angle means three angles. A triangle has three angles and three sides.
Types of Triangles
a. Scalene triangle: it has no sides and no angles equal. i.e. it has three sides of
different lengths and three angles of different magnitudes (sizes).
z

x y
b. Isosceles triangle: It has two adjacent sides equal and two angles equal

aa

c. Equilateral triangle: It has all its sides equal and all its angles equal. Each angle is 60 0.

x x

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Other types of triangles are:

i. Acute-angled triangle: It has each of its angles less than 900 i.e. each angle is acute
ii. Obtuse-angled triangle: It has one of its angles more than 900.
iii. Right-angled triangle has one of its angles equal to 90 0. The side opposite the right
angle is the longest side and is often called the hypotenuse.

Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane shape with four angles
Types of quadrilateral
Properties
 It has all its sides equal
 Each angle is 900
 The opposite sides are parallel
a) Rectangle
Properties
It is a quadrilateral that has opposite sides equal and each angle is 900.

900
b) Parallelogram
It has two opposite sides parallel and equal in length

c) Rhombus
Properties
 It has all its four sides equal in length
 Opposite sides are parallel
 Opposite angles are equal
d) Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel
Note: when the two non-parallel sides are equal in length, it is called an isosceles trapezium

e) Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length and one pair of
opposite angles equal.

Evaluation:
1. What is a plane shape?
2. With the aid of diagram, describe scalene, isosceles and equilateral triangles.
3. Write down all the quadrilaterals that have
a. two pairs of parallel sides
b. four sides equal
c. two adjacent sides equal and one pair of opposite angles equal
Polygon
A polygon is any closed shape that has three or more straight sides. Thus, rectangles, squares and
triangles are all examples of polygons.
The table below shows some special polygons and their sides.

Names of Polygons Number of sides

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Triangle 3
Quadrilateral 4
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7
Octagon 8
Nonagon 9
Decagon 10
Duo decagon 12

There are two types of polygons. They are:

i. Regular Polygons
ii. Irregular Polygons
A. Irregular Polygons
When the sides of a polygon and the included angles are not equal it is called an irregular
polygon. Examples are irregular pentagon and irregular hexagon shown below.

Irregular Pentagon
Irregular Hexagon
B. Regular Polygon
A polygon that has all its sides and angles equal is called a regular polygon. Examples of
regular polygons are: equilateral triangle, square, regular pentagon, hexagon, etc

Regular Hexagon regular pentagon

Circles
A circle is a plane shape that has set of points equidistant from a fixed point, O. The fixed
point is the centre of the circle as shown in the diagram below.

Diameter
O

The parts of a circle

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The circumference is the distance around the circle.

A radius (plural radii) is any straight line joining the centre of the circle to any point on the
circumference.
A chordis any straight line joining two points on the circumference.
A diameteris any chord that goes through the centre of the circle.
Regions

A sectoris the region between two radii and the circumference.

A semicircleis a sector between a diameter and the circumference, i.e. half a circle.
A segment is the region between a chord and the circumference.
Evaluation:
Draw a circle and include the following parts: two radii, a sector, a chord, a segment, a
diameter and an arc. Label each part and shade any regions.

General Evaluation/ Revision Questions

1. A polygon with 12 sides is called ...............
2. The number of sides of a polygon is not equal to the number of angles ( True/False)
3. All the sides of an equilateral triangle are ................ and each angle is ..............
4. Write down the names of these shapes:
(i) (ii) (iii)

Reading Assignment
 Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A.J.S Oluwasanmi, page 167-169.
 New General Mathematics by M.F Macrae et.al, Revision test II, Numbers 1-9.

Weekend Assignment
1. A polygon with seven sides is called .................. (a) pentagon (b) hexagon (c)
octagon (d) heptagon
2. The simplest form of polygon is a .............. (a) circle (b) rectangle (c) triangle (d)
square
3. Which of the following quadrilaterals has only one pair of parallel sides? (a)
Trapezium (b) rhombus (c) parallelogram (d) square
4. How many sides has a duo decagon? (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 12 (d) 9
5. A straight line joining two points on the circumference is called ............... (a) chord
(b) segment (c) arc (d) sector

Theory

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Write down the missing word in the following
(a) A regular polygon has all its sides ............... and all its angles ..............
(b) The distance around the circle is .............................

WEEK FOUR
PERIMETER OF REGULAR PLANE SHAPES
The perimeter of a plane shape is the length of its outside boundary or the distance around
its edges.

Irregular shape
An irregular shape does not have a definite shape. To determine the perimeter of such
shape, string or thread can be used to measure it. Place the string around the edge, then
straighten it out and measure it with a ruler from the mark part.

Regular Shape
A regular shape has a well-defined edge which may be straight lines or smooth curves.
Examples are regular polygon and circles

The unit of measurement

Perimeter is measured in length units. These are kilometres (km), metres (m), centimetres
(cm) and millimetres (mm).
Example 1
Use a ruler to measure the perimeter of triangle ABC.
B

A C
Solutions
By measurement: AB: AB = 21mm, BC = 30mm, AC = 14mm
Perimeter =Total length of sides
= AB + BC +AC
=21mm+ 30mm +14mm
= 65mm

Using formulae to calculate perimeter

Rectangles
The longer side of a rectangle is called the length and is usually represented by letter l. The
shorter side is called the width or breadth and it may be represented by w ( or b).
A lcm B

b cm
C D
AB = DC = lcm and AD = BC = bcm
Perimeter (P) = AB + BC + CD + DA = l + b + l + b
= 2l + 2b = 2(l + b)
P = 2 ( l + b)
Note: This is also used to determine the perimeter of a parallelogram

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Example 1
The length of a rectangular room is 10m and the width is 6cm. Find the perimeter of the
room.
Solution
Length of the room, l = 10m ; width/breadth of the room, w (or b) = 6m
Perimeter = 2(l +b) = 2 (10m + 6m)
= 2 ( 16m) = 32m
Example 2
Calculate the perimeter of a square whose length is 8cm.
Solution
A square has all its four sides equal, so each length is l cm.
The perimeter = l +l + l + l = 4l
= 4 × 8 = 32m
In general, perimeter of a square, P = 4l. This is also used to determine the perimeter of a
rhombus
Example 3
A rectangle has a perimeter of 74m. Find: (a) the length of the rectangle if its breadth is
17m, (b) the breadth of the rectangle if its length is 25m.
Solution
Note: since perimeter of a rectangle = 2( l + b)
perimeter of rectangle perimeter of rectangle
Length = −breadth; Breadth = −length
2 2
So, to find the length
perimeter of rectangle
(a) Length = −breadth
2
74 m
= −17 m= 37m – 17m = 20m
2
perimeter of rectangle
(b) breadth= −length
2
74 m
= −25 m = 37m – 25m = 12m
2
Evaluation:
1. The perimeter of a square is 840cm. Find the length of the square in metres.
2. A rectangle has sides of 9cm by 7.5cm. Find its perimeter
3. Esther fences a 3m by 4m rectangular plot to keep her chickens in. The fencing costs
N 200 per metre. How much does it cost to fence the plot?

