AI Fundamentals
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jcmayacWhat is Artificial
Intelligence?
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
What is AI?
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is AI?
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is AI?
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is AI?
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
First things first: Computer Science
The group of technical knowledge needed for the automatic processing of information by
computers: hardware, software, data, networks, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
First things first: Computer Science
The group of technical knowledge needed for the automatic processing of information by
computers: hardware, software, data, networks, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
First things first: Computer Science
The group of technical knowledge needed for the automatic processing of information by
computers: hardware, software, data, networks, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Machines that learn to mimic reasoning, decision-making, and in general exhibit some
degree of human-like intelligence to solve a problem.
EU Commission, 2019:
"Systems that, given a goal, perceive their environment, interpret the collected data, reason
to derive knowledge, and decide the best action(s) to achieve the goal".
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI vs Artificial General Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Perceives, interprets and learns from data. Equals or exceeds average human
Reasons and makes decisions intelligence
Excels at solving specific tasks Solves a breadth of tasks intelligently
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI vs Artificial General Intelligence
Examples of AI "Halfway" examples towards AGI
Voice assistants Self-driving cars
Facial recognition AlphaGo
Personalized recommendations Generative AI: Language Models (e.g. GPT)
Autonomous industrial robots
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What AI can -and
cannot- do?
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Things AI can do
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Predictions and inference
Machine Learning: Learn from data how to
make predictions or inferences.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Predictions and inference
Machine Learning: Learn from data how to
make predictions of inferences.
Predictions: forecasting what will happen in
the future, e.g. weather forecast.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Predictions and inference
Machine Learning: Learn from data how to
make predictions of inferences.
Predictions: forecasting what will happen in
the future, e.g. weather forecast.
Inference: determine output based on data
inputs (predictors), e.g. books you may like.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Pattern recognition
Identify patterns in the data to help make
decisions:
Predictions and inference
Clustering (segmentation)
Anomaly detection
Data generation (Generative AI)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Optimization
Find the best possible solution for a
problem at a minimum cost, under
constraints.
Logistics and delivery: smart routing
Energy: Power grid operation and control
Tourism: flights and hotel pricing
Marketing: maximum-revenue campaigns
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Automation
Automation: follow set of rules to perform
(usually repetitive) tasks.
Classifying documents, photos, etc.
Job application screening
Parcel management robots
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Limitations of AI
Social skills: emotional intelligence, empathy New, unseen situations, e.g. new items to
recommend
Bias: making unfair decisions to some groups Data ...
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Areas and related
disciplines of AI
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
Deep Learning: neural networks; solve
most challenging AI problems
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
Deep Learning: neural networks; solve
most challenging AI problems
Knowledge representation and reasoning:
reason, communicate with other AI systems
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
Deep Learning: neural networks; solve
most challenging AI problems
Knowledge representation and reasoning:
reason, communicate with other AI systems
Robotics: act and manipulate physical
environment
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
Deep Learning: neural networks; solve
most challenging AI problems
Knowledge representation and reasoning:
reason, communicate with other AI systems
Robotics: act and manipulate physical
environment
Computer Vision: visually perceiving
objects in the environment
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
Deep Learning: neural networks; solve
most challenging AI problems
Knowledge representation and reasoning:
reason, communicate with other AI systems
Robotics: act and manipulate physical
environment
Computer Vision: visually perceiving
objects in the environment
Natural Language Processing: analyze,
understand, communicate human language
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Subdomains of Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning: Learn from data;
predictions, inference
Deep Learning: neural networks; solve
most challenging AI problems
Knowledge representation and reasoning:
reason, communicate with other AI systems
Robotics: act and manipulate physical
environment
Computer Vision: visually perceiving
objects in the environment
Natural Language Processing: analyze,
understand, communicate human language
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Examples of AI applications
Personalized product recommendations Warehouse management
Machine Learning Robotics, Computer Vision, Reasoning
Medical diagnosis Smart voice assistants
Computer Vision, Deep Learning NLP, Deep Learning
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Related disciplines
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Related disciplines
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Related disciplines
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Related disciplines
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Video takeaways
AI is an umbrella discipline with several popular areas.
Present AI systems and applications combine principles from multiple areas.
Math, Data Science, and Statistics are closely related disciplines to AI.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Algorithms and AI
systems demystified
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
What is an algorithm?
Algorithm: a set of (computer) instructions
to solve a problem or perform an action.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an algorithm?
Algorithm: a set of (computer) instructions
to solve a problem or perform an action.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an algorithm?
Algorithm: a set of (computer) instructions
to solve a problem or perform an action.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an algorithm?
Algorithm: a set of (computer) instructions
to solve a problem or perform an action.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an algorithm?
Algorithm: a set of (computer) instructions
to solve a problem or perform an action.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Algorithms in Computer Science vs AI algorithms
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Algorithms in Computer Science vs AI algorithms
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Algorithms in Computer Science vs AI algorithms
AI algorithms: learn by themselves to produce better outputs or processes from input data
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an AI system?
AI system: infrastructure and components needed to implement and deploy AI algorithms in
the real world
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an AI system?
AI system: infrastructure and components needed to implement and deploy AI algorithms in
the real world
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is an AI system?
AI system: infrastructure and components needed to implement and deploy AI algorithms in
the real world
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Acquiring data
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data acquisition: sensing the environment
Collect outside sensory information
through sensors: mimic human senses
Transform perceptions into data
Occurs in:
NLP and audio: capturing speech, sounds.
Computer Vision: satellite images,
fingerprint, etc.
Robotics and sensors: temperature, touch,
motion, gravity, etc.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data acquisition: datasets
Dataset collection of data: data samples or instances of a given type of data
Structured: tabular format, spreadsheets
Unstructured: images, audio, videos, text, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data acquisition: datasets
Dataset collection of data: data samples or instances of a given type of data
Structured: tabular format, spreadsheets
Unstructured: images, audio, videos, text, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data acquisition: datasets
Dataset collection of data: data samples or instances of a given type of data
Structured: tabular format, spreadsheets
Unstructured: images, audio, videos, text, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data acquisition: datasets
Dataset collection of data: data samples or instances of a given type of data
Structured: tabular format, spreadsheets
Unstructured: images, audio, videos, text, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Learning from data
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Enter Machine Learning (ML)
Machine Learning: learn from data and identify patterns to perform inference tasks:
predictions, classifications, clustering, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Enter Machine Learning (ML)
Machine Learning: learn from data and identify patterns to perform inference tasks:
predictions, classifications, clustering, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Enter Machine Learning (ML)
Machine Learning: learn from data and identify patterns to perform inference tasks:
predictions, classifications, clustering, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Enter Machine Learning (ML)
Machine Learning: learn from data and identify patterns to perform inference tasks:
predictions, classifications, clustering, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Enter Machine Learning (ML)
Machine Learning: learn from data and identify patterns to perform inference tasks:
predictions, classifications, clustering, ...
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Supervised Learning: classification
Classification: assign each data observation the category (class) it may belong to
Binary classification: two classes, e.g. positive/negative, male/female, etc.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Supervised Learning: classification
Classification: assign each data observation the category (class) it may belong to
Binary classification: two classes, e.g. positive/negative, male/female, etc.
Multi-class classification: several mutually exclusive classes, e.g. multiple species
Supervised learning: Data annotation (getting labelled observations with known class a
priori) needed to learn/train a model capable of making inference
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Machine Learning algorithm vs Model
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Machine Learning algorithm vs Model
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Supervised Learning: regression and forecasting
Regression: assign each data observation a numerical output or label based on its inputs
Time series forecasting: predict future values of variable, based on its past behavior
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Unsupervised and reinforcement learning
Clustering: find subgroups of data with similar Anomaly detection: detecting abnormal data
characteristics (e.g. k-means algorithm) observations e.g. unusual card transactions
Association rule discovery: find common co- Reinforcement learning: learn by experience
occurrences of items in transaction data (trial and error) to master a complex task
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
How about Deep Learning?
Highly sophisticated models based on deep neural networks: solve very challenging tasks
where classical ML models become limited.
Need a lot of data to learn: sometimes millions of observations.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
How about Deep Learning?
Highly sophisticated models based on deep neural networks: solve very challenging tasks
where classical ML models become limited.
Need a lot of data to learn: sometimes millions of observations.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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Interacting with the
Environment
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI functions and areas involved
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Robotics
Sensing and perception: collecting data or perceiving signals
Mobility: moving in the environment guided by perceptions of surroundings
Manipulation: the robot modifies its environment
Human-robot interaction: e.g. conversational robots endowed with NLP
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Computer Vision
Image processing: intelligently enhance images and video
Object detection: identify subjects in images/video for surveillance, logistics, etc.
Motion analysis: extract motion information like speed and direction of objects
Image and video generation: create realistic visual data from human text
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Text-based
Text classification
Sentiment analysis: extract positive and
negative feelings in text, e.g. customer
reviews.
Question answering (chatbots)
Text summarization
Speech-based
Text-to-speech
Speech-to-text
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Chapter summary
Takeaways from this chapter:
Algorithms are the building blocks of AI systems, along with data, hardware and other
components
Acquiring data, learning and reasoning from data, and interacting with the environment,
are three key functions in AI systems
Data collection into datasets are the fuel of most AI systems, especially those guided by
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
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Establishing an AI
culture
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
The value of AI in organizations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The value of AI in organizations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The value of AI in organizations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The value of AI in organizations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The value of AI in organizations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The value of AI in organizations
AI for personalization example: identifying customers' shopping habits leads to more loyalty
and increased sales.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
1. Roadmap: obtain leadership support and a clear vision for AI adoption
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
1. Roadmap: obtain leadership support and a clear vision for AI adoption
2. Data strategy: plan to collect, use, and govern data for AI
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
1. Roadmap: obtain leadership support and a clear vision for AI adoption
2. Data strategy: plan to collect, use, and govern data for AI
3. Infrastructure resources: scalable computing infrastructure and AI tools
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
1. Roadmap: obtain leadership support and a clear vision for AI adoption
2. Data strategy: plan to collect, use, and govern data for AI
3. Infrastructure resources: scalable computing infrastructure and AI tools
4. Roles: talented AI, Machine Learning, and Data Science roles
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
5. Collaboration: cross-functional AI projects
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
5. Collaboration: cross-functional AI projects
6. Success: define and pursue success aims, e.g. customer-centric, impact on revenue, etc.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
