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1 © 2014 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 ANSYS Mechanical Acoustics
& Vibroacoustics Capabilities

2 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Acoustic Simulation

• Acoustic Simulation
– Simulate the generation, propagation, radiation, absorption and reflection of
sound pressure waves in acoustic medium

• Applications
– Noise elimination in automobiles
– Noise minimization in machines
– Architecture acoustics
– Hearing devices
– Sonar and underwater acoustics
– Design of speakers, acoustic filters, mufflers, and other similar devices
– Geophysical exploration
– Aero-acoustics

3 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 ANSYS Mechanical Acoustics

• Powerful Acoustic FEM Solver

– Complete acoustic element library
– Sophisticated acoustic material models
– Coupled acoustic-structural interaction for vibro-acoustics
– High performance computation compatible
– Multiphysics applications

Structural-
Mechanics Acoustics
Fluid Dynamics

4 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Overview

• ANSYS Mechanical provides an integrated environment

for solving acoustic and vibro-acoustic problems:
– Modal, harmonic, transient and spectrum analyses
– Coupling with structural domain for vibroacoustic analyses (one way
coupling or fully coupled)
– Coupling with Maxwell or Fluent for multiphysics applications

5 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Background

The Helmholtz equation (linear wave equation) is used as the basis for the
acoustic domain: 2
1  p
 2 p  0
c t
2 2

Additional modifications are made to include non-uniform material

properties and mass source terms (sloshing and FSI effects omitted in
equation below):
 1  2 Q
   pa   pa   j
  x    x c x   x 
2

This is then solved with the finite element method:

M p C p  K p  q

p p p

6 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Modal Analyses

• Determine frequencies and standing wave patterns within a structure

• Ability to include impedance boundary conditions and structural
interactions
• Block Lanczos, Subspace, Damped and Unsymmetric eigensolvers
available

Image on the right

shows standing
wave patterns in an
acoustic cavity

7 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Harmonic Response Analysis

• Calculate response of system as a function of frequency based

on volumetric flow rate or pressure excitation
• Plot of transmission loss on bottom left; muffler pressure
distribution shown on right.

8 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Transient Analyses

• Investigate time-dependent response of system

• Example of time-history pressure plot showing beat phenomenon

9 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Response Spectrum

• Response Spectrum analysis allows us to investigate the maximum

response of a structure subject to a time-history loading function.
• It requires an unsymmetric upstream modal analysis.
• Single Point Response Spectrum (base motion is uniform) and Random
Vibration are supported.

10 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Vibroacoustic Coupling

Ansys allows Fully coupled (for instance underwater applications) or one

way coupled vibroacoustic analyses.
One-way coupling from structure to acoustics is more computationally
efficient, while the acoustic effect on the structure can be neglected. The
structural results can be used as the acoustic excitation source using the
one-way coupling process.

Several solutions are available for One-Way Coupling from Structure to

Acoustics:
• Project Schematic Link (non-conforming mesh)
• External Data (non-conforming mesh)
• ASI File (conforming and non-conforming mesh)

11 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Fully Coupled Vibroacoustic Analyses

The structural and acoustic equations are coupled – this can be solved
with an unsymmetric matrix approach or a symmetric matrix approach,
the latter being more efficient. The symmetric form is shown below
(including the sloshing term):

p  q  jq
 1  1    1 
C fs  q   
1
 M  S  0   q   Cq 0  q   f q 
  2   o  q g q   Kq
       
 u   u   o
j
  o  u   f 
 0 M u   C fs Cu   0 Ku 

12 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Fully Coupled Vibroacoustic Analyses

• Coupling with structure, including piezoelectric elements, allows for

solving many tightly-coupled problems such as transducer or speaker
design
• Pressure waves generated by piezoelectric transducer

13 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 One Way Coupling Vibroacoustic

The structural analysis (MSUP or FULL) and the pure acoustic analysis are
performed in 2 different harmonic models. The structural velocities are
transferred to the acoustics harmonic analysis using project schematic
link.

14 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Loads & Boundary Conditions

• Wave sources: planar wave, monopole, dipole, analytical port modes in

duct
• Velocity (including frequency dependent)
• Mass source (including frequency dependent)
• Impedance (including frequency dependent)
• Absorption coefficient (including frequency dependent)

15 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Deterministic Aero Vibro Acoustics (DAVA)

Scale Resolving Acoustics Modeling

Vibration Modeling
Transient Flow Sound Propagation

p’ (time)  p (frequency) Velocity Mapping OR

Deterministic Transient Loads Strongly Coupled Vibroacoustics

16 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Deterministic Aero Vibro Acoustics (DAVA)

17 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Simulation Process – From Sound Source
to Driver’s Ear
Solve Time  Freq. Mapping Solve Vibro-
Transient Domain Freq. Domain Acoustics
CFD Transform Pressure Loading Model

18 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Transform :
Time  Frequency Domain

Time domain pressure loading is

transformed into frequency domain
using Acoustic Sources FFT

19 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Electromagnetic Noise source
• Electric Motors and Generators produce structural noise and
vibrations associated with many physical mechanisms. In this
example we look at the vibrations and noise produced by the
transient electromagnetic forces on the stator of a permanent magnet
motor.