Perimeter of triangles
Isosceles triangle

The perimeter = a +a +b = 2a +b
Equilateral triangle

Perimeter = a + a + a = 3a
Example 4
An isosceles triangle has a perimeter of 250mm. If the length of one of the equal sides is
8cm, calculate the length of the unequal side.

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Solution
First convert to the same unit of measurement
250mm = 25cm
Sum of equal sides = 8cm + 8cm = 16cm
The length of the unequal side = 25cm – 16cm = 9cm

Trapezium

The perimeter = p + q + r + s
Isosceles trapezium
The perimeter = a + b + a + c = 2a + b + c
Example 5
An isosceles trapezium has a perimeter of 50cm if the sizes of the unequal parallel sides are
12cm and 8cm. Calculate the size of one of the equal sides.
Solution
Perimeter = 50cm
Perimeter of an isosceles triangle = 2 (equal sides) + b + c = 2x + 8 + 12
50 = 2x + 20
50 -20 = 2x + 20 – 20
2x = 30 ; x = 15cm
Therefore, one of the equal sides = 15cm

Perimeter of Circles
The circumference (C) of a circle is the distance around the circle. This means that the
circumference of a circle is the same as its perimeter.

AB = diameter, OA = OB = radii
But AB = OA + OB i.e. d = r + r
diameter , d = 2 radius (r) or radius, r = diameter (d)/ 2
The circumference, C of a circle is given by C = π D, where D is the diameter of the circle. If R
is the radius of the circle, then C = 2 π R.
Therefore, C = π D or C = 2 π R
Example 6
22
Calculate the perimeter of a circle if its (a) diameter is 14cm (b) radius is 4.9cm (Take π=
7
).
Solution
(a) Diameter = 14cm
22
Perimeter , C = π D = × 14 = 44cm
7
(b) Radius= 4.9cm
Perimeter = 2 π R

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22
= 2 × × 4.9 = 30.8cm
7
Example 7
1
Calculate the perimeter of these figures. (Take π=3 ).
7

Solution
(a) A semicircle is half of a circle. The diameter = 3.15 cm
1
The perimeter of a circle = π D = 3 × 3.15
7
22
= ×3.15 = 9.9cm
7
9.9 cm
The length of the curved edge = = 4.95cm
2
The perimeter of the shape = 4.95cm + 3.15 cm = 8.1cm
(b) A quadrant is a quarter of a circle
1
The perimeter of a circle = 2 π R = 2 ×3 × 0.63 = 3.96m
7
3.96 m
The length of the curved edge = = 0.99m
4
Perimeter of the shape = 0.99m + 0.63m + 0.63m = 2.25m

Evaluation:
1. Calculate the perimeter of a circle with radius 42cm. If a square has the same
22
perimeter as the circle, calculate the length of one side of the square. (Take π= )
7
2. The three sides of a triangle are ( x + 5)cm, ( 2x + 4 )cm and ( 2x -3)cm.
(a) Find the perimeter of the triangle in terms of x
(b) If x = 10, find the perimeter of the triangle

AREA OF PLANE SHAPES

The area of a plane shape is a measure of the amount of surface it covers or occupies. Area
is measured in square units, e.g. square metre (m2), square millimetres (mm2).

Finding the areas of regular shapes

Area of Rectangles and Squares
A rectangle 5cm long by 3cm wide can be divided into squares of side 1cm as shown below.

By counting, the area of the rectangle is 15cm 2. If we multiply the length of the rectangle by
its width the answer is also 15cm2 i.e. length X width = 5cm X 3cm = 15cm2
In general, if A = area, l = length and w= width,
Area of a rectangle = length X width

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Example 1
Calculate the area of a rectangle of length 6cm and width 3.5cm.
Solution
Area = length X width = 6cm X 3.5cm = 21cm2
Example 2
The area of a rectangular carpet is 30m 2. Find the length of the shorter side in metres if the
length of the longer side is 6000mm.
Solution
6000mm

30m2

First convert the length i.e. 6000mm to metres

6000mm= ( 1
1000 )
× 6000 m = 6m

If A= area, l = length and b = breadth

2
Area 30 m
Using breadth = ; breadth = = 5m
length 6m
The length of the shorter side is 5m

Square
A square has all its sides equal.
Area = ( length of one side)2 i.e. A = l2
If Area, A is given then the length, l can be found by taking the root of both sides i.e. l = √ A .
Example 3
Calculate the area of a square advertising board of length 5m.
Solution
Area of square board = l X l = 5m X 5m =25m2

Area of shapes made from rectangles and squares

Example 1
Calculate the area of the shape below. All measurements are in metres and all angles are
right angles.
3 10 2

3 6 4

10
The shape can be divided into a 3X3 square, 6X10 and 2X4 rectangle.
Area of shape = Area of square + area of 2 rectangles
= ( (3X3) + (6X10) + (2 X4))m2
= 9 + 60 + 8 = 77m2

Area of parallelograms
Area of a parallelogram = base X height
Example2
Calculate the area of a parallelogram if its base is 9.2cm and its height is 6cm.
Solution

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Area of parallelogram = base X height = 9.2cm X 6cm = 55.2cm2

Area of Triangles
1 1
In general: Area of any triangle = ×base ×height i.e × the area of a parallelogram (or
2 2
rectangle that encloses it).
Example 1
Calculate the area of the triangle with base 6cm and height 4cm.
Solution
Base (b) = 6cm, Height (h) = 4cm
1 1
Area = ×base × height = ×5 × 4 = 10cm2
2 2
Example 2
Given that the area of triangle XYZ is 120cm2 and its height YD is 12cm. Find the length XZ.
Solution
Let the base XZ be bcm; Height, YD (i.e. h)= 12cm
1
Area of triangle XYZ= ×base × height
2
1
120 = ×b × 12
2
120= 6b
b = 20cm
the length XZ is 20cm.

Area of trapezium
1
Area of trapezium = ( a+ b ) h
2
Where (a + b) is the sum of the parallel sides and h, the height of trapezium.
Example
Calculate the area of trapezium with the dimensions shown in the figure below.