5. Collaboration: cross-functional AI projects
6. Success: define and pursue success metrics, e.g. customer-centric, impact on revenue, etc.
7. AI & Data literacy: continuous AI and data evangelization for everyone
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
5. Collaboration: cross-functional AI projects
6. Success: define and pursue success metrics, e.g. customer-centric, impact on revenue, etc.
7. AI & Data literacy: continuous AI and data evangelization for everyone
8. Responsible AI: ethical, secure, and accountable use of AI and data
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building an AI-driven organization
8 elements, 3 dimensions
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AI-driven organization: roadmap
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI-driven organization: roadmap
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI-driven organization: roadmap
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI-driven organization: roadmap
Example: insurance company AI roadmap
1. Objective: efficient claim processing
2. Resources: data scientists; ML experts;
cloud infrastructure; customer, policy and
claim data
3. Implementation: ML model for automated
fraud detection and claim classification,
extendable to customer service
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Data strategy,
resources, and
people
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Data strategy and governance
Data strategy: design and development of
data-centric approaches for information
extraction and business decision-making
Data strategy steps:
1. Setting data-oriented objectives
2. Find out necessary data
3. Determine data sources and types
4. Predictive and prescriptive analysis
5. Operationalize data-driven processes
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Resources: AI infrastructure
Cloud-based AI infrastructure On premises (self-hosted) AI infrastructure
Scalable computing resources, data Organizations own their hardware
storage, AI & ML development tools and software, data, and network resources to
pre-built models. Elastic, on-demand support AI operations
Pros: High scalability, Cost-effectiveness Pros: Enhanced data control, lower latency
Cons: Data location, Internet needed Cons: Upfront costs, limited scalability
1 Left image: Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure, and Amazon Web Services logos
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Resources: MLOps methodology
Machine Learning Operations (MLOps): efficient and reliable management and operation
of ML (AI) systems in the enterprise
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Resources: MLOps methodology
Machine Learning Operations (MLOps): efficient and reliable management and operation
of ML (AI) systems in the enterprise
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
People: AI-related roles
AI Architect Data Scientist
Machine Learning and Data Engineer Others: AI Ethicist, Project Manager
1 Icon made by Freepik, juicy_fish, deemakdaksina from www.flaticon.com
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Building your AI team
Leadership and management
AI manager / team lead
AI project manager(s)
Execution & MLOps
AI architects
Data scientists
ML & data engineers
Support
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building your AI team
End-to-end data scientists: responsible for whole MLOps lifecycle, over-ambitious skills
Dedicated teams: Dev + Ops teams, strong communication and collaboration needed
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Building your AI team
Leadership and management
AI manager / team lead
AI project manager(s)
Execution & MLOps
Data scientists
AI architects
ML & data engineers
Support
AI ethicist; domain experts.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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Is your deployed AI
system successful?
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
AI course instructor, DataCamp
When to measure success?
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When to measure success?
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Measuring performance offline - accuracy
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Measuring performance offline - accuracy
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Measuring performance offline - accuracy
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Measuring performance offline - accuracy
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Measuring performance offline - accuracy
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Beyond accuracy - error and other metrics
Metrics for search and recommendation engines: ranking quality -relevance of ranking items
to the user-, diversity in search results or recommendations, etc.
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Measuring success in production
AI/ML metrics: accuracy, error, relevance, diversity, ...
Model degradation: the measured metric value gets worse over the time
Business metrics: Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
Indicator of performance and progress of organization objectives
Example KPIs: conversion rate, satisfaction (retail) ; turnaround time (healthcare)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Risks: what could possibly go wrong?
Possible risks include:
Data bias
Lack of transparency
Ethical concerns
Dubious system reliability
Vulnerability to cyber threats
Proof-of-Concept (PoC):
Pilot demonstrator to validate feasibility and potential value + early risk identification
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Challenges and
success stories
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Challenges
Challenges to build an AI-driven organization
Resources: people, infrastructure, budget
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Challenges
Challenges to build an AI-driven organization
Data: availability, quality, governance, privacy
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Challenges
Challenges to build an AI-driven organization
Culture: rigid mindset, siloed operations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Challenges
Challenges to build an AI-driven organization
Awareness: "Why AI is critical to the business?"
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Success stories: Google
Challenge:
Data quality and accessibility issues
Solution:
Data governance frameworks and data
integration strategies, to leverage large
volumes of data effectively
1 More info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCVJdFedSv4
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Success stories: Airbnb
Challenge:
Talent needed to become AI-driven
Solution:
Talent acquisition and talent development
through upskill training in AI and ML
1 More info: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-made-airbnb-data-team-special-5-traits-i-look-when-claire-
lebarz/
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Success stories: IBM
Challenge:
Address ethical and regulatory AI issues
Solution:
AI Ethics Board for responsible AI,
guidelines to mitigate algorithmic bias,
engagement with policymakers
1 More info: https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/4DPJK92W
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Success stories: Netflix
Challenge:
Large-scale computing infrastructure
needed
Solution:
Cloud infrastructure investments, AI tools
for recommendation, data processing
workflows
1 More info: https://valohai.com/blog/building-machine-learning-infrastructure-at-netflix/
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Democratizing
Artificial Intelligence
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
AI democratization
AI is deeply impacting our lives
How to bring AI benefits to everyone and eliminate its potentially harmful side?
Access to:
Use of AI-based systems and solutions
Design of AI tools anyone can effortlessly use to supplement their tasks
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI literacy
AI literacy: individuals and organizations'
understanding of AI concepts,
technologies, and their implications in:
Organizations
Society, economy and the environment
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI literacy
AI literacy: individuals and organizations'
understanding of AI concepts,
technologies, and their implications in:
Organizations
Society, economy and the environment
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI literacy
AI literacy: individuals and organizations'
understanding of AI concepts,
technologies, and their implications in:
Organizations
Society, economy and the environment
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
How AI literacy contributes to AI democratization?
Empowered individuals: equipped with Ethics awareness: fairness, privacy,
knowledge and skills to engage with AI transparency, responsible AI
Inclusive participation: engage in AI-related Critical thinking: ability to evaluate AI
activities and participatory decisions systems and make informed judgments
1 Icons made by Paul J.& Freepik from www.flaticon.com
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Data democratization
In organizations
Make information underlying data accessible to all roles
Competitive market advantage
Optimizing activities
Proactive strategic mindset
Data upskilling is crucial
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data democratization
In society
Make information accessible to individuals
Enable access, use and contribution to data-driven insights, through:
Open data policies and data-sharing
Data visualization and literacy
Empower communities with data
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Explainability and
interpretability
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Explainability and interpretability
Explainability: humans' ability to access and understand AI outputs, e.g. predictions, decisions
Interpretability: understand AI systems' internal processes: algorithm, model, data workflow
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
White-box vs black-box AI systems
White-box: transparent and easily interpretable models/systems
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
White-box vs black-box AI systems
White-box: transparent and easily interpretable models/systems
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
White-box vs black-box AI systems
White-box: transparent and easily interpretable models/systems
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
White-box vs black-box AI systems
Black-box: higher complexity, little or no degree of understandability
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
White-box vs black-box AI systems
Black-box: higher complexity, little or no degree of understandability
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Basic Explainable AI (XAI) tools
XAI: methods and tools to increase AI systems and models' transparency and explainability
Model introspection: examining internal model parameters to understand decisions
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Basic Explainable AI (XAI) tools
XAI: methods and tools to increase AI systems and models' transparency and explainability
Model introspection: examining internal model parameters to understand decisions
Model documentation: shareable architecture and design considerations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Basic Explainable AI (XAI) tools
XAI: methods and tools to increase AI systems and models' transparency and explainability
Model introspection: examining internal model parameters to understand decisions
Model documentation: shareable architecture and design considerations
Model visualization: human-friendly representation of data features and model outputs
1 Heatmap source: https://towardsdatascience.com/
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
XAI tools: feature importance
Feature importance: impact or contribution of
features (predictors) in model outputs
Understand how data-driven models
(ML/DL) make decisions
Detect and mitigate issues, e.g. biases
Impact on model performance if a feature
were removed
SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations)
Feature importance visualizations toolbox
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
XAI tools: feature importance
SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
XAI tools: feature importance
SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
XAI tools: feature importance
SHAP (SHapley Additive exPanations)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Practical implications of XAI
Algorithmic transparency: Ethical considerations:
How algorithms process data and make XAI to address ethical AI concerns:
decisions biases, discrimination, compliance, etc.
Local and global interpretability: Human-AI collaboration:
Understand system behavior for a Reliable collaboration based on trust and
specific prediction, vs feedback
Understand system overall behavior on a
dataset or problem
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Social challenges:
ethics, fairness and
privacy
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Responsible AI
Responsible AI: Ethical and accountable development and use of AI systems, with regard to
societal impact
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Ethics and fairness
AI ethics: adhere to ethical guidelines and
principles:
Fairness
Transparency
Privacy
Accountability
Liability for AI decisions
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Ethics and fairness
AI ethics: adhere to ethical guidelines and
principles.
Fairness
Transparency
Privacy
Accountability
Liability for AI decisions
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Ethics and fairness
AI ethics: adhere to ethical guidelines and
principles.
Fairness
Transparency
Privacy
Accountability
Liability for AI decisions
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Bias in AI systems: examples
Screening job resumes
Biased training data: mostly male hirings
Unfair treatment of female candidates
Solutions: active data collection, bias-
correction algorithms
E-commerce recommendations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Bias in AI systems: examples
Screening job resumes
Biased training data: mostly male
Unfair treatment of female candidates
Solutions: active data collection, bias-
correction algorithms
E-commerce recommendations
Popular products are overly promoted
New or different products are disregarded
Solutions: techniques and metrics for
diverse and fair recommendations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data privacy in AI systems
Data privacy: safeguarding sensitive or personal information from unauthorized access and
misuse
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data privacy in AI systems
Data privacy: safeguarding sensitive or personal information from unauthorized access and
misuse
1 GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation. CCPA: California Consumer Privacy Act.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Data privacy in AI systems
Data privacy: safeguarding sensitive or personal information from unauthorized access and
misuse
1 GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation. CCPA: California Consumer Privacy Act.
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Social challenges:
the future of AI
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
How AI may shape our present (and future) society?
Healthcare: advanced diagnosis, personalized Governments and Law: Generative AI; new
treatments, surgical robots, etc. regulations about responsible use
Finance and cybersecurity: risk management, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
fraud detection
1 Icon made by mynamepong, surang (flaticon.com). Image generated in https://stablediffusionweb.com/
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI and sustainability
1 Source: United Nations (https://sdgs.un.org/goals)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI and sustainability
1 Source: United Nations (https://sdgs.un.org/goals)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI and the future of workforce
Challenges:
Job displacement, rapidly evolving skillsets
Example: Large Language Models (e.g.