20 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Electromagnetic Noise source
Mechanical Vibrations induced by electromagnetic
forces acting on rotor-stator produces appreciable
noise

• Direct Force Mapping

– Electromagnetic forces from Maxwell
to Mechanical by linking systems in
Workbench
– Can perform time domain Transient
Analysis
– Can perform frequency domain
Harmonic Analysis
– 2D to 3D or 3D to 3D

21 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Random Excitation with Diffuse Sound Field

The diffuse sound field is approached by the asymptotic model summing a

high number of uncorrelated plane waves with random phases from all
directions in free space.
The incident space of the diffuse sound field is mesh-free.
Also Rayleigh integral allows to get ride of the receiver room mesh.

Sender room Receiver room

22 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Wave Absorption Conditions

The exterior structural acoustics problem typically involves a structure

submerged in an infinite, homogeneous, inviscid fluid.
In FEA we need to truncate the domain. Wave absorption conditions
allow us to model a smaller portion of the domain and assume that
outgoing waves keep propagation outwards and do not reflect back.
There are 3 types of wave absorption conditions: Perfectly Matched
Layers Conditions, Radiation Boundary & Infinite Fluid Elements:

Type Modal Harmonic Transient

PML no yes no
Radiation Boundary yes yes yes
Absorbing Elements yes yes yes

23 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Perfectly Matched Layers

• A 3-D PML region consists of layers of elements extending from the

interior volume towards the open domain as shown in the following
figure. You construct a block about the origin of the global Cartesian
coordinate system or a local Cartesian coordinate system. You align
the edges of the 3-D PML region with the axes of the Cartesian
coordinate system.
• To obtain satisfactory numerical accuracy, you should use at least
three layers of PML elements and the PML thickness may need to be
greater than a quarter wavelength.

• Any kinds of excitation sources are

• prohibited in the PML region.

24 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Radiation Boundary

The Robin condition is used to apply an absorbing boundary on any

kind of surface (no outermost surfaces shape restriction). The Robin
boundary condition can be used for the harmonic response, modal
or transient analysis.


p(r ) 
Theory:  j 0Y0 p(r )  0
n

Where: Y0  1 / 0c0

25 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Floquet Periodic Boundary Condition

The pressure wave satisfies the Floquet principle if the wave

propagates in a periodic structure. The infinite extension assumption
allows you to investigate a single periodic unit cell as shown in the
following figure.

26 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Floquet Periodic Boundary Condition

• FPBC truncates infinite structure into one single unit

• The model CANNOT be solved without FPBC
Oblique incident planar wave Oblique incident planar wave

L L Surface wave
 jk 0 cos  sin  ( xs  xm )
e Substrate
Plate
xm xs
p ( L)  p (0)e L

27 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Floquet Periodic Boundary Condition

• Floquet theorem:
p ( x  L)  p ( x)e L

• Where =+j (- attenuation coefficient, -propagating

constant), L is the period

Slave node Slave node e  j ( 1  2 )

e  j 2

Master node Slave node e  j 1

28 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Equivalent Perforated Material Models

Several equivalent fluid models are available to approximate the

perforated material with the rigid skeleton.
The equivalent model uses the wave equation with complex effective
density and velocity.

TBOPT Model Input Parameters

Fluid Resistivity σ, Porosity φ, Tortuosity α∞, Viscous

JCA Johnson-Champoux-Allard
Characteristic Length Λ, Thermal Characteristic Length Λ’

DLB Delany-Bazley Fluid Resistivity σ (0.01 < f/σ <1.00)

MIKI Miki Fluid Resistivity σ (f/σ < 1.00)

Resistance Rs, Reactance Xs, Attenuation Constant α,

ZPRO Complex Impedance and Propagating Constant
Phase Constant β

CDV Complex Density and Velocity Complex Effective Density and Velocity

29 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Equivalent Perforated Material Models

• Additional parameters dynamic (shear) viscosity η, thermal

conductivity κ, heat coefficient at a constant pressure Cp, heat coefficient
at a constant pressure Cv, and static reference pressure P0 should be
defined for the Johnson-Champoux-Allard model. When the Johnson-
Champoux-Allard model is provided with ten inputs, it has better
numerical accuracy than the Delany-Bazley or the Miki models, which
require only one input parameter.
• In the absence of multiple parameters, except for fluid resistivity,
either the Delany-Bazley of Miki model can be a viable option for
predicting the properties of a perforated material. The working range of
the Delany-Bazley model limits it to 0.01 < f/σ <1.00 where f is the
frequency, while the Miki model extends to f/σ < 0.01 for low frequencies.
• For general damping material problems (depending on the availability
of parameters), use either the ZPRO or CDV model.