Solution
1
Area of trapezium =
2
( ∑ of∥sides ) × height
1 1
= ( 18+10 ) ×12 = ×28 ×12 = 168cm2
2 2
Area of Circles
2
πd
Area, A = π r2 or A =
4
Example1
22
Find the area of a circle with radius 4.9cm (Take π= ).
7
Solution
22
Area of a circle = = × 4.92 cm2
7
= 75.46cm2
The area of the circle is 75.46cm2 π r2
Example 2

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Find the area of a semicircle with diameter 20mm. (Take π = 3.14)
Solution
Diameter, d = 20mm; Radius, r = 20/2 = 10mm
1 1
Area of a semicircle = × areaof a ¿˚ = × π r2
2 2
1
= ×3.14 × 102 = 157mm2
2
Area of the semicircle = 157mm2

Evaluation:
1. A string is wound 30 times around a cylindrical object of diameter 7m. Calculate the
22
length of the string. ( Take π= )
7
1
2. A rectangular garden is 20m by 18m. Calculate the area of a path 1 m wide going
2
round the outer edge of the garden.

General Evaluation/Revision Questions

1. A regular polygon has all its sides ............... and all its angles ..............
2. The distance around the circle is .............................
3. What is the perimeter of a rhombus if the length of one side is 8cm?
4. A circle of diameter 21cm has a perimeter of 66cm. If the circle is halved. Determine
the perimeter of the half.

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A. J. S Oluwasanmi, page 198-209.

Weekend Assignment
1. What is the perimeter of a rectangle that measures 11cm by 3cm. (a) 39cm (b) 28cm
(c) 36cm (d) 26cm
2. The diameter of a circle is 13.8cm long. Find the length of its radius (a) 27.6cm
(b) 7.6cm (c) 6.9cm (d) 6.4cm
3. Two sides of an isosceles triangle are 3cm and 10cm. What must be the length of the
third side? (a) 10cm (b) 6cm (c) 4cm (d) 8cm
4. If the width of a rectangle is the equal to the length of a square and the rectangle
measures 6cm by 4cm. What is the difference perimeter of the square? (a) 26cm
(b) 16cm (c) 24cm (d) 36cm
5. What is the difference in the perimeter of the rectangle and the square in question 4
above? (a) 4cm (b) 6cm (c) 8cm (d) 2cm

Theory
1. The diameter of a car wheel is 28cm, find its circumference. How far does the car
22
move in metres when the wheel makes 150 turns? ( Take π= )
7
2. (a) The longer side of a rectangle is 25cm and its perimeter is 80cm. Find the length
of the shorter side. Determine its area
(b) The area of a parallelogram is 8.5m2 and its base is 500cm. Find its height.

WEEK FIVE

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPES
Three dimensional ( 3-D) shapes are also called solid shapes. They have length, breadth and
height unlike 2-D shapes that have only length and breadth. Examples of 3-D shapes are
cubes, cuboids, cylinders, prisms, pyramids and spheres. They are also called geometrical
solids.
Key words
Face: a surface of solid shape
Edge: a line on a solid where two faces meet
Vertex (plural vertices): a point or corner on a solid, usually where edges meet
Net: a flat shape that you can fold to make a solid

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Cuboids and Cubes
(a) A Cube

Net

A cube has the following properties

i. It has 12 straight edges
ii. It has 8 vertices
iii. It has 6 square faces
iv. Its net consist of 6 square faces joined together
(b) A cuboid

Net of cuboid
A cuboid has the following properties:
i. It has 12 straight edges
ii. It has 8 vertices
iii. It also has 6 rectangular faces
iv. Its net consist of 6 rectangular faces
Cylinders and Prisms
A Cylinder

Properties:
i. A cylinder has two circular faces
ii. It has 1 curved surface
iii. It has 2 curved edges
iv. Its net consists of two circular faces and 1 rectangular face i.e. its net consist of 2 circles
and 1 rectangle.
The net of a cylinder has two circles and one rectangle

Prism
The base and top faces of a prism are always the same shape. The names of prisms come
from the shape of their base and top faces.

Triangular Prism Hexagonal prism

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Cones and pyramids
Cone
A cone is a solid shape with curved body, circular base and a pointed end.

Pyramid
A pyramid is a solid shape with a flat base and triangular faces rising to meet at a common point
called its vertex. There are many types of pyramid. The different types are named after the shapes of
the bases they have:

Rectangle pyramid Trapezoid Pyramid

Sphere
A sphere is a solid shape with perfectly round surface. Examples are orange, ball, shotput, etc.

Volumes of Solids
Volume of Cuboids
The volume of solids is a measure of the amount of space it occupies. A solid object is also called a 3-
dimensional ( 3-D) object. The cube is used as the basic shape to estimate the volume of solid.
Therefore, volume is measured in cubic unit. A cube of an edge 1cm has a volume of one cubic
centimetre (1cm3).

The volume of a cuboid is given by:

Volume= length x width x height i.e. V = l x w x h
In the above formula, A = l x w where A= base area of the cuboid
Hence: Volume of a cuboid = base area x height
V=Axh
Volumes of cubes
When all the edges of a cuboid are equal, it is called a cube. If one edge is l unit long, then
Volume of a cube = length x height x width
i.e V = l ×l× l
= l3

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
3
A cube of an edge 3cm will have a volume of 3 x 3 x 3 = 27cm .
The above formula can be used to find the edge of a cube when the volume is given.
l3 = V
l=√ 3
V
Example 1
Calculate the volume of a rectangular tank with dimensions 20cm by 15cm by 12 cm.
Solution

Volume = length x width x height

V=lxwxh
= (20 x 15 x 12) cm3
= 3600cm3
Example 2
A cuboid, 12 cm long and 8cm wide has a volume of 624cm3. Find the height of the cuboid.
Solution
V = 624cm3

Substituting V = 624cm3, l = 12cm, and w = 8cm

Length x width x height = volume
Lxwxh=V
12 x 8 x h = 624
96h = 624
624
Divide both sides by 96, h = = 6.5cm
96
The height of the cuboid = 6.5cm

Example 3
A tank of water in the shape of a cuboid has a square base. If the depth of water in the tank is 3m
high and the volume of the water inside the cuboid is 243m2. Calculate the width of the tank.
Solution

Volume of a cuboid= base area x height

Since it has a square base, the base area = l2 , i.e. l = w.
243m3 = l2 x 3m
2
243 m
l2= = 81m2
3 cm
Therefore, l = √
2
81 = 9m
The width of the tank is 9m

Evaluation:
1. A cube volume of a cube is given as 512cm3
(a) What is the length of one edge of the cube?
(b) How many small cubes of edge 2cm can be placed together to make this cube?
2. A cuboid has a base area of 35cm2 and a height of 3.5cm. What is the volume of the cuboid?