ChatGPT), prompt engineering skills
Opportunities:
New jobs, e.g. AI ethicist, AI educator
Industry transformation
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI and the future of education
Challenges:
Skills gap: educational institutions need
to keep up to date with relevant AI
training
Digital divide: ensure universal access to
AI-powered education
Opportunities:
Personalized learning
Automation of time-consuming
administrative tasks
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI and the future of the environment
Challenges:
Ecological degradation: energy
consumption, electronic waste, carbon
footprint
Opportunities:
Understand climate change
Optimize use of natural resources
Optimize renewable energy use
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
One journey ends,
another begins
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
Iván Palomares Carrascosa
Senior Data Science & AI Manager
Chapter 1: What is Artificial Intelligence
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Chapter 2: Tasks AI can solve
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Chapter 3: Harnessing AI in organizations
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Chapter 4: The human side of AI
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What to learn next?
AI Essentials Skill Track
An exciting 6-course pathway to consolidate your AI literacy.
Implementing AI Solutions in Business
From use cases to proofs-of-concept, explore AI system deployment in business.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Concepts in Python
A gentle and practical introduction to implementing AI and ML systems.
1 Image by upklyak (www.freepik.com)
UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Congratulations!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E
What is ChatGPT?
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
What is ChatGPT?
AI Chatbot application:
Answer questions
Perform tasks
User-inputted text
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
What is ChatGPT?
Traditional chatbots
Predetermined responses
Limited questions
ChatGPT
More generalizable
Uses its understanding of language to
interpret the question and respond
Wide range of potential applications
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Generative AI
Subset of AI and Machine Learning
Generates new content
Uses patterns in information it has already
seen
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
From prompt to response
Step 1: User writes a question or instruction: prompt
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
From prompt to response
Step 2: ChatGPT interprets the prompt
Step 3: Generates new, relevant language in response
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
From prompt to response
Step 4: Response is returned to the user
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Summarizing text
ChatGPT is great at summarizing text and
explaining concepts
Save time when summarizing reports
Interpret complex information more easily
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Creating marketing content
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Creating marketing content
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Why utilize ChatGPT?
ChatGPT can perform many tasks with
greater efficiency
New workflow: AI → Human
Save time and money
Greater personalization
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Limitations of
ChatGPT
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
ChatGPT under the hood
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Demystifying the LLM
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 1 - Knowledge cutoff
Trained on data from up to a certain date:
GPT 3.5: January 2022
GPT 4: April 2023
Isn't aware of events beyond this date
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 2 - Training data bias
ChatGPT was on a huge text dataset,
including:
Books
Articles
Websites
Model may learn the biases from the
training data
Could bias the responses
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 3 - Context tracking
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 3 - Context tracking
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 3 - Context tracking
Struggles to keep track of the context if the
focus shifts
Can lead to inaccurate or irrelevant results
Tip: Keep conversations to a single topic
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 4 - Hallucination
Model confidently provides inaccurate
information
Often occurs when trying to go beyond the
model's knowledge or abilities
1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 5 - Legal and ethical considerations
Example: Creating a song in the style of an
existing artist
Who owns the new song?
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 5 - Legal and ethical considerations
Example: Creating a song in the style of an
existing artist
Who owns the new song?
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Limitation 5 - Legal and ethical considerations
Example: Creating a song in the style of an
existing artist
Who owns the new song?
Easy to fall into a legal gray area
Ownership and privacy → Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Writing effective
prompts
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Garbage in, garbage out
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
How does ChatGPT interpret a prompt?
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
How does ChatGPT interpret a prompt?
1. Identify the topic
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
How does ChatGPT interpret a prompt?
2. Understand the prompt
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
3. Generate response
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Prompt engineering
Prompt engineering is the process of
writing prompts to maximize the quality
and relevance of the response
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Writing tips for prompt engineering
Be clear and specific
Include any necessary information
Example: in a summarizing task, specify
the desired length
Keep it concise Use correct grammar and spelling
Remove any information that doesn't ChatGPT uses grammar when interpreting
provide useful context the task
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Provide examples if necessary...
Can be a much quicker way of providing
context
Example: Generating example customers
Want the form:
Full Name, Age (Occupation)
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Enabling people to
use ChatGPT
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Augmenting workflows
Workflow: Standardized series of tasks to achieve an end goal
Aims:
Highest-quality output
Shortest timeframe
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
A standard workflow
Example: Summarizing a project scoping
document
30 pages → summary of key findings
We extract the key findings and compile
the summary
Using a spelling and grammar checker to
proofread
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
A ChatGPT-powered workflow
Example: Summarizing a project scoping
document
30 pages → summary of key findings
ChatGPT allows us to reverse the roles
Human now becomes the proofreader
Huge time-savings!
Allows us to focus on more creative tasks
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Leaders
Use cases:
Compose emails
Draft presentations
Brainstorm strategic ideas
Summarize meeting notes
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Technical roles
Use cases:
Recall code syntax
Generate examples
Explain code
Troubleshoot errors
Write documentation
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
HR and people teams
Use cases:
Brainstorm employee engagement and
wellbeing initiatives
Communicate more effectively and
efficiently
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Marketing
Use cases:
Write social media posts
Copyediting content
Generating marketing copy
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Sales
Use cases:
Generate outreach templates
Personalize outreach content
Brainstorm strategies
Summarize information
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Identifying use cases
for ChatGPT
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Coming up...
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Can be inaccurate
No predictability in responses
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Subject matter expertise is still very
important!
Rule-of-thumb: Don't ask ChatGPT to do
something that we couldn't do ourselves
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
1 https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Need consent to process the data
Must adhere to data governance laws, such
as GDPR
Legal counsel may be able to enable the
use case
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Can claim ownership over ChatGPT output
Other considerations such as copyright
infringement may prevent ownership
Legal and ethics → Coming up!
1 https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Example 1: Brainstorming ideas in HR
Improve employee wellbeing
Is this a suitable use?
1. Situation doesn't require definitive answers
2. HR Manager can verify response
3. Sensitive data isn't required
4. Response won't be used
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Example 2: Healthcare recommendations
Customers input their symptoms and
receive recommended action
Is this a suitable use?
Use case requires certainty due to
implications of poor recommendations
ChatGPT cannot provide this level of
certainty
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Ownership and
privacy
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Ownership and privacy
Ownership and privacy are key
considerations when validating the
suitability of ChatGPT
Neglecting them can risk financial
penalties, lawsuits, and brand damage
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Who owns the response?
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Who owns the response?
... As between you and OpenAI, and to the
extent permitted by applicable law... We
hereby assign to you all our right, title, and
interest, if any, in and to Output.
Assuming compliance, users can claim
ownership over the response
1 https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Who owns the response?
... output may not be unique and other Represent that Output was human-
users may receive similar output from our generated when it was not.
Services. Our assignment above does not
extend to other users' output or any Third
Party Output. Use our Services in a way that infringes,
Factual questions or generating small text misappropriates or violates anyone's rights.
snippets → cannot claim ownership Includes copyright infringement
OpenAI's terms of use are updated
frequently
1 https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Ownership and copyright
Copyright: the rights of the owner of the
intellectual property (IP) to use or distribute
the material
If generated content resembles copyrighted
property, infringement claims can be made
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Who owns the prompt?
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Who owns the prompt?
As between the parties and to the extent permitted by applicable law, you own all Input
1 https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Prompt privacy
ChatGPT is being continuously developed
and improved
OpenAI may use prompts and responses for
performance improvements
May need to opt-out of usage agreement
Risk of breaching data governance laws
1 https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Data governance
Govern how data can be collected, stored,
and used
Example: GDPR governs data usage
impacting EU citizens and residents
Use cases must adhere to data governance
laws
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
AI ethics
Ensure data is used with people and
society's best interest in-mind
Ask whether the use will negatively or
positively impact people
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Advancements in
generative AI
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Coming up...
What's to come in generative AI?
What challenges need to be overcome?
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Performance improvements
More human-like content
Handle more complexity
Greater reliability
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
What's driving the improvements?
Large Language Models (LLMs)
Learns from a huge text dataset
Algorithms detect patterns in text
Fine-tune the model by rating responses
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
What's driving the improvements?
Amount of training data will increase
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
What's driving the improvements?
Amount of training data will increase
Usage data will help in fine-tuning
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Building balanced datasets
Challenge: Ensuring data is high quality and
balanced
Quantity of data makes detecting bias
prior to training difficult
Goal: Develop more robust bias mitigation
procedures
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Opportunities for misuse
Misrepresenting AI-generated content
Creating malicious content (e.g., spam)
Intervention by lawmakers:
Regulations could help or hinder AI
advancement
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
From generalized to specialized
ChatGPT is a generalizable model
Generative AI models will become more
specialized
Example: a model specifically designed to
write long and complex code
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Other types of generative AI
1 DALL-E 3
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
AI for everyone!
Accessibility is key to ChatGPT's success
Democratization of AI tools
Everyone should benefit from the
technology
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Let's practice!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
Congratulations!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
James Chapman
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Chapter 1 - Interacting with ChatGPT
What can ChatGPT do?
What are its limitations?
How to write effective prompts → prompt engineering
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Chapter 2 - Adopting ChatGPT
Augmenting business workflows
Identifying appropriate use cases
Legal and ethical considerations
The future of generative AI
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Where next?
Courses: Skill Tracks:
Understanding Prompt Engineering AI Fundamentals
Generative AI Concepts AI Business Fundamentals
Large Language Models (LLMs) Concepts
AI Ethics
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy
Implementing AI Solutions in Business
INTRODUCTION TO CHATGPT
Congratulations!
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O C H AT G P T
What is machine
learning?
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Lis Sulmont
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Artificial intelligence (AI)
A huge set of tools for making computers
behave intelligently
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Artificial intelligence (AI)
A huge set of tools for making computers
behave intelligently
Machine learning is the most prevalent subset
of AI
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Defining machine learning:
A set of tools for making inferences and predictions from data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Defining machine learning: what can it do?
Predict future events
Will it rain tomorrow?
Yes (75% probability)
Infer the causes of events and behaviors
Why does it rain?
Time of the year, humidity levels, temperature, location, etc
Infer patterns
What are the different types of weather conditions?
Rain, sunny, overcast, fog, etc
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Defining machine learning: how does it work?
Interdisciplinary mix of statistics and computer science
Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed
Learn patterns from existing data and applies it to new data
Relies on high-quality data
... more to come throughout the course!