30 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Johnson-Champoux-Allard Equivalent Fluid
Model of Perforated Material
• Assuming the skeleton of perforated material is rigid, the perforated
material can be approximated by Johnson-Champoux-Allard equivalent
fluid model, in which the complex effective density and velocity is used
(Allard ([407])). The wave equation with complex effective density and
velocity is given by:
1 2
( pa )  pa  0
 eff  eff ceff2

1/ 2
  j 4 2 0 
• The effective density is given by:  1  2 2 2 
j    
  0 

• where:
•  = angular frequency  = fluid resistivity
•  = porosity α = tortuosity
•  = viscous characteristic length ρ0 = density of fluid
•  = dynamic (shear) viscosity

31 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Johnson-Champoux-Allard Equivalent Fluid
Model of Perforated Material
• The effective bulk modulus is given by:
P0
 ( )  1
 8  '2 j 0 Prt 
1/ 2

  (  1)  1 
2 
  1
 j 0 Prt '  16   

• where:
•  C p / Cv = specific heat ratio P0 = static reference pressure
Prt  C p / 
• = Prandtl number ’ = thermal characteristic length
•  = thermal conductivity
• Cp = specific heat at constant pressure (MP,C)
• Cv = specific heat at constant volume (MP,CVH)

ceff   eff
• The complex effective velocity is cast by:

Note: MAPDL command: TB,PERF

32 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016
 Delany-Bazley and Miki Models
• Instead of inputting five parameters in the Johnson-Champoux-
Allard model, only one parameter, fluid resistivity, is required in the
Delany-Bazley and Miki models. In general, complex impedance is
defined by: 𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿 𝒄

𝜸 =∝ +𝒋𝜷
• The complex propagation constant s is defined by:
• Where:
• R: Resistance
• X: Reactance
• ∝: Attenuation constant
• 𝜷: Phase constant

36 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Delany-Bazley and Miki Models

• In both the Delany-Bazley and the Miki models,

variables are approximated by the functions:

• Where:
• F: Frequency
• σ: Fluid resistivity

37 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Thermoacoustics

• When pressure waves are traveling in small fluid-filled cavities

and ducts, thermal and viscous losses occur, especially at the walls
boundaries, and attenuate the acoustic waves.
• To improve the accuracy of the results this effect thus needs to
be considered when modeling small structures like hearing aids
devices, visco-thermal resonators…

39 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Thermo-viscous

The interaction between the acoustic pressure wave in the viscous fluid and the
rigid wall is taken into account for specific structures using the following models:
• Boundary Layer Impedance: The rigid wall is replaced by the effective
impedance boundary

• Low Frequency Reduced Models: Pipe or slit with specified cross section

tbopt Comments Input Parameters

THIN Thin layer between two rigid plates Thickness of the layer

RECT The tube with rectangular cross section Width and height of the rectangle

CIRC The tube with circular cross section Radius of the circle

40 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Thermo-viscous Boundary Layer Impedance Model

• Acoustic propagation within a homogeneous thermo-viscous fluid-filled

medium at rest, unbounded in all directions, involves reactive and
absorbing processes which can be characterized, in the frequency domain,
by a complex wavenumber, whose imaginary part is proportional to the
shear and bulk viscosity coefficients and the heat conduction coefficient.
• When solving a problem in a rigid-walled domain, taking into account
the reactive and dissipative processes in the viscous and thermal boundary
layers, an admittance-like boundary can be used:

 k w2

  k0  2 
  1 

 k0 kv kh 

• Where:
Cp 
k h  1  i 
k0
kv  1  i 
k0
 k0 
Cv c0 2lv 2lh

41 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Low Reduced Frequency Model (LRF)

The low reduced frequency (LRF) model is derived from a simplified

Navier-Stokes equations with the following assumptions:

• The acoustic wavelength is much greater than the length scale of the
geometry
• The acoustic wavelength is much greater than the boundary layer
thickness
• The Helmholtz wave equation with modified density and bulk module
for the LRF model is as follows:

 1  2
 p   p0 In the bulk domain
 0
ˆ  K0ˆ

42 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Transfer Admittance Matrix
To avoid meshing a complicated perforated structure, introduce a 2 x 2
transfer admittance matrix to trim the complex perforated structures.
Transfer admittance matrices are available only in harmonic acoustic
analyses.
TBOPT Model Input Parameters
YMAT General Transfer Admittance Matrix 22 Complex Admittance Matrix: Y11,Y12,Y21,Y22