General Evaluation/Revision Questions

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
3
1. A rectangular prism ( cuboid) has a volume of 680cm and its height is 20cm. What is the
area of the base of the prism?
2. The base of a swimming pool is 192m 2. The depth of the swimming pool is 1.8m. find the
volume of water the swimming pool can hold.
3. A book measures 18cm by 12cm by 3cm. Calculate its volume

Reading Assignment
 Essential Mathematics for J.S.S 1 by A. J. S Oluwasanmi, page 212-222.

Weekend Assignment
1. What is the volume of a cube of edge 5cm. (a) 15cm3 (b) 75cm3 (c) 125cm3 (d) 25cm3
2. Find the volume of air in a container whose dimensions are: length = 25cm, width = 20cm
and height= 10cm (a) 5000cm3 (b) 2500cm3 (c) 4500cm3 (d) 500cm3
3. The volume of a cube is given as 512cm 3. What is the length of one edge of the cube? (a)
10cm (b) 6cm (c) 4cm (d) 8cm
4. How many small cubes of edge 2cm can be placed together to make the cube in question 3
above? (a) 66 (b) 32 (c) 64 (d) 128
5. Calculate the volume of a cuboid with dimension 18cm by 12cm by 8cm. (a) 1728cm 3 (b)
512cm3 (c) 144cm3 (d) 1872cm3

Theory
1. The base of a cuboid has one side equal to 10cm, and the other side is 5cm longer. If the
height of the cuboid is 7cm, find the volume of the cuboid.
2. A cuboid measures xcm by 3xcm by 5xcm
(a) Work out the volume of the cuboid in terms of x
(b) What is the volume of the cuboid if x = 10cm?

WEEK 6
TOPIC: CORRESPONDING ANGLES, ALTERNATE AND VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES
CONTENT
(I) Corresponding angles
(II) Alternate angles
(III) Vertically opposite angles
(i) Corresponding angles
(a) Definition
(1) Adjacent angles
When two angles lie beside each other and have a common vertex, we say they are adjacent to each
other.

A B

O
From above diagram, AOB is adjacent to BOC. BOC is adjacent to AOB.
When a straight line stands on another straight line, two adjacent angles are formed. The sum of two
adjacent angles is 1800.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________

a b
X Y
O
Since angles XOZ and YOZ lie next to each other, we say they are adjacent angles. Since the sum of
angles on a straight line is 1800 XOZ + YOZ = 1800i.e a + b = 1800. The sum of adjacent angles on a
straight line is 1800.
(2) Complementary angles
If two angles add up to 900, they are said to be complementary.

Since x + B = 900 :- x and B are complementary angles. Therefore, complementary angles add up to
900.
(3) Supplementary angles
If the sum of two angles add up to 1800, they are said to be supplementary.

y
x z
x + y + z = 1800 Note x, y, z are supplimentary angles. Therefore, supplimentary angles add up to
1800. Note also that adjacent angles on a straight line are said to be supplimentary.
(4) Angles at a point
The sum of the angles at a point is 3600

a
c
b
c
a + b + c + d = 3600
Therefore, angles at a point add up to 3600
(ii) conjugate angles add up to 3600 we say that they are conjugate angles

x y

x + y = 3600, therefore x and y are called conjugate angles

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(5) Transversal
A line cutting a pair of lines (whether parallel or not is called a transversal.

Transversal

Transversal

(b) Corresponding angles

When a transversal cut parallel lines corresponding angles formed are equal.

Note: x = y

y Angles x and y are called

Corresponding angles are sometimes called F angles. You can easily recognise corresponding angles
by looking for F angles as shown in the diagrams below.

a
a a

b
b
b
a=b
Angles a and b are called corresponding angles.
(ii) Co-interior angles
Co-interior angles are supplimentary angles because they add up to 1800

x
y a b

In the diagram above:- x + y = 1800 (complimentary angles). Similarly a + b = 1800 Note that the
shape of the diagrams look like letter C and U, hence co-interior angles are sometimes called C or U
angles

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Example
Calculate angles a and b shown in this diagram

540

b
a

Solution
A = 1260 (corresponding angles)
B = 540 (corresponding angles)

EVALUATION QUESTION
In this diagram, find the sizes of the lettered angles, give reasons.

h j
j 620

II ALTHERNATE ANGLES
When a transversal cut parallel lines alternate angles formed are equal.

a x
y
b

a=b ; x=y
Angles a and b are called alternate angles also angles x and y are called alternate angles. You can
quickly recognize alternate angles by looking for angles formed by letter Z as shown in the diagram
below.

p
m

q
n
In the above figures m = n, p = q.
Note, alternate angles are sometimes called Z angles.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Example
Fined the values of a and b in the diagram

700 1110

2a + 1
b

Solution
2a + 1 = 1110 (alternate angles)
collect like terms
2a = 1110 - 10
:. 2a = 1100
:. 2a = 1100
2 2
1.e. a = 550
Also b = 700 (alternate angles)

III VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES

When two straight lines intersect as shown in the figure below, then the vertically opposite angles are
equal. They are also called X angles.

x
a
b
y

A = b (vertically opposite angles)

X = y (vertically opposite angles)
Therefore, vertically opposite angles are equal.

Example

600
1200

Find and
Solution
X = 1200 (vertically opposite angles)
B = 600 (vertically opposite angles)

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
EVALUATION QUESTION

500
x z
y

Find angles x, y and z in the above diagram

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

1. Find the size of the following angles marked with letters

800 a

c
b d

2. Find angles p, q and r in the diagram below

p 1250

READING ASSIGNMENT
1. New General Mathematics for JSS I by JB Channon and others. Pages 139 - 141
2. Essential Mathematics for JSS I by AJS Oluwasanmi. Pages 205 - 208
3. STAN Mathematics for JSS I Page 191.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE
(1) <AOB and <COB are complimentary if <COB = 400, the <AOB is (a) 500 (b) 1400 (c) 3200
(d) 600 (e) 1200
(2) Find the value of x in the diagram below

3x

(a) 1350 (b) 1800 (c) 350 (d) 450 (e) 3600

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(3) In the diagram below find the value of x

380

x 750

(a) 380 (b) 750 (c) 800 (d) 1130 (e) 670
(4) X0Y and Y0Z are adjacent on a straight line X0Z. If X0Y = 580 then Y0Z is _________ (a)
320 (b) 1220 (c) 1320 (d) 2380 (e) 3020
(5) Complete the following sentence correctly. Vertically opposite angles (a) are alternate (b) add
up to 1800 (c) are corresponding (d) are equal (e) add up to 3600

THEORY
(1) Find the angles marked with letters in the following diagrams
(a)

1100

720
(b)
2a

(2) In the diagram below find a,b,c,d,e.