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Data science
Data science is about discovering and
communicating insights from data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Data science
Data science is about making discoveries and
creating insights from data
Machine learning is often an important tool
for data science work
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Machine learning model
A statistical representation of a real-world process based on data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Machine learning model
A statistical representation of a real-world process based on data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Machine learning model
A statistical representation of a real-world process based on data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Machine learning model
A statistical representation of a real-world process based on data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Machine learning
concepts
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Lis Sulmont
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Three types of machine learning
1) Reinforcement learning
2) Supervised learning
3) Unsupervised learning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Training data
Training data: existing data to learn from
Training a model: when a model is being built from training data
Can take nanoseconds to weeks
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
After training (supervised learning)
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
After training (supervised learning)
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
After training (supervised learning)
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Supervised vs unsupervised learning
Supervised learning
Training data is "labeled"
Unsupervised learning
Training data only has features
Useful for:
Anomaly detection
Clustering, e.g., dividing data into
groups
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Unsupervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Unsupervised learning training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
After training (unsupervised learning)
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Unsupervised Learning
In reality, data doesn't always come with labels
Requires manual labor to label
Labels are unknown
No labels: model is unsupervised and finds its own patterns
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Machine learning
workflow
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Lis Sulmont
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Machine learning workflow
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Our scenario
Our dataset: NYC property sales from 2015-
2019
Includes:
Square feet
Neighborhood
Year built
Sale price
And more!
Our target: Sale price
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 1: Extract features
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 2: Split dataset
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 3: Train model
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 3: Train model
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 4: Evaluate
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 4: Evaluate
Test dataset: "unseen" data
Many ways to evaluate:
What is the average error of the predictions?
What percent of apartments did the model accurately predict within a 10% margin?
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 4: Evaluate
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 4: Evaluate
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Step 4: Evaluate
If not, tune the model and re-train it:
e.g., change the model's options, add/remove features
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Machine learning workflow
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Summary of steps
1. Extract features
Choosing features and manipulating the dataset
2. Split dataset
Train and test dataset
3. Train model
Input train dataset into a machine learning model
4. Evaluate
If desired performance isn't reached: tune the model and repeat Step 3
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Supervised learning
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Hadrien Lacroix
Content Developer at DataCamp
Modeling
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Types
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
What is supervised learning?
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Classification and regression
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Classification
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Classification
Classification = assigning a category
Will this customer stop its subscription?
Yes, No
Is this mole cancerous?
Yes, No
What kind of wine is that?
Red, White, Rosé
What flower is that?
Rose, Tulip, Carnation, Lily
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Observations
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Features
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Target
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Graphing our data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Splitting data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Manual classifier
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Support vector machine - linear classifier
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Support vector machine - polynomial classifier
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Regression
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Regression
Regression = assigning a continuous variable
How much will this stock be worth?
What is this exoplanet's mass?
How tall will this child be as an adult?
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting temperature
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Training data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Linear regression
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Model
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Given humidity...
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
...find temperature
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Testing data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Classification vs regression
Regression = continuous
Any value within a finite (height) or infinite (time) interval
20°F, 20.1°F, 20.01°F...
Classification = category
One of few specific values
Cold, Mild, Hot
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Unsupervised
learning
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Hadrien Lacroix
Content Developer at DataCamp
Unsupervised learning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning = no target column
No guidance
Looks at the whole dataset
Tries to detect patterns
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Applications
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Clustering
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Clustering example
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Species cluster
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Color cluster
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Origin cluster
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Clustering models
K Means:
Specify the number of clusters
DBSCAN (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise):
Specify what constitutes a cluster
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Iris table
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
K-Means with 4 clusters
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
K-Means with 3 clusters
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Ground truth
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Anomaly detection
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Detecting outliers
Anomaly detection = detecting outliers
Outliers = observations that differ from the rest
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Outliers
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Removing outliers
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Some anomaly detection use cases
Discover devices that fail faster or last longer
Discover fraudsters that manage trick the system
Discover patients that resist a fatal disease
...
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Association
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Association
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Evaluating
performance
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Hadrien Lacroix
Content Developer at DataCamp
Evaluate step
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Overfitting
Performs great on training data
Performs poorly on testing data
Model memorized training data and can't generalize learnings to new data
Use testing set to check model performance
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Illustrating overfitting
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Accuracy
Accuracy = correctly classified observations / all observations
48 / 50 = 96%
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Limits of accuracy: fraud example
Accuracy of this model:
28 correctly classif ied
= 93.33%
30 total points
Misses majority of fraudulent transactions
Need a better metric
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Confusion matrix
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
True positives
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
True positives
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
False negatives
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
False negatives
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Remembering False Negatives
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Fill out the rest...
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
False positives, true negatives
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Remembering False Positives
1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/59632563@N04/6104068209
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Sensitivity
How many fraudulent transactions did we classify correctly?
true positives
Sensitivity = = 1/3 = 33.33%
true positives + f alse negatives
Rather mark legitimate transactions as suspicious than authorize fraudulent transactions
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Specificity
true negatives
Specif icity =
true negatives + f alse positives
Spam filter:
Rather send spam to inbox than send real emails to the spam folder
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Evaluating regression
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Evaluating regression
Error = distance between point (actual value) and line (predicted value)
Many ways calculate this. e.g, root mean square error
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Unsupervised learning
1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/micahdowty/8540188997
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Improving
performance
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Hadrien Lacroix
Content Developer at DataCamp
Machine learning workflow
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Several options
Dimensionality reduction
Hyperparameter tuning
Ensemble methods
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Dimensionality reduction
Reducing the number of features
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Dimensionality reduction: example
Irrelevance: some features don't carry useful information
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Dimensionality reduction: example
Correlation: some features carry similar information
Keep only one feature
e.g. height and shoe size --> height
Collapse multiple features into one underlying feature
e.g. height and weight --> Body Mass Index
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Hyperparameter tuning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Hyperparameter tuning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Hyperparameter tuning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Hyperparameter tuning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Hyperparameter tuning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Hyperparameter tuning: example
SVM algorithm hyperparameters:
kernel : "linear" --> "poly"
degree
gamma
shrinking
coef0
tol
...
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Ensemble methods
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Ensemble methods: classification
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Ensemble methods: regression
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Deep learning
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Sara Billen
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
What is deep learning?
AKA: Neural Networks
Basic unit: neurons (nodes)
Special area of Machine Learning
Requires more data
Best when inputs are images or text
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Predicting box office revenue
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Deep learning
Neural networks are much larger
Deep learning: neural network with many
neurons
Can solve complex problems
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
When to use deep learning?
Lots of data
Access to processing power
Lack of domain knowledge
Complex problems
Computer vision
Natural language processing
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
The process
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Sara Billen
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Computer vision
Helps computers see and understand the content of digital images
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Image data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Image data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Training the neural network
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Applications
Facial recognition
Self-driving vehicles
Automatic detection of tumors in CT scans
Deep fake
...
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Natural Language
Processing
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Sara Billen
Curriculum Manager at DataCamp
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
The ability for computers to understand the meaning of human language
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Bag of words
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Bag of words
"U2 is a great band" "Queen is a great band"
Word Count Word Count
U2 1 U2 0
Queen 0 Queen 1
is 1 is 1
a 1 a 1
great 1 great 1
band 1 band 1
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Bag of words: n-grams
"That book is not great" 2-gram (bi-gram)
Word Count Word Count
That 1 That book 1
book 1 book is 1
is 1 is not 1
not 1 not great 1
great 1
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Bag of words: limitations
Word counts don't help us consider
synonyms
Example: "blue"
"sky-blue"
"aqua"
"cerulean"
Want to group as a single feature
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Word embeddings
Word embeddings
Create features that group similar words
Features have a mathematical meaning:
king - man + woman = queen
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Language translation
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Applications
Language translation
Chatbots
Personal assistants
Sentiment analysis
...
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Deep learning
Two types of problems
Computer vision
Natural language processing
Why deep learning?
Complex problems
Automatic feature extraction
Lots of data
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Limits of machine
learning
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Sara Billen
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Data quality
Garbage in garbage out
Output quality depends on input quality
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
How it can go horribly wrong
Amazon's gender-biased recruiting Recruiting software to help review resumes
tool Preferred men because it learned from
historic data when more men were hired
It downgraded resumes that
contain the word "women"
implied the applicant was female
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
How it can go horribly wrong
Microsoft's AI chatbot
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Beware
Don't blindly trust your model
Awareness is key
Pay attention to your data
A machine learning model is only as good as
the data you give it
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Quality assurance
High-quality data requires:
Data analysis
Review of outliers
Domain expertise
Documentation
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Explainability
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Explainability
Transparency to increase trust, clarity, and understanding
Use cases: business adoption, regulatory oversight, minimizing bias
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Explainable AI
Black box Explainable AI
Deep learning Traditional machine learning
Better for "What?" Better for "Why?"
Highly accurate predictions Understandable by humans
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Example: Explainable AI
1. Prediction: Will the patient get diabetes?
2. Inference: Why will this happen
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Example: Inexplicable AI
Prediction only: Which letter is this likely to be?
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Let's practice!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Congratulations!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
Lis Sulmont
Curriculum Manager, DataCamp
Chapter 1
What is machine learning?
Machine learning concepts and workflow
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Chapter 2
Different types of machine learning
How we evaluate and improve machine learning models
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Chapter 3
Deep learning, including computer vision and natural language processing
Limits of machine learning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
What's next?
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
What's next?
Machine Learning Scientist
Machine Learning Fundamentals
Supervised Machine Learning
Unsupervised Machine Learning
UNDERSTANDING MACHINE LEARNING
Congrats!
U N D E R S TA N D I N G M A C H I N E L E A R N I N G
The rise of LLMs in
the AI landscape
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Rapid developments in AI
1 Freepik, Tesla Youtube Channel
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
AI-powered recommendations
1 Netflix blog, Medium
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
AI and data-driven tasks
Sentiment analysis, fraud detection, and
more
Still, lacked human-like interaction
Enter Large Language Models
1 Unsplash
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
The AI landscape
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
The AI landscape
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
The AI landscape
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
The AI landscape
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
The AI landscape
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Definition of LLMs
Large
Training data and resources
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Definition of LLMs
Large
Training data and resources
Language
Human-like text
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Definition of LLMs
Large
Training data and compute power
Language
Human-like text
Models
Learn complex patterns using text data
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
The defining moment
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Popular language generators
1 https://zapier.com/blog/best-ai-chatbot/
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Applications
Sentiment analysis
Identifying themes
Translating text or speech
Generating code
Next-word prediction
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
What shall this course cover?