Radius of hole, Grid period, Thickness, Density, Dynamic viscosity, Ratio of

HGYM Hexagonal Grid Plate
inner and outer radius for cylindrical structure
Radius of hole, Grid period, Thickness, Density, Dynamic viscosity, Ratio of
SGYM Square Grid Plate inner and outer radius for cylindrical structure

Square Grid Hexagonal Grid

d
d

44 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Theoretical Background

• Two-port transfer admittance matrix

p1
 vn1  Y11 Y12   p1  1  p2
    p     vn1 [Y] vn2
 n 2   21 22   2   2 
v Y Y
– The two ports of transfer admittance matrix are
connected to the acoustic fluid
 vn1  Y11 Y12   p1  1 
ΩF,1 [Y] ΩF,2      
vn 2  Y21 Y22   p2   2 
– One port is connected to acoustic fluid and another is
connected to the solid surface (FSI interface)

 ps   a11 a12  nˆS ,1  vs   1 
ΩS,1 [Y] ΩF,2 ˆ     p    

 F , 2 a   21 22   a   2 
n v a a

Where a11  1 / Y11 a12  Y12 / Y11 1  1 / Y11

a21  Y21 / Y11 a22  Y22  Y12Y21 / Y11  2   2  1Y21 / Y11

45 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Transfer Admittance Matrix

•  and l of the grid geometry

Square Grid Hexagonal Grid

d
d

  a2 6  a 2
 2 
d 5 3d2
  a a   a a
 0 .85  a  1  2.34  0   0.25  0.85  a  1  2.52  0   0.25
l    d  d  d d
l  
0.668  a1  1.9 a  0.25  a  0.5 0.668  a1  2.0 a  0.25  a  0.5
  d d   d d
TB, PERF, mat, , , SGYM, a, d, l, ,  TB, PERF, mat, , , HGYM, a, d, l, , 

46 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Linear Perturbation Process
For an acoustic-structural coupled solution, support is available for a nonlinear
static structural solution using a morphed mesh under the linear perturbation
scheme (modal and harmonic prestressed).

Following is the general process for solving an acoustic-structural interaction

with nonlinear static structural prestress:
Step Task Comments
1 Build the model The model contains either FSI interface or displacement constraints.
Perform a standard nonlinear static structural solution with the morphing
2 Solve a nonlinear static structural problem
operation.

3 Start a linear perturbation process Restart the solution with the linear perturbation process.

4 Solve a modal or harmonic problem Perform a modal or harmonic acoustic analysis.

47 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Acoustics Output Quantities

• The output parameters available are:

• Postprocess pressure, SPL, acoustic velocity or energy in computational domain
as contour plot
• Postprocess frequency/time domain results in computational domain
• Postprocess results outside of computational domain (far field results)

53 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Calculating Acoustic Propagation Parameters

After solving an acoustic problem, it may be desirable to calculate some

parameters for the underlying acoustic system. The following parameters
can be calculated:

• Input power
• Output power
• Return loss
• Attenuation coefficient
• Transmission loss

54 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Application Examples

56 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Example
Multiphysics – from Maxwell to Acoustics Courtesy of CADFEM

Magnetic Field
ANSYS Maxwell

Forces (FFT)
Structural Dynamics
ANSYS Mechanical

Displacements
Acoustic Field
ANSYS Mechanical

Acoustic Field Results:

Sound pressure animation at 2500 Hz

57 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Multiphysics – from Fluent to Acoustics
Pressure Field
ANSYS Fluent

Pressures (FFT)
Structural Dynamics
ANSYS Mechanical

Displacements
Acoustic Field
ANSYS Mechanical

58 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Muffler
• Three Pass Perforated Reflective Muffler

50
40
30 Experimental
20 ANSYS
10 Theory
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

• Single Pass Absorptive Muffler (JCA model)

50
40
30
20
ANSYS-0.962 porosity, dh= 0.249 cm, 100 kg/m^3
10
Experimental-0.962 porosity, dh= 0.249 cm, 100 kg/m^3
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

59 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Viscothermal Resonator

To reduce the sound pressure level quarter-wave resonator panels made

of an assembly of tubes of different diameters and lengths can be used.
The absorption of the resonator panel is due to a combined effect of
quarter-wave phenomenon and viscothermal loss.

60 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Consumer Goods

Example below shows ¼ symmetry model of speaker on far left.

Image in middle shows speaker with surrounding air, including PML
region to absorb outgoing waves. Right-most image shows SPL
isosurfaces when speaker is excited at 700 Hz.

61 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Tank filled with water

Problem statement:
• The model consists of a tank structure filled with water,
• Our goal is to calculate the sloshing modes of the system.

62 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016

 Q&A
[email protected]
0800919225

63 © 2016 ANSYS, Inc. June 16, 2016