830

b0
c0
e0

a0 620 d0

WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE, ANGLE ON A STRAIGHT LINE, ANGLE AT APOINT
CONTENT
(1) Angle sum of a triangle
(2) Angles on a straight line
(3) Angles at a point

Angle sum of a triangle

(a) Definition: A Triangle is a three-sided plane figure with three angles.
(b) Types of triangles

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(i) Scalene triangle
This triangle has no sides and no angles square.

x
y
(ii) An Isosceles Triangle: This type of triangle has two adjacent sides equal and two
angles equal.
y

x x
(iii) An Equilateral Triangle
This type of triangle has all its sides equal and all its angles equal each angle is 600.

x x
(iv) An Acute angled triangle
This type of triangle has each of its angle less than 900 i.e. each angles is acute.
b

a c
a, b, c are acute angles
(v) An Obtuse angled triangle
This type of triangle has one of its angles more than 900.

(vi) A right – angled triangle

This triangle has one of its angles equal to 900. The side opposite the right angle
is the longest side and is often called hypotenuse.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(c) Angle sum of a triangle
The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 1800 proof:
To prove that the sum of angle of a triangle is equal to 1800, draw triangle ABC. Draw line LM
through the top vertex of the triangle, parallel to the base BC.

Label each angle as shown in the diagram. From the above diagram
b=d (alternate angles)
c=e (alternate angles)
But d + a + e = 1800 (sum of angles on a straight line).
:. a + b + c = d + a + e = 1800.
Hence, the sum of angles of a triangle = 1800.
Examples:
(i) Find the size of angle x in this triangle.

Solution
x + 640 + 880 = 1800 (sum of angle of a triangle)
:. X + 1520 = 1800
Collect like terms:.
:. X = 1800 – 1520
:. X = 280
(ii) From the diagram below
(a) Find the value of a
(b) Use the value of a to find the actual values of the interior angles of the triangle.

Solution
(a) <ABC = 2a (vertically opposite angles)
Now 2a + 3a + 5a = 1800 (sum of angles of a triangle).
:. 10a = 1800
:. 10a = 180 = 180
10 10
i.e. a = 180
(b) If a = 180
:. 2a = 2 x 180 = 360

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
0 0
Again 3a = 3 x 18 = 54
Also 5a = 5 x 180 = 900
:. The angles are 360, 540 and 900.
II Angles on a straight line
Definition: When a straight line stands on another straight line two adjacent angles are
formed. The sum of the two adjacent angles is 1800.

A O B
0
:. AOC + BOC = 180
Examples
(i) In this figure, find b.

700
b
600

Solution
700 +b + 600 = 1800 (supplementary angles)
:. B + 1300 = 1800
Collect like terms
:. B = 1800 - 1300
:. B = 500
(2) In the diagram, find the value of x.

x 45
60 0 42
SOLUTION
0
Since 600 + x + 450 + 420 = 1800 (sum of angles on a straight line) 0
:. X + 600 + 450 + 420 = 1800
:. X + 1470 = 1800
Collect like terms
:. X = 1800 - 1470
:. X = 330

EVALUATION QUESTION
Calculate the labelled angle in this diagram.
10x
READING ASSIGNMENT 3x 5x
(1) New general mathematics for JSS 1 by JB Channon and others pages 136 - 138
(2) Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi
(3) MAN mathematics book 1 pages 199.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(iii) Angles at a point
(a) Example: When a number of lines meet at appoint they will form the same number of
angles. The sum of the angles at a point is 3600
Note
C
B

x y
O

x + y = 3600

D A x and y are conjugate

AOB + BOC + COD + DOA = 3600

(b) Examples:
(1) Find the value of each angle in the figure.

2x
120x
5x
Solution
Since x + 2x + 5x + 1200 = 3600 (angles at a point)
8x + 1200 = 3600
Collect like terms
8x = 3600 – 1200
8x = 2400
8x = 2400
8 8
0
:. X = 30
Hence 2x = 2 x 300 = 600
Also 5x = 5 x 300 = 1500

x x

3200
From the diagram find the value of X
Solution
Since 3200 + x + x = 3600 (angle at a point)
3200 + 2x = 360
Collect like terms
2x = 3600 - 3200
2x = 400
X = 400 = 200
2
:. X =200

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
EVALUATION QUESTION
1. In a triangle, one of the angles is three times the other. If the third angle is 48 0, find the sizes
of the other two angles.
2. Find the value of k in the diagram below

300 k

1200
A
x e B
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION 132
1. Find the angles marked with letters in this figure y
0
b
D
From the diagram, find the angle marked with alphabet a E
350
a
220

b 1220

220

READING ASSIGNMENT
1. Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by A.J.S. Oluwasanmi Pages 202 – 207
2. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by J.B. Channon and other pages 135 – 144

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective
1. In this diagram angles x and y are called.

x y

(a) Complementary angles (b) Supplementary angles (c) Conjugate angles (d) vertically opposite
angles (e) alternate segment angles
(2) The sum of adjacent angles on a straight lines is __________ (a) 3600 (b) 900 (c) 3 right angles
(d) 1500 (e) 2 right angles
(3) Find the value of a in the diagram below
4a

64
(a) 640 (b) 160 (c) 320 (d) 450 (e) 500 0

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(4) Find the value of a in the diagram below

50 a
0

(a) 1000 (b) 400 (c) 800 (d) 500 (e) 300
1000
(5) The value of angle z in the diagram below is

720

380
Z
(a) 720 (b) 700 (c) 1500 (d) 1200 (e) 1100

Theory
1. Find the value of x and hence find the size of each angle

200 2x
x
4x 3x
2. State the sizes of the lettered angles in the figure below, give reasons

700
y0 250
950

z0
w0 x0

WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC:CONSTRUCTION OF PARALLEL LINES USING RULER AND SET SQUARE ONLY
CONTENT
i. To draw parallel lines (Horizontally) using a ruler and set-square only.
ii. To draw parallel lines (Non-horizontal) using a ruler and set-square only.
iii. Application of construction. Plane figure.
i. Drawing parallel lines (Horizontally using a ruler and set-square only.
(a) Guidelines for constructions.
In geometry, to construct a figure means to draw it accurately. Accurately construction depends on
using measuring instruments properly.
Generally, to carry out a construction, you require a sharp pencil, compasses, protractor and a good
ruler, set-square and dividers are also necessary.
When making constructions, the following guidelines should be followed.
(1) A short pencil of about 6cm should be fixed on the fixed on the pair of compasses when
constructing to avoid any obstruction when turning your compass round to draw arcs.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(2) Ensure that the pivot of your pair of compasses is tight to avoid unwanted shift when
carrying out your construction.
(3) To ensure that your lines and points are as fine and accurate as possible make use of a hard
pencil with a sharp point.
(4) Before making the actual construction, make a rough sketch of the problem under
consideration. This will make the construction of the actual problem easy.
(5) Leave all your arcs and construction lines visible. Do not clean any arc that leads you to your
final result.
(6) Double lines and arcs in constructions are not allowed, hence clean up all double arcs and
lines neatly and re-draw.
(b) To draw parallel lines
(i) Definition: Parallel lines are lines that do not meet. They always have the same distance
apart and are in the same direction.