Conceptual understanding of LLMs
Training data considerations
Ethical, privacy and environmental
concerns
The future of LLMs
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Real-world
applications
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Business opportunities
Benefits
Automate tasks
Improve efficiency
Create revenue streams
Enable new capabilities
The possibilities are endless!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transforming finance industry
Unstructured data or text: data that lacks definition and is presented free-form
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transforming finance industry
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transforming finance industry
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Challenges in healthcare
Doctors' notes: Challenges:
Jargon Hard to understand terms
Abbreviations Difficult to interpret
Domain expertise Difficult to describe patient files
Varying writing style
Varied text data and acronyms
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Revolutionizing healthcare sector
Analyze patient data to offer personalized recommendations
Must adhere to privacy laws
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Education
Personalized coaching and feedback
Interactive learning experience
AI-powered tutor
Ask questions
Receive guidance
Discuss ideas
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Personalizing education: text generation
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Defining multimodal
Multimodal Non-multimodal
Many types of processing or generation One type of processing or generation
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Visual question answering
Answers to questions about visual content
Object identification & relationships
Scene description
Recognizes the zebra image
Responds with additional information
Makes a joke
1 https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.14045
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Challenges of
language modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Sequence matters!
I only follow a healthy lifestyle. Only I follow a healthy lifestyle.
Different positions = different meanings
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Context modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Context modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Context modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Context modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Context modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Long-range dependency
Recognize and connect distant words in a sentence
Challenging for traditional language models
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Single-task learning
Time and resource expensive
Less flexible compared to modern LLMs
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Multi-task learning
Improved performance on each individual task
Might impact accuracy and efficiency
Less training data needed because data is shared
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
To recap
Challenges of language Single-task learning:
modeling: Task-specific
Word sequences Less flexible
Traditional models and early LLMs
Understanding context
Multi-task learning:
Long-range dependency Versatile
Multiple tasks
More developed LLMs
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Novelty of LLMs
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Using text data
Unstructured data - messy and inconsistent
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Machines do not understand language!
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Need for NLP
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Unique capabilities of LLMs
Linguistic subtleties
Irony
Humor
Pun
Sarcasm
Intonation
Intent
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
What's your favorite book?
Natural response: "Oh, that's a tough one!"
Personal opinion: "My all-time favorite book is To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee."
Supporting statement: "It's a powerful story about prejudice, justice, and the human
experience."
Follow-up question: "Have you read it?"
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Linguistic subtleties
Sarcasm: "Oh great, another meeting."
Traditional language model: Large language model:
Response: "What's the meeting about?" Response: "Sounds like you're looking
Neutral forward to it!"
Does not pick up sarcasm Playful
Engaging
Matches the sarcasm
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
How do LLMs understand
Trained on vast amounts of data
Largeness of LLMs: parameters
Parameters represent the patterns and rules
More parameters -> complex patterns
Generates sophisticated and accurate responses
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Parameters
Small number of bricks -> limited structures Larger number of bricks -> complex and
detailed structures
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Emergence of new capabilities
Emergent abilities
only present in large-scale models
Scale:
The volume of training data
The number of model parameters
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Emergence of new capabilities
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Building blocks of LLMs
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
To recap
LLMs: How?
Overcome data's unstructured nature LLMs' "largeness"
Extensive training data
Many parameters
Outperform traditional models
Emergent abilities
Understand linguistic subtleties
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Generalized
overview of NLP
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Where are we?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Text pre-processing
Can be done in a different order as they are independent
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Tokenization
Splits text into individual words, or tokens
Text:
"Working with natural language processing techniques is tricky."
Tokenization:
["Working", "with", "natural", "language", "processing", "techniques", "is", "tricky", "."]
Converts into a list
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Stop word removal
Stop words do not add meaning
Eliminated through stop word removal
Before stop word removal:
["Working", "with", "natural", "language", "processing", "techniques", "is", "challenging", "."]
After stop word removal:
["Working", "natural", "language", "processing", "techniques", "challenging", "."]
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Lemmatization
Group slightly different words with similar Talking -> Talk
meaning
Talked -> Talk
Talk -> Talk
Reduces words to their base form
Mapped to root word
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Text representation
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Text representation
Text data into numerical form
Bag-of-words
Word embeddings
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Bag-of-words
Text into a matrix of word counts
0 represents the absence of a word
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Limitations of bag-of-words
Does not capture the order or context
Can lead to incorrect interpretations
Similar sentences but opposite meaning
"The cat chased the mouse swiftly."
"The mouse chased the cat."
Does not capture the semantics between the words
Treats related words as independent
Like "cat" and "mouse"
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Word embeddings
Capture the semantic meanings as Predator-prey relationship:
numbers
Cat Mouse
Plant -0.9 -0.8
Furry 0.9 0.7
Carnivore 0.9 -0.8
Cat [-0.9, 0.9, 0.9]
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Machine-readable form
Start with text pre-processing
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Machine-readable form
Convert pre-processed text to numerical format
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Fine-tuning
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Where are we?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Pre-training Fine-tuning
School education University specialization
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
"Largeness" challenges
Fine-tuning can help
Powerful computers
Efficient model training methods
Large amounts of training data
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Computing power
Memory
Processing power
Infrastructure
Expensive
LLM:
100,000's Central Processing Units
(CPUs)
10,000's Graphic Processing Units (GPUs)
A personal computer: 4-8 CPU and 1-2
GPUs
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Efficient model training
Training time is huge
May take weeks or even months
Efficient model training = faster training
time
355 years of processing time on a single
GPU
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data availability
Need of high-quality data
To learn the complexities and subtleties of
language
A few hundred gigabytes (GBs) of text data
More than a million books
Massive amount of data
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Overcoming the challenges
Fine-tuning
Addresses some of these challenges
Adapts a pre-trained model
Pre-trained model
Learned from general-purpose datasets
Not optimized for specific-tasks
Can be fine-tuned for a specific problem
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Fine-tuning vs. Pre-training
Fine-tuning Pre-training
Compute Compute
1-2 CPU and GPU Thousands of CPUs and GPUs
Training time Training time
Hours to days Weeks to months
Data Data
~1 gigabyte Hundreds of gigabytes
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Learning techniques
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Where are we?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Getting beyond data constraints
Fine-tuning: training a pre-trained model for a specific task
But, what if there is little to no labeled data?
N-shot learning: zero-shot, few-shot, and multi-shot
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transfer learning
Learn from one task and transfer to related
task
Transferring knowledge from piano to
guitar
Reading musical notes
Understanding rhythm
Grasping musical concepts
N-shot learning
Zero-shot - no task-specific data
Few-shot - little task-specific data
Multi-shot - relatively more training data
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Zero-shot learning
No explicit training
Uses language understanding and context
Generalizes without any prior examples
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Few-shot learning
Learn a new task with a few examples Prior knowledge to answer new question
One-shot learning: fine-tuning from one
example
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Multi-shot learning
Requires more examples than few-shot
Previous tasks, plus new examples
For example, a model trained on Golden
Retriever
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Multi-shot learning
Model output: Labrador Retriever
Saves time in collecting and labeling data
No compromise on accuracy
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Building blocks so far
Data preparation workflow
Fine-tuning
N-shot learning techniques
Next up: pre-training
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Building blocks to
train LLMs
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Where are we?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Generative pre-training
Trained using generative pre-training
Input data of text tokens
Trained to predict the tokens within the dataset
Types:
Next word prediction
Masked language modeling
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Next word prediction
Supervised learning technique
Model trained on input-output pairs
Predicts next word and generates coherent
text
Captures the dependencies between words
Training Data
Pairs of input and output examples
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Training data for next word prediction
Input Output
The quick brown fox
The quick brown fox jumps
The quick brown fox jumps over
The quick brown fox jumps over the
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Which word relates more with pizza?
More examples = better prediction
For example:
I love to eat pizza with _ _ _ _ _ _
Cheese is more related with pizza than
anything else
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Masked language modeling
Hides a selective word
Trained model predicts the masked word
Original Text: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
Masked Text: "The quick [MASK] fox jumps over the lazy dog."
Objective: predict the missing word
Based on learnings from training data
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Introducing the
transformer
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Where are we?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
What is a transformer?
"Attention Is All You Need"
Revolutionized language modeling
Transformer architecture
Relationship between words
Components: Pre-processing, Positional
Encoding, Encoders, and Decoders
1 arXiv: Attention Is All You Need
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Inside the transformer
Input: Jane, who lives in New York and works as a software
Output: engineer, loves exploring new restaurants in the city.
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transformers are like an orchestra
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Text pre-processing and representation
Text preprocessing: tokenization, stop word removal, lemmatization
Text representation: word embedding
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Positional encoding
Information on the position of each word
Understand distant words
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Encoders
Attention mechanism: directs attention to specific words and relationships
Neural network: process specific features
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Decoders
Includes attention and neural networks
Generates the output
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transformers and long-range dependencies
Initial challenge: long-range dependency
Attention: focus on different parts of the input
Example: "Jane, who lives in New York and works as a software engineer, loves exploring
new restaurants in the city."
"Jane" --- "loves exploring new restaurants"
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Processes multiple parts simultaneously
Limitation of traditional language models:
Sequential - one word at a time
Transformers:
Process multiple parts simultaneously
Faster processing
For example:
"The cat sat on the mat"
Processes "cat," "sat," "on," "the," and "mat" at the same time
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Attention
mechanisms
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Attention mechanisms
Understand complex structures
Focus on important words
Book reading analogy:
Clues in a mystery book
Focus on relevant content
Concentrate on crucial input data
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Self-attention and multi-head attention
Self-attention Multi-head attention
Weighs the importance of each word Next level of self-attention
Captures long-range dependencies Splits input into multiple heads with each
head focusing on different aspects
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Attention in a party
Attention: Self and multi-head
Example:
Group conversation at a party
Selective attention to relevant speaker
Filter noise
Focus on key points
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Party continues
Self-attention Multi-head attention
Focus on each person's words Split attention into "multiple" channels
Evaluate and compare their relevance Focus on different aspects of conversation
Weigh each speaker's input Speaker's emotions, primary topic, and
Combines for a comprehensive related side-topics
understanding Process each aspect and merge
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Multi-head attention advantages
"The boy went to the store to buy some groceries, and he found a discount on his favorite
cereal."
Attention: "boy," "store," "groceries," and "discount"
Self-attention: "boy" and "he" -> same person
Multi-head attention: multiple channels
Character ("boy")
Action ("went to the store," "found a discount")
Things involved ("groceries," "cereal")
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Advanced fine-
tuning
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Where are we?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Reinforcement Learning through Human Feedback
Pre-training
Fine-tuning
Reinforcement Learning through Human
Feedback (RLHF)
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Pre-training
Large amounts of text data:
Websites, books and articles
Transformer architecture
Learns general language patterns,
grammar, and facts
Next-word prediction
Masked language modeling
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Fine-tuning
N-shot training
Small labeled dataset for related task
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
But, why RLHF?
General-purpose training data lacks quality
Noise
Errors
Inconsistencies
Reduced accuracy
Example of reduced accuracy:
Trained on data from online discussion
forums
Unvalidated opinions and facts
Needs external expert validation
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Starts with the need to fine-tune
Pre-training
Learns underlying language patterns
Doesn't capture context-specific complexities
Fine-tuning
Quality labeled data improves performance
Enter RLHF!