(ii) Example
Draw accurately a line through 0, parallel to line MN.
Solution
Using a ruler and –square (i) Place one edge of the set-square along the given line MN. (ii) Place a
ruler along one of the other edges of the set-square as shown in the diagram below.
Ruler

O
Slide the set
square

M
Set Square
N

Hold the ruler firmly one hand.

(iii) Hold the ruler firmly with one hand and then slide the set- square with the second along the
edge of the ruler until you reach point O.
(iv) Draw the line with a sharp pencil
EVALUATION QUESTION
Use a ruler and set square to draw four lines that are parallel to each other.
(ii) To draw parallel lines (Non- horizontal) using a ruler and set square.
Example
Draw a line through point O, Parallel to line MN. O
N

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Solution
The set square and ruler are placed accordingly as shown in the diagram.

EVALUATION QUESTION
(i) Use ruler and Set Square to construct a pair of parallel lines that are 3cm apart.
(ii) Draw accurately a line through C parallel to AB in this diagram using ruler and set square.
C
B

A
CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINE USING RULER AND SET SQUARE ONLY
Definition
(a) TYPES OF LINES
(i) POINT: A point is used to denote a position of an object in space and it has a negligible size
or magnitude. It is usually represented by a dot (.) or a cross (x)
(ii) A LINE: A line is made up a set of points. The arrows at both ends show that line Mn
continues forever on both directions.

m n
(iii) STRAIGHT LINE:A straight line is the shortest distance two
points such as points m and n
(iv) HORIZONTAL LINE: A line drawn straight across the page is called a horizontal line

A B
(v) VERTICAL LINE: A line drawn straight up or down a page is called a vertical line.

(vi) ANGLES: When two linesQ meet at a point, an angle is formed. Angle are measured in
degrees. The symbol for degrees is O. Therefore an angle may be describe as a measure of

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
the degree of rotation between two lines that intersect a point. For example in the diagram
A and BO meet is O. the angle formed is θ (theta).
below the point where lines AO

B
θ
O

AO and BO are called the arms of the angle θ and point O is called the vertex.
(vii) PERPENDICULAR LINES:When a horizontal line meets (intersects) a vertical line, both lines
are said to be perpendicular to each other.

A
Vertical

B
Horizontal
The symbol for perpendicular lines is i.e. AO BO
That is: Two lines are perpendicular to each other if they intersect at right angles (i.e. 90 0) example:
P

R
900
Q

PQ RQi.e. line PQ is perpendicular to line RQ

A Y
AB XY
Line AB is perpendicular
to line XY.

X B
Evaluation question
Give a brief definition and a sketch diagram to explain them. (a) a straight line (b) perpendicular line

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 102 – 103.

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II CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINES EXPLANATION
To construct a perpendicular from a point to a line using ruler and set square.

(1) Place a ruler along the lines.

(2) Use the two edges of a set square which are the arms of its right angle. Place one of these
edges along the ruler. Slide the set square along the ruler until the other edge reaches P.

(3) P
Hold the set square firm. Draw the line through P to meet the line perpendicularly.
P

Example
Draw a perpendicular line to PQ at R

P Q
R
Solution
(i) Place one edge of the right angle of the set square along the given line (i.e. PQ)
(ii) Place a ruler along the hypotenuse as show below.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
(iii) Hold the ruler firmly with one hand and then slide the set square with the second hand
along the edge of the ruler until the required position R is reached as shown in the diagram
below. Draw a line through R.

Evaluation Question
From This pentagon, draw perpendicular line from P to
the five sides using ruler and set square.

(iii) APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTIONS: DRAWINGPLANE FIGURE E.G. (RECTANGLE)

Example:
Draw accurately a rectangle of length 8cm and width 5cm using ruler and set square.
Solution 8cm

5cm

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
EVALUATION QUESTION
Use ruler set square and protractor construct parallelogram ABCD with AB = 8cm and BC = 5cm and
ABC = 1200. D
C

1200

A 8cm B
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. use ruler and set square to construct a pair of parallel lines that are 5cm apart
2. Draw accurately a line through D parallel to BC in this diagram using ruler and set square.

READING ASSIGNMENT
1. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by JB Channon and others pages 151
2. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. In construction, __________ is an instrument for drawing lines and measurement of length.
(a) compass (b) dividers (c) ruler (d) protractor
2. The angles between two lines that are perpendicular is (a) 700 (b) 900 (c) 800 (d) 1000
3. In construction __________ is an instrument for constructing and measuring angles (a) set
square (b) compass (c) protractor (d) ruler
4. These instruments are necessary for construction except _________ (a) compass (b) ruler (c)
block (d) protractor
5. In construction you must be __________ (a) careful (b) careless (c) untidy (d) unprepared

THEORY
1. In construction, name five basic instruments that are very important
2. Use ruler and set square construct a rectangle of length 6cm by 3cm.

WEEK NINE
TOPIC: DATA STATISTICS REPRESENTATION
CONTENT: 1. Definition
2. Method of collecting data
3. Classification of data

DEFINITION
i. Statistics: is the branch of study of data. It involves (a) Gathering (i.e. collecting) data
(b) sorting and tabulating data (c) presenting data visually by means of diagrams.
ii. Data: (SINGULAR DATUM) means information which are usually given in the form of
meaningful. Data may be categorized into quantitative and qualitative
iii. Quantitative data: a numerical data, which is usually given in the form of a number or
measurement is called quantitative data e.g. number of cars, height, number of towns
etc. quantitative dateis either discrete or continuous.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
iv. Discrete data: are data which can be obtained by counting (not by measurement).
Discrete data can only exact values such as whole numbers. E.g. 2 boys, 3 houses etc.
hence discrete data have definite or exact values
v. Continuous Data: are data that can be obtained by measurement (not by counting).
Continuous data can take any values within a given range. E.g. height 1.6cm, height
40.56cm etc.
vi. Qualitative Date: this is a non-numerical value which is concerned with qualities such as
names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness etc.

Evaluation
Explain briefly with an example (i) Discrete data (ii) Continuous data

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

There are two discrete ways of collecting data. These are (a) by carrying out experiment (b)
by survey

a. By Carrying out Experiments: Data can be obtained from experimental work carried out
in the laboratories by students or scientist for example, various measurements, such as
temperature, pressure, weight and height of an object can be obtained by setting up an
experiments.
b. By Survey: This collection of information or data on a subject. A survey may be carried
out by using the existing published data, making observation and asking questions.
(i) Using existing published data: Existing data may be obtained from libraries,
schools, newspaper, and government’s publications such as annual abstract of
statistics, stake statistics, employment gazettes, books journals and other
publications.
(ii) Making Observation: This method involves collecting data by observation e.g. you
can do a round traffic survey by counting and recording the various types of vehicles
that ply a particular road.
(iii) Asking questions: You can ask other people questions to obtain their views or vital
information in two ways: i. by interviewing them ii. By giving those questionnaires
to fill in their response.
 By Interviewing: This involves asking other people questions in order to
obtain vital information or strict pattern or information, in which the
questions asked only general formal but the order or the way the questions
are presented can vary. It must be noted that the interviewers must avoid
bias, misleading ambiguous and offensive questions.
 Questionnaires: This is the most popular method of collecting data.
Questionnaires are list of questions designed to obtain or discover
particular information in a survey. In questionnaires, everyone is asked the
same questions. The questionnaires may be given directly to an individual
or sent to them by post to fill in their response. The main advantage of
postal questionnaires is that it can be sent to many people in another
towns or cities.

Evaluation
Mention two major ways that data can be collected.

Reading Assignment
Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi pages 253 – 255

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
Data can be obtained either by direct collection from respondents or form a data bank of a
data collection agency. Data collected directly from information’s are called
1. Primary Data: are those from data banks are called secondary data.
2. Secondary Data: these are obtained from data collection agencies, engaged in
routine data collection for research and planning some of these agencies include:
i. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Principal agency
ii. Central Bank of Nigeria
iii. Statistics units of Ministries/Parastatals
iv. Commercial Companies/ Industries.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Name two broad ways of classification of data
2. Mention two agencies we can collect secondary data

REVISION QUESTION
Michael obtained the following scores in a Basic Technology examination:
65, 72, 58, 82, 74, 64, 78, 70, 80, 75, 68
Arrange these scores:
1. In ascending order
2. In descending order

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi chapter 23 pages 255 – 260.
Exercise 23.2 No 1&2 page 258

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
42 83
1. Which one of the following is a discrete data A. 1.25 B. C. D. 5
5 4
2. Data that is written in random order is called A. qualitative data B. raw data C.
quantitative data D. discrete data E. continuous data
3. Which of the following must a questionnaires be? A. simple B. misleading C.
ambiguous D. irrelevant E. offensive
4. We can represent data by _____________ A. line B. dist C. number D. picture E.
double lines
5. Statistics deals majorly on ___________ A. building B. dancing C. data D. fish E.
animals

THEORY
1. Mention 3 things you must avoid when designing a questionnaires
2. In carrying out a survey, mention two ways, you can obtain information from people.

WEEK 10
TOPIC: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA USING PICTOGRAM, PIE CHARTS AND BAR
CHARTS
CONTENT: i) The Pictogram
ii) The bar charts
iii) The pie charts
INTRODUCTION
A frequency table is a numerical presentation of data in an organized summary from.

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Diagrams, symbols and pictures sometimes catch the eye more quickly than the number.
They also tell stories more easily than numbers. It is also observed that it is easier to
understand frequency table than the raw data, another method of presenting data, which
most graphical find easier than table, is observe method. Graphs help us to observe any
patterns easily. Examples of these graphs are pictogram, bar chart, line graph and pie chart.

THE PICTOGRAM
This uses pictures to represent statistics information or data. The pictogram is also called an
ideograph. A pictogram uses pictures or drawings to give a quick and easy meaning to
statistical data. A pictogram is a simple way of representing data in which a number of
indentical drawings or pictures and used to show the data. It is useful to use pictures which
can easily be divided into halves, quarters and do on. A pictogram must have a key to show
that each picture stands for. Also you need to give the diagram a title
Example: The following table shows the favorite sports of 75 students
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram.

Favourite sports Frequency

Football 25
Wrestling 10
Boxing 5
Table Tennis 15
Swimming 20

Evaluation Question
The following table shows the number of students in JSS 1 in different houses at a certain
school.
Represent the data in the form of a pictogram

House Blue Yellow Green Purple

Students 16 14 11 21

Reading Assignment
1. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 262-273
2. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Channon other. Page 145-151
3. MAN mathematics for JSS 1 page 211

THE BAR CHARTS

Bar chart is very like a pictogram. The bars have the same width and usually have equal
spaces between them. Instead of using pictures as in case of the pictogram, we must use a
bar to represent the frequency of each of the item. In drawing a bar chart, we must take the
following features into consideration.
i. The charts consists of bars
ii. The bars must be of equal width
iii. The lengths of the bars are in proportion of the frequencies being represented. The
bars may be vertical or horizontal

Example
The following figures show the number of children per family in a sample of 40 households
1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 6,
5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 5,

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
4, 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5, 4, 3
(a) Prepare a frequency table for this data
(b) Draw a bar chart to illustrate the above data

Solution
(a) Frequency table
No of children per family 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
frequency 2 5 9 7 7 4 3 3

(b)

Bar Chart
10
9
8
Frequency

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Family Size
Evaluation Question
The table below shows different colours of cars found in a company’s car park. Draw a bar
chart for this data.
Colour of cars White Blue Red Grey black
Frequency 20 17 10 8 15

Reading Assignment
Essential Mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 262

THE PIE CHART

A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into slices (i.e sectors) whose angles are used to
display data.
The size of an angle of each sector gives the frequency of each value. The major advantage
of a pie chart is that it enables us to see clearly how the size of parts are compared in
relation to one another and to the overall total. It is important to label each sector
according to the given items and also give pie chart a little.
Example: A student was given N600.00 in June as a pocket money. He spent the money as
follows:
Food = N200.00
Transport = N100.00
Books = N120.00
Rent = N150.00
Miscellaneous = N30.00

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data.
Solution
There are 360o in a full circle and the total amount spent was N600.00 this means N600.00 is
°
360
represented by 360o; N1 is represented by = 0.6
600
= 200 x 0.6
= 120o