Human feedback
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Simplifying RLHF
Model output reviewed by human
Updates model based on the feedback
Step 1:
Receives a prompt
Generates multiple responses
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Enters human expert
Step 2:
Human expert checks these responses
Ranks the responses based on quality
Accuracy
Relevance
Coherence
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Time for feedback
Step 3:
Learns from expert's ranking
To align its response in future with their
preferences
And it goes on!
Continues to generate responses
Receives expert's rankings
Adjusts the learning
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Recap
Pre-training to learn general language knowledge
Fine-tuning for specific tasks
RLHF techniques to enhance fine-tuning through human feedback
Combination is highly effective!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Completing the LLM
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data concerns and
considerations
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Data considerations
Data volume and compute power
Data quality
Labeling
Bias
Privacy
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data volume and compute power
LLMs need a lot of data
Similar to a child learning to talk
570 GB, ~1.3 million books
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data volume and compute power
LLMs need a lot of data
Similar to a child learning to talk
570 GB, ~1.3 million books
Extensive computing power; think of the
energy consumption
Can cost millions of dollars!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data quality
Quality data is essential
Accurate data = better learning = improved
response quality = increased trust
A child learning to talk
Gibberish-in -> gibberish-out
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Labeled data
Correct data label: accurate learning, generalize patterns, accurate responses
Labor-intensive: assigning correct label to each article
Incorrect labels impact model performance
Address errors: identify -> analyze -> iterate
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data bias
Influenced by societal stereotypes
Lack of diversity in training data
Discrimination and unfair outcomes
Spot and deal with the biased data
Evaluate data imbalances
Promote diversity Example:
"The nurse said that..." -> "she" or "her"
Bias mitigation techniques: more diverse
examples
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Data privacy
Compliance with data protection and Sensitive or personally identifiable
privacy regulations information (PII)
Privacy is a concern Get permission
Training on data without permission can
lead to a breach
Legal, financial and reputational harm
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Ethical and
environmental
concerns
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Ethical concerns
Transparency risk
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Ethical concerns
Transparency risk
Accountability risk -
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Ethical concerns
Transparency risk
Accountability risk
Information hazards
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Transparency risk
Challenging to understand the output
Difficult to identify issues
Bias
Errors
Misuse
Black box
Example: reasoning behind predicting
disease outcomes
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Accountability risk
Responsibility of LLMs' actions
Who is responsible?
Incorrect and harmful advice
Model developer or the company?
Game without rules
No transparency
No accountability
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Information hazards
Disseminating harmful information
Harmful content generation
Misinformation spread
Malicious use
Toxicity
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Information hazards
Harmful content generation Misinformation spread
Harmful, offensive, or inappropriate Generate text on any topic
Prompt or biased training data But, no verification!
Example: Example:
Bullying vs. friendly school environment "What's a good diet for losing weight?"
Distressing and harmful Unsubstantiated diet plan
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Information hazards
Malicious use Toxicity
Bad actors exploiting LLMs Inappropriate content
Generate deceptive content Training or through manipulated prompts
Example: Example:
Fabricated news Insensitive response
Manipulating public and causing unrest Stereotype
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Environmental concerns
Ecological footprint of LLMs
Substantial energy resources to train
Impact through carbon emissions
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Cooling requires electricity too!
Produce considerable heat that needs
cooling
Imagine thousands of laptops overheating
Require complex cooling systems
Adds to environmental impact
Balance the cost and benefits
Use renewable energy
Energy-efficient tech
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Where are LLMs
heading?
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
Journey so far
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Journey so far
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Journey so far
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Journey so far
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Model explainability
How do they arrive at their outputs?
Road-trip planning
Why this particular route?
Why these specific spots?
Builds trust and transparency
Identify and correct the biases or errors
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Efficiency
Computational efficiency
High-quality output with less compute
Faster and efficient
Model compression
Optimization
Benefits: better storage, lower energy use
Accessibility and sustainability
Promotes green AI
Reduces operating costs
1 Freepik
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Unsupervised bias handling
Biased data -> discrimination
Unsupervised bias handling
Bias detection and mitigation techniques,
automatically
No need of explicit human-labeled data
Identifies and reduces by analyzing
patterns
Challenge
Subtle, difficult to detect
Might introduce new biases
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Enhanced creativity
Creativity in text-based and visual art
forms
Artistic content: learned patterns, not
emotional understanding
Lack human-like comprehension of art or
emotions
Demonstrate human-like emotional
behavior
Future: emotion inference
1 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.09582.pdf
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Time to wrap-up
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Vidhi Chugh
AI strategist and ethicist
How far we have come!
LLMs transforming interaction with technology
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
How far we have come!
Substantial data requirements
Challenges and risks - privacy, ethics, and environmental implications
Future research and development
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
There is more to it
Entire teams devoted to understanding LLMs
Exciting times ahead
Stay updated with the latest developments
More on data ethics
Introduction to ChatGPT
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
Congratulations!
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS) CONCEPTS
What is generative
AI?
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
We've long dreamed of tools that can create
In ancient stories...
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
We've long dreamed of tools that can create
In ancient stories... ...and modern virtual worlds
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Unparalleled creative tools
AI Images AI Chatbots
1 Cosmopolitan Magazine, Anthropic PBC
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
What is generative AI?
Machine learning models that generate new content
1 Google Bard
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
What is generative AI?
1 Facebook Make-a-Video
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
What is generative AI?
1 Replit Ghostwriter
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
How does it work?
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
How does it work?
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
How does it work?
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Create images
1 Cosmopolitan Magazine using the Dall-E model
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Hold conversations
1 Facebook's LLaMA model
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Input more than text
1 Runway ML's InPainting Tool, https://runwayml.com/inpainting/
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Real-world applications
Generative AI will impact a variety of industries and functions:
Sales: draft sales outreach emails
Finance: analyze financial data
Marketing: generate marketing ads to test
Legal: Simply explain complex regulations
Education: Customize learning for individual students
Medical: Read and analyze medical data
Industrial: Automate repetitive tasks for industrial engineering and design
Games & Entertainment: Create 3D models and scenes
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The end of work?
Lots of implementation challenges and risks
Still, lots of opportunity to utilize
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Course goals
We'll learn how these models:
Generate content
Present new legal and ethical considerations
Impact society in the coming years
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Generative AI in the
machine learning
landscape
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Models that analyze
Discriminative models
Answer closed-ended questions
Learn from training data
Guess correct answer or categorize
1 Wikimedia Commons
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Bagels and puppies
1 Wikimedia Commons
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Guessing with confidence
1 Puppy image from DALL·E 2
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Models that imagine
Generative models
Guess data for a prediction
Still require training
Generate new content
1 Puppy image from Dall-E 2
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Mixing for effect
Generative AI:
Combines generative models with other ML
Models must work together like parts of a
machine
Produce complex creative work
1 Cosmopolitan Magazine
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Generative adversarial networks (GANs)
Generators try to trick discriminators
Compare notes and get better in multiple rounds
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Bagel Puppy GAN
1 https://twitter.com/teenybiscuit/media
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
An AI that exhibits intelligence like a human would
Scope of knowledge
Reasoning across domains
Social skills
Creative thinking
Other cognitive competencies (vision, language)
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Use the right tool for the job
Discriminative Models Generative AI
Predict tomorrow's weather Write code for a website
Categorize books Answer unique customer service questions
Determine if a picture is a puppy or a bagel Draw a picture of a cat scuba diving
Artificial General Intelligence
Complete traditionally human jobs
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
The evolution of
generative AI
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Generative AI burst on the scene in 2023
1 Yahoo Finance
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Key factors driving development
Several factors drive generative AI development:
Computing power
Dataset availability
Competitive interests
Model design
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Computational power allowed large models
Parallelization and specialized hardware
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)
Tensor Processing Units (TPUs)
Cloud computing
Hardware-software optimization
1 Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learning, https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.05924
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Models improved with massive datasets
Global Datasphere Growth
1 IDC's Global DataSphere, 2021
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Competitive pressures encouraged faster development
Commercial Political
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
GANs unleashed high quality generation
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Transformers brought context and coherence
'it' refers to 'animal' 'it' refers to 'street'
1 https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/08/transformer-novel-neural-network.html
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Transformers brought context and coherence
Transformers:
Grasp the context of a given text
Analyze relationships between words
Generate responses that feel natural and informative
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
RLHF engaged user feedback
Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF):
Reinforcement learning trains models through trial-and-error
Human feedback comes from users scoring model responses
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
RLHF engaged user feedback
1 Midjourney
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Model design and
data collection
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Know how to fill the tank
1 GM Fairfax Assembly Plant
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Developing a model
Model Development Steps
1. Research and design
2. Training data collection
3. Model training
4. Model evaluation
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Stable Diffusion's research and development
Example output from Stable Diffusion Stable Diffusion's R&D
Purpose: Decide on image generation
Architecture: Settle on diffusion model
Resources: 256 GPUs, 150k hours, $600k
1 Stability AI, Emad Mostaque Twitter post
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Data collection: not your typical ML model
Training data preparation
Massive amounts required
Diverse, context-rich data
Requires preprocessing
1 Laion blog
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Data collection: privacy and security are critical
Training data preparation
Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Anonymize or aggregate
Store in secure location with controlled
access
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Model training
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Pick your mode of train-sportation
1. Hardware
2. Time
Dataset size
Model complexity
Rounds of training
3. Cost
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Graduate to advanced techniques
Foundation generative AI model is a first
step
Advanced techniques specialize them for
specific contexts
Key advanced techniques:
1. Transfer learning and fine-tuning
2. RLHF
3. Custom embeddings
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
From cats to lions
Transfer learning transfers knowledge from one task to another
Fine-tuning is a type of transfer learning for a small dataset
1 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0, Bing image generator
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Where does your feedback go?
1 Google Bard, 2023
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Thumbs up for better responses
1 Google Bard, 2023
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Embeddings as fingerprints
Similar to recognizing a fingerprint
Unique representations of data entities
Capture meaning, context, and
relationships in compact form
1 Wikimedia commons
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Embedding Dan
1 Daniel Tedesco, 2023
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Embedded Dan
1 Daniel Tedesco portraits from vana.com
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Model evaluation
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Why evaluate anyway?
Assess performance and effectiveness of a model:
Measure progress
Rigorous model comparison
Benchmark human performance
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Evaluating generative AIs
Quantitative Metrics Human-centric Metrics
Discriminative model evaluation metrics Human performance comparison
Generative model-specific metrics Intelligent evaluation
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Discriminative model evaluation techniques
Measure performance on well-defined tasks
Pros:
Widely accepted and understood
Easy to calculate and compare
Cons:
Do not capture subjective nature of
generated content
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Generative model-specific metrics
Customized for particular generative tasks
Pros:
Nuanced criteria, like realism, diversity, and
novelty
Many well-known metrics
Cons:
Cannot capture many subjective elements
Often do not generalize
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Human performance comparison
Pros:
Benchmarks against human abilities
Demonstrates practical applicability
Cons:
Unfair comparison
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Award-winning AIs
Human Competitions Human Standardized Tests
1 https://twitter.com/colostatefair/status/1565486317839863809, OpenAI
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The gold standard
Intelligent evaluation by humans or other AIs
Pros:
Captures subjective aspects
Cons:
Slow, costly, and difficult to standardize
Subject to human biases and irregularity
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Turing's classic test
Proposed by computer scientist Alan Turing
Human evaluator judges AI-generated
content
Passes if evaluator cannot distinguish AI
from human
But human behavior is not always the right
standard
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Evaluating and
mitigating social
bias
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
What do we mean by social bias?
Systematic unfairness in generative AI
Serious societal consequences
Fairness can be subjective
Focus on broadly shared values
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Where bias appears
Training data
The model itself
How the model is used
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Bias in data
Skewed or unrepresentative information in the training dataset
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Bias in models
Pursuing goals that result in biased outcomes
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Bias in use
Applying AI in wrong or malicious ways
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Identifying bias in data and models
Representation analysis compares how the model refers to different groups
Fairness metrics evaluate models for equal treatment, opportunity, and accuracy across
groups
Human audits ask real people to review a model's outputs to identify bias
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Mitigating bias in data and models
Diversify data collection
Adjust model to prioritize different data
Adversarial training
Continuous improvement
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Copyright and
ownership
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Who won?
The person wrote the prompt
The company built the model
The artists whose works trained the model
The AI which generated the art
1 Colorado State Fair
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Law vs. AI
Legal landscape is evolving to meet rapid AI advancement:
1. Intellectual property
2. Privacy implications
3. Evolving norms and regulations
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Follow IP best practices
Check copyright status of training data
Seek legal guidance about use
Stay informed of regulatory dynamics
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Privacy implications with every prompt
Read terms of service: understand how data is stored and used
Consider what we share: user data may be included in future training
Local alternatives: many generative AIs can be run at home
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Evolving norms
Different responses across industries
Norms in one context might not apply in
another
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Evolving regulations
Differ across jurisdictions
May depend on location of users, servers, and developers
Stay informed as landscape rapidly evolves
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Responsible
generative AI
applications
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
On the eve of the election
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Types of malicious use
Deepfakes
Misinformation campaigns
AI-enhanced hacking
1 Pablo Xavier
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Detection and prevention
Key usage principles
Human-in-the-loop
Harm prevention
Continuous monitoring
Points of Detection and Prevention
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Access
AI can unintentionally aid criminal groups'
non-criminal activities.
Avoid supporting malicious groups
Know Your Customer (KYC)
Verify user identity
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Prompts and responses
Moderating prompts Moderating responses
Similar to website or chat group Screen or filter responses before showing
moderation user
Jailbreaking prompts can still subvert
developer guidelines
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Applications
Malicious actors can apply benign responses
to illegal or unethical activity.
Invisible watermarks can help determine
source of content
May require law enforcement intervention
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Communication and feedback
Clear usage guidelines
Feedback loops
User studies and stakeholder roundtables
Partner with civil society organizations
Feedback opportunities in product
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Artificial general
intelligence (AGI)
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Revisiting AGI
An AI that exhibits intelligence like a human would:
Scope of knowledge
Reasoning across domains
Social skills
Creative thinking
Other cognitive competencies (vision, language)
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Immense pros
Productivity
Research progress
Engineering solutions
Companionship and wisdom
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Severe cons
Negative economic disruption
Malicious use
Value alignment problems
Existential catastrophe
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The safety debate
AGI can empower AGI can have negative consequences
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Controlling AGI outcomes
Requirements for aligning AGI and human values:
Clear rules and expectations
Constructive feedback
1. Hard constraints
2. Alignment strategies
3. Government intervention
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Hard constraints
1. Boxing restricts access to the wider world
2. Interruptibility adds a stop or off switch
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Alignment strategies
Iterative development
Constitutional AI
Multi-stakeholder engagement
1 Dave Gray
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Government intervention
CEOs of various AI companies meeting with
UK PM Rishi Sunak in 2023-
Beneficial regulations
Safety regulations
Rules for testing and oversight
Transparency standards
International collaboration
1 UK Prime Minister
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Bringing new AI into
old workflows
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Meeting our "replacement"
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Advantages and limitations
Advantages Limitations
Knowledge of trained fields Hallucination and potential bias
Very fast No common sense
Inexpensive Implementation challenges
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Augmentation
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Co-creation
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Replacement
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
A novel implementation
Augmentation: AI suggests edits, human decides
Co-creation: AI and human collaboratively write a novel
Replacement: AI generates and publishes social media posts
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Identify opportunity
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Decompose the process
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Test an AI solution
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Scale up
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
A new way of working
Treat AI as partners rather than
competitors
Prepare for lifelong learning, with AI
support
Be patient with integration
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Progress in
generative AI
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
A collaborative effort
Universities
Governments and civic organizations
Open-source communities
Startups and large companies
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Universities
New research, such as invention of GANs
New researchers
Partnerships with other sectors
1 University of Montreal website
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Governments and civic organizations
Governments
Establish and enforce regulatory
environment
Fund basic research
Civic institutions
Provide independent analyses
Resources, such as datasets
Project funding
1National Defense Magazine, https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2016/5/11/darpa-shows-off-
technology-at-demo-day
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Open-source communities
Some generative AI Open-source projects
Provide open access to tools and models
Lower barriers to entry, experimentation,
and sharing
Are difficult to sustain and maintain quality
Raise risks of misuse
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Startups and large companies
Seek competitive advantage
Bring generative AI to broad adoption
Showcase advances to attract talent and impress investors
Large companies additionally:
Fund research, such as introduction of transformers by Google
Acquire startups
Offer hardware and cloud resources
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The openness challenge
Pros Cons
Developer support Lose competitive advantage
Talent attraction Risk liability for misuse
Broader feedback
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The boundaries of generative AI development
Accelerators Decelerators
Decreasing hardware costs Technological limits
Research developments Overbearing regulation
Competitive and geopolitical pressures Closed ecosystems
Limited economic resources
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Preparing for a
future of generative
AI
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Do more with less
Individuals become teams
Small teams create big things
Bureaucracies become more streamlined
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The AI divide
Access: availability, cost
Literacy: mindset, capability
1 International Telecommunications Union, 2023
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Education and jobs
Replacement, augmentation, and co-
creation, too
Reshape around generative AI
In education: access to AI, move away
from memorization
In the workplace: support from AI partner
Difficult transition
1 Various headlines from BBC, The Economist, Forbes, Business Insider, and Gitnux
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Media and entertainment
Creative explosion Which is real and which is AI-generated?
Personalized media
Requires new forms of trust
1 https://www.reddit.com/r/midjourney/comments/12uij2l/one_is_a_real_photo_and_one_is_ai_generated_can/
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Science and technological progress
Faster discoveries
Faster technology transfer
Human direction still needed
1 Deepmind website, https://www.deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphafold
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Values: do they think and feel like us?
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Let's practice!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
You made it!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
Daniel Tedesco
Data Lead, Google
Congratulations
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Four chapters of fun
Chapter 1: Got to know generative AI
Chapter 2: Learned how these models are developed
Chapter 3: How to use generative AI and its content responsibly
Chapter 4: Got ourselves ready for the Age of Generative AI
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
The learning just started
Explore more DataCamp courses:
Introduction to ChatGPT
Large Language Models (LLMs) Concepts
Experiment with generative AI in your own workflows
Stay up to date by following topical sources:
DataCamp's DataFramed Podcast
My podcast: www.youtube.com/@thecraftpodcast and Twitter @dtedesco1
GENERATIVE AI CONCEPTS
Congratulations!
G E N E R AT I V E A I C O N C E P T S
AI ethics: What's the
buzz?
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Intro to ethics
AI growth and the surge in public attention
AI ethics: A crucial discussion
Definition of ethics: Guiding behavior
based on moral principles
The intersection of AI and ethics
1 Icons made by surang & Flowicon from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
AI meets ethics
AI revolutionizes various sectors:
Healthcare
Media
Insurance
Examples
AI in healthcare - improves surgical
accuracy, early disease detection
AI in finance - automates processing,
fraud detection
1 Icons made by Freepik, wanicon, Pixel perfect from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Why AI ethics?
Why AI ethics?
Risks of unchecked biases, illustrated by
insurance claim denial scenario
Human influence on AI
Biases seep into decision-making
Wider impact
Legal professions, judiciary, public
decision-making
AI ETHICS
Ethics in practice
Aligning AI systems with ethical principles
Example:
Fairness in insurance model
Equal treatment for all claims
Guidelines in Insurance, Finance, and
Banking sectors
Ethical boundaries for fair, unbiased results
The potential of ethically built AI
1 Icons made by Freepik & noomath from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
The big picture
AI ethics: Beyond avoiding harm or bias
Importance of accountability: Who is
responsible for AI's outcomes and
construction?
The role of transparency: Understanding
AI's decision-making process
Need for transparency and literacy in AI
development and results
1 Icons made by Freepik & Wichai.wi from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Wrapping up
AI ethics: The guiding beacon in an AI-
driven world
Ensures benefits of AI without
compromising moral values
Ethical AI: Not just good practice, but good
business
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
Digging deeper: AI
ethics principles
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Meet MedTech Innovations
MedTech Innovations
Healthcare company
Using AI to improve patient care and
uphold ethics
Personal reflections
Consider the application of AI ethics in...
Personal life
Career
Known businesses
AI ETHICS
The principle of fairness
MedTech's AI in patient care
Personalized treatment plans
Challenge:
Unintentional bias in AI systems
Potential discrimination
Principle of fairness
Equal treatment
Avoidance of discrimination
AI ETHICS
The principle of accountability
Scenario: MedTech's AI system mistake affecting patient treatment
Principle of accountability:
Someone should always be accountable for AI outcomes
AI ETHICS
The principle of transparency
Scenario: MedTech's AI system
recommends a specific treatment
Challenge: Understanding why AI made the
decision
Principle of transparency:
Decisions by AI should be explainable
and comprehensible
Sharing knowledge and information
across different stakeholders
AI ETHICS
Applying AI ethics
Fairness:
Continual testing of AI systems to detect and rectify bias
Accountability:
Clear responsibilities defined for each AI system's outcomes
Transparency:
Make AI systems explainable and understandable
Commitment:
Ethical adherence builds trust, mitigates risks
AI ETHICS
Why do they matter?