Amount Spent in
Items Angle
Naira (N)
Food 200 200 x 0.6 = 120o
Transport 100 100 x 0.6 = 60o
Books 120 120 x 0.6 = 72o
Rent 150 150 x 0.6 = 90o
Miscellaneous 30 30 x 0.6 = 18o
TOTAL 600 360o
120 + 60 + 72 + 90 + 18 = 360o
o o o o o

Pie chart
n eo u s
m iscella

rt
s po
ra n
Fo

T
o
d

18o
60o
120o
72o
Re
nt

Books

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

400 students were asked whether they liked yam, cornflakes, bread, rice or some other type
of food for breakfast, the following data was recorded.
Type of Food Yam Cornflakes Bread Rice Other Total
Frequency 65 110 80 120 25 400
Draw a bar and a pie chart to represent this information

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics Bk. 1 pages 261 – 273. Exercise 25.4 No 1-5

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not a pictorial form of presenting data?A. Bar chart B. Pie
chart C. Frequency distribution D. Line graph

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
The pie chart below shows the course which a group of students are doing. Use the pie chart
to answer questions 2 to 5

Law.
xo

Medicine. 800
130o Accounting.

1200
Engineering.

2. What is the value of angle xo? A. 20o B. 30o C. 40o D. 35o

3. Which course most students doing? A. Engineering B. Accounting C. Law D.
Medicine
4. Which course has the least number of students? A. Engineering B. Accounting C.
Law D. Medicine
2 1 1 1
5. What fraction of the students are doing Engineering? A. B. C. D.
3 4 3 6

THEORY
1. 40 youths who were admitted into a mental hospital due to drug abuse were asked to
name the types of drugs they often take. The table shows how they replied.
Indian hemp 35%
Morphine 20%
Heroine 15%
Cocaine 30%
i. Represent this information in a pie chart
Find the number of youths in each category

WEEK ELEVEN
TOPIC: STATISTICS II
CONTENT: i) The Mean
ii) The Median
iii) The Mode
INTRODUCTION
Average is the most used word to describe measure of a set of numbers. It is a single value
used to represent a set of numbers ( i.e. all values in a set of data).
For example, the average age of students in JSS1 in Good Shepherd Schools is 10yrs. This
does not mean that every student in JSS1 is 10yrs, but 10 yrs is used to represent the age of
all students in JSS1.
The most commonly used statistical averages are arithmetic mean, median and mode.

The Mean

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic mean, is the most common average. The mean
of a set of numbers or values is found by simply adding all the values together and then
divide by the number of the values.
i.e. Mean =
∑ of values
number of values
Example 1
Find the mean of the following numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Solution
Sum of all the numbers = 4 + 5+ 6+ 7+ 8 =30
There are 5 numbers, so divide by 5
Mean =
∑ of values = 30 =6
number of values 5
Example 2
In five tests, a student’s marks were 13, 17, 18, 8 and 10. What is the average mark?
Solution
13+17+18+8+ 10
Average (mean) mark =
5
66
= = 13.2
5
Example 3
A hockey team has played eight games and has a mean score of 3.5 goals per game. How
many goals has the team scored?
Solution
total number of goals
Mean score =
number of games
total number of goals
3.5 =
8
Multiply both sides by 8
Total number of goals = 3.5 x 8
Total number of goals scored = 28

Evaluation
The ages of 10 pupils in a certain class are: 9, 9, 8, 12, 11, 11, 12, 10,9,9
(a) Calculate the mean age of the pupils.
(b) How many pupils are less than the mean age?
(c) How many pupils are above the mean age?

The Median
The median of a set of values or data is the middle value when the data is arranged in order
of magnitude or size.
Example 4
Find the median of the following numbers 13, 10, 6, 8, 7, 9, 11
Solution
Arrange the numbers in order of increasing size
6,7,8, 9, 10, 11, 13
The middle value is the fourth number from LHS, i.e. 9 is the median
Note: The result is the same if the numbers are arranged in order of decreasing size
Example 5
Find the median of these numbers: 13, 15, 14, 12, 13, 15, 16, 10, 12, 14
Solution
Arrange the set of numbers in order of increasing size

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 16
We have even number of values, so there is no middle number. Tp obtain the median, we
add the two middle numbers and then divide by 2.
Median =
∑ of the two middle numbers
2
13+14 1
= = 13
2 2
Evaluation
A dice was thrown 14 times, and the scores were : 1,6,6,4,3,5,5,2,4,6,3,2,1,4. Find the
median score

The Mode
The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of data. A set of data may have
more than one mode. When all values occur only once then there is no mode.
Example 6
Find the mode of these numbers 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 3, 2
Solution
3 occurs 5 times, 4 occurs 2 times, 2 occurs 3 times, 5 occurs 1 time
3 occurs most frequently, so the mode is 3

Note: if there are two modes in a data, the data is said to be bimodal and when there are
more than two modes, the data is said to be multimodal.

Evaluation
Find the mode of these numbers
(a) 14, 18, 12, 10, 18, 20,19,14,18,10
(b) 1,5,6,3,5,7,10,8,4,9

General Evaluation
The table below shows the marks obtained in a Mathematics test by JSS1 students.
Mark 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency 2 3 5 7 4 2
Find the
(a) Modal mark
(b) Median mark
(c) Mean mark of the distribution to 1 d.p

Reading Assignment
1. Essential Mathematics for JSS1 by A.J.S Oluwasanmipg 270-275
2. NGM for JSS1 by MF Macrae, et. al pg179-184

Weekend Assignment
1. A student obtained 50, 80, 60 and 70 marks in 4 different tests in Mathematics. Find
the mean score. A. 60 B. 65 C. 70 D. 75
2. Find the median of these numbers: 6, 3, 5, 7, 8. A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 5.5
3. What is the mode of these numbers: 4,6,8,7,3,1,3,7,1,8,1. A. 7 B. 2 C. 8 D. 1
4. The length of 20 metal rods is 1860cm when added together. Find the average
length of the rods. A. 91cm B. 90.5 cm C. 93cm D.92cm
5. If there are two modes in a data, the data is said to be ........... A. single modal B.
multimodal C. bimodal D. none of the above
Theory

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Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: ___________________
1. Zainab did 10 tests in English dictation and her marks were as follows: 70, 50, 60, 75, 30,
65, 60, 40, 78, 80 (a) Find her mean mark (b) Find her median mark (c) Find her modal
mark
2. Tolu obtained an average of 70 marks in 8 tests. He then scored 65 and 80 marks in
another two tests. Find his new average mark.

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