Understanding & applying principles: Ensures ethical AI use
Building trust: Transparency and accountability foster patient trust
Mitigating risks: Ethical AI use reduces potential risks
Promoting AI: Transparency and knowledge-building enhances societal trust and utilization
of AI
1 Icons made by Freepik & Smashicons from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
AI ethics: where's the
line?
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
The privacy-personalization paradox
AI personalizes user experiences,
enhancing appeal
The privacy-personalization paradox
Personalization can compromise user
privacy
Solution:
AI literacy
Clear privacy policies
Example: Spotify
AI ETHICS
The bias-fairness conundrum
Bias-fairness conundrum:
AI learns from data that can carry
societal biases
Result:
AI may unintentionally amplify these
biases
Example:
Early versions of ChatGPT
Solution:
Train AI models with fairer, bias-free data
AI ETHICS
The transparency-complexity trade-off
Transparency-complexity trade-off:
Complex AI models lack transparency
but are highly accurate
Simpler models are more transparent but
less accurate
AI literacy is vital for comprehension and
ethical implications
1 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
The autonomy-control dilemma
Autonomy-control dilemma:
AI can act autonomously but might
operate outside human control
Question:
Should we prioritize autonomy or control?
No one-size-fits-all answer
Example:
Tesla's Autopilot system emphasizes
driver vigilance and readiness to take
control
AI ETHICS
Navigating the challenges
Navigating ethical dilemmas in AI requires thoughtful trade-offs
Importance of human element in decision-making
Striving for better decisions in complex situations
Need for diverse stakeholders' involvement and continuous AI monitoring
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
Unpacking the
blackbox:
Transparency
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Llama Enthusiast
Black-box nature
AI implementations are often black boxes
A black box in AI:
Known inputs and outputs
AI ETHICS
Ambiguousness is non-ideal
Ambiguity in AI: Ethical challenge
Question of trust:
Can we validate AI decisions without
understanding them?
Transparency:
Making an AI's decision-making process
understandable
Example:
Factors in AI sales model
AI ETHICS
Throughout the AI life cycle
Transparency in AI involves all stages of the
AI life-cycle
Purpose:
Understand the workings of the AI
system
Gauge comfort level with its operation
AI ETHICS
A deciding factor
Current state:
Transparency in AI is uncommon
Hesitation in AI adoption
Future implications:
Transparency will become a deciding
factor in users' choice of AI systems
Actionable:
Organizations should prioritize
transparency
1 Icon made by Eucalyp from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Openness is key
Openness about AI challenges and
learnings is key
Transparency encourages innovation in AI
It leads to more advanced, reliable AI
systems
1 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Embracing transparency in AI
Transparency in AI can be intimidating but
is beneficial for businesses
Transparency leads to predictable
regulations and public perception
Companies can compete based on
strengths, culture, customer relationships
rather than secrecy
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
AI fairness: not just a
dream
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Fairness in AI
Fairness: Ensure no group is favored over AI should predict patient outcomes
another equitably
Concerns race, gender, socioeconomic There should be no bias towards any
status, etc. specific group
AI ETHICS
Why does fairness matter?
AI's rapid processing can result in large-
scale impacts
Fairness prevents negative targeting of
vulnerable populations
Essential for responsible AI implementation,
ensures equitable consideration for all
1 Icons made by noomtah & Parzival' 1997 from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Promoting fairness
Fairness promotion is challenging but possible
Reduces potential bias by omitting certain variables
Variables include race, gender, age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, religion
AI ETHICS
Unintentional issues exist
Even with unawareness, unintentional bias
can still occur
Robust strategies needed to ensure fairness
1 Icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Minimizing bias
The main objective of AI fairness is minimizing bias
The first step is acknowledging bias exists
Remain skeptical and vigilant of AI
Conduct frequent monitoring and audits for fairness
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
Safeguarding AI:
Accountability
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Define accountability
Accountability:
Assigning responsibility for AI outcomes
Critical in AI's development, deployment,
and use
AI isn't a responsibility-evading "magic
wand"
AI ETHICS
Accountability is vital
People trust AI systems more when there is accountability
Accountability ensures ethical use and mitigates potential harm
Accountability means not absolving humans from responsibility
AI ETHICS
The paradox of accountability
Increasing AI accountability can improve
trust
Yet, excessive trust in AI can lead to
misguided decisions
Example:
Georgia Tech study where participants
followed misguided robot guidance
AI ETHICS
The Tesla story
Misunderstanding of the auto-pilot
capabilities among consumers
Criticism for Tesla's insufficient safeguards
Both Tesla and consumers share
responsibility
AI ETHICS
Achieving accountability
AI producers:
Achieving accountability involves
transparency and solving the 'Black Box'
problem
Attributing responsibility is key
AI consumers:
'Trust but verify'
Producers and consumers both play a role
in creating ethical AI
Challenges are opportunities for innovation
1 Icons made by Eucalyp & Sumitsaengtong from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
No one-size-fits-all
Accountability in AI is a continuous journey
With each AI advancement, the accountability conversation evolves
No one-size-fits-all approach; varies across industries
1 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
Explainable AI
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
What's explainable AI?
AI systems whose internal workings are understood by humans
Goal: Making AI's decision-making clear, understandable, and explainable
Helps understand why and how AI makes decisions
Major step towards ethical AI usage
1 Icon made by vectorsmarket15 from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
The central pillars
Transparency, fairness, accountability are
central
AI conclusions should be accessible and
logical to humans
Models built with explainability at their core
Uses interpretable models like decision
trees or linear regression
Power in seeing the process, despite
possibly lower performance
1 Icons made by juicy_fish & Becris from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
How does it work?
AI ETHICS
How does it work?
AI ETHICS
Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME)
LIME as a translator that helps the model
communicate
Creates a simpler version of the model's
decision process for a specific prediction
Example:
Explains a movie's hit prediction based
on factors like director popularity and
high budget
1 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)
SHAP: A detective of AI, revealing feature
importance
SHAP in Action
Director: 50%
Cast: 30%
Genre: 15%
Budget: 5%
AI ETHICS
Future of XAI
Many more techniques and approaches exist in XAI
The gap between XAI and traditional AI is shrinking
Ongoing research is improving AI interpretability
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
Ethical frameworks
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager
The background story
Numerous ethical frameworks guide AI decision-making
Deontological vs. consequentialist approaches
No universal framework for applying AI ethics
The diversity is actually beneficial
AI ETHICS
Ethical framework defined
Ethical frameworks provide scaffolding for ethical decisions
Example: AI in healthcare needs to respect privacy and ensure fairness
AI ETHICS
Organizational benefits
Benefits of ethical framework
Allows foresight in AI decision impact
Provides a clear starting point for AI
usage
Ethical frameworks & innovation
AI ethics no longer feared for stifling
innovation
Seen as promoting innovation by
alleviating ambiguity and challenges
1 Icon made by Prosymbols Premium from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Meet AgroTech!
Ethical frameworks vary across industries
AgroTech
New agricultural company, innovating
crop harvesting
Ethical framework pillars: environmental
sustainability, economic viability, social
equity
Guides the development of their Smart
Harvester drone series
AI ETHICS
Meet AgroTech!(2)
Smart harvesters shouldn't focus only on
expensive, resource-intensive crops
A potential risk: farmers incentivized to
plant specific crops, threatening
sustainability
Solutions must also be economically viable
to be used effectively
1 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Challenges are unavoidable
Balancing ethical considerations is complex
Cultural and regional variations complicate
frameworks
They guide AI development from a human
perspective
Aid in building trust with AI systems
1 Icons made by Flat Icons & Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
The value of ethical
AI
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Balancing the scale
AI brings fast decision-making with widespread impact
Responsible AI use prevents crossing unanticipated barriers
Potential brand risk from system misbehavior is significant
AI ETHICS
AI ethics isn't optional
AI ethics: a necessity, not accessory
Balances the immense benefits and
potential pitfalls of AI
Case study: financial services industry
AI is indispensable
Absence could lead to disastrous
consequences
AI ETHICS
Bring in tangible impacts
Not just defensive but an offensive strategy
Propels organizations ahead of the curve
Creates trusted entities, enhancing
customer loyalty and brand reputation
Can lead to tangible impact on the bottom
line
1 Icon made by Vectoricons from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
New field, new challenges
Recent emergence with large-scale AI use
Challenging to find examples of AI gone
bad
Too early in AI's evolution to see many
ethical missteps
1 Icon made by ultimatearm from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
The future of AI
ethics
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Understanding the present
AI ETHICS
Anticipating future ethical dilemmas
With each AI advancement, new ethical
challenges emerge
Questions arise about data privacy,
potential bias, and decision-making
autonomy
Preparation is key to address future ethical
dilemmas
Future of AI ethics is unpredictable, but
patterns from history can guide us
1 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
The dynamic nature of AI ethics
Evolves with technological advancements
Ethical principles must adapt to new AI
applications and societal values
Learn from advancements in data security,
privacy, and ethics
Stay alert to emerging trends, new
techniques, and potential pitfalls
1 Icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
AI ETHICS
Ethical AI by Design
Awareness of technology and techniques is a prerequisite
Ethical AI by Design: integrating ethics from initial design stage of AI systems
Safeguards on data collection and storage
Place ethical principles at the forefront of the decision-making process
AI ETHICS
Ethical AI in practice
Healthcare AI systems:
Ensure transparency and explainability
for trust in AI-driven diagnoses
Retail AI systems:
Avoid bias and ensure accountability
AI ETHICS
Let's practice!
AI ETHICS
Honing ethics by
design
AI ETHICS
Joe Franklin
Associate Data Literacy and Essentials
Manager, DataCamp
Deceptively simple
AI Ethics by Design: Consider ethical ramifications of AI in advance
AI ETHICS
The big ones
Define objectives
Align with stakeholders
Collect and manage data
Design transparently
Evaluate bias
Address concerns
Review and iterate
AI ETHICS
Defining objectives
AI ETHICS
The gangs all here
AI ETHICS
The right data in the right place
AI ETHICS
Transparency in design
AI ETHICS
The end is only the beginning
AI ETHICS
It's a wonderful world out there
Introduction to Data Ethics by Shalini Kurapati
Explore the intersection of ethics and data. Learn valuable skills to collect and manage
data ethically.
Forming Analytical Questions by Konstantinos Kattidis
Discover how to ask a good question and connect with stakeholders to drive change with
analytics.
AI ETHICS
Thank you!
AI ETHICS
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