COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATION STREAM

Course title: Communication system

Course code:

Year: 5th Semester: 1st

Individual Assignment

Name: Hachalu Mohammed Ru/1199/12

Submission Date: 04,06, 2016 EC

Submitted to inst. Degineh
Bonga, Ethiopia
 1. Explain digital modulation and type of digital
modulation briefly

Digital modulation is a technique used to transmit digital information (such as

data, voice, or video) over communication channels. Unlike analogy
modulation, where the information signal can take any level, digital modulation
involves discrete levels for the information signal. The carrier signal is then
modulated (varied) based on these discrete levels. Here are some key points:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
o In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent digital data.
o It’s straightforward to implement but may have limitations in terms of bit rate.
o ASK can be binary (BASK) or multilevel (MASK).
2. Phase Shift Keying (PSK):
o PSK changes the phase of the carrier signal to encode digital information.
o BPSK (binary PSK) and QPSK (quadrature PSK) are common variants.
o QPSK involves transmitting two portions of a digital bit stream in parallel.
3. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):
o FSK varies the frequency of the carrier signal to represent digital data.
o Like ASK, it can be binary (BFSK) or multilevel (MFSK).
4. Quadrature Methods:
o ASK, PSK, and FSK can all have variants that involve demodulating the
received signal in quadrature.
o Quadrature modulation schemes transmit two components of the bit stream in
parallel.

2. Explain SIMO, MISO and MIMO briefly with their

block diagram
1. SIMO (Single-Input, Multiple-Output):
o Block Diagram:
o

o In SIMO systems, there’s a single transmitter (source) and multiple

receivers (antennas).
o Each receiver receives a version of the transmitted signal.
o Commonly used in diversity reception to combat fading and improve reliability.
o Examples: Radio broadcasting with multiple antennas at the receiver.
2. MISO (Multiple-Input, Single-Output):
o Block Diagram:

o In MISO systems, there are multiple transmitters (antennas) and a single

receiver.
o The transmitters send different versions of the same signal.
o Used for beam forming and improving signal quality.
o Examples: Wi-Fi routers with multiple antennas focusing on a single device.
3. MIMO (Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output):
o Block Diagram:

o MIMO combines both SIMO and MISO.

o Multiple transmitters and receivers work together.
o Enhances data rates, reliability, and spectral efficiency.
o Examples: 4G/5G cellular networks, Wi-Fi routers with multiple antennas.
o
o

3. Write the working principle of super heterodyne

AM and FM with their block diagram
The working principles of both super heterodyne AM (Amplitude
Modulation) and super heterodyne FM (Frequency Modulation) receivers,
along with their respective block diagrams.

Super heterodyne AM Receiver:

The super heterodyne AM receiver is widely used due to its
advantages over straight radio receivers. It converts the input radio
signal into a steady intermediate frequency (IF) that is easier to work
with than the original radio signal. Here’s how it works:
1. RF Filter:
o The ferrite rod antenna coil and variable capacitor combo serve as an input
filter.
o RF is induced into the coil, and the parallel capacitor controls its resonant
frequency.
o The resonant frequency of the coil and capacitor should match the station’s
carrier frequency for optimal reception.
2. Heterodyne Local Oscillator (LO):
o Also known as the local oscillator.
o Its frequency is set so that either the sum or the difference of the RF signal’s
frequency and the LO’s frequency equals the IF frequency (usually around 455
kHz).
3. Mixer:
o The RF signal and the LO signal are fed to the mixer.
o The mixer produces the desired IF by combining these signals.
o In simple transistor radios, the heterodyne and mixer is often combined using
one transistor.
o In higher-quality receivers, separate stages allow for more sensitive reception.
4. IF Amplifiers:
o A strip of IF amplifiers amplifies the IF signal.
o These amplifiers provide high gain and strong signal response.
o Automatic gain control (AGC) helps maintain consistent amplification.
5. Detector:
o Converts the amplitude-modulated IF signal into an audio signal.
o The output of the detector feeds into an audio amplifier.
6. Audio Amplifier and Speaker:
o The audio signal is amplified and sent to the speaker for sound output.
 7.
8. Super heterodyne AM Receiver Block Diagram

Super heterodyne FM Receiver:

The super heterodyne FM receiver follows a similar principle but
deals with frequency modulation. Here’s how it works:
1. RF Amplifier:
o Amplifies the received signal intercepted by the antenna.
2. Mixer:
o The amplified signal is mixed with a signal from the local oscillator.
o The mixer generates an IF signal of 10.7 MHz
 Super heterodyne FM Receiver Block Diagram

4. Compare and contrast OFDMA and NOMA

NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) and OFDMA

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), both of which
are used in 5G wireless technology:

1. NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access):

o Main Function: NOMA serves multiple User Equipment’s (UEs)
using a single 5G-NB (Node B or Base Station).
o Multiple Access Techniques:
 Power Domain: NOMA achieves multiplexing based on different
power levels.
 Code Domain: NOMA achieves multiplexing based on different
codes.
o Transmit Side:
 NOMA uses superposition coding at the transmitter end.
 Different power levels are assigned to users.
o Receive Side:
 NOMA employs Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) to
retrieve data from both users.
 Strong users subtract the signal of weak users through SIC.
 Weak users treat the signal of strong users as noise and decode their
own signal directly.
o Spectrum Efficiency: Higher than OFDMA.
o Capacity (Number of Users per Cell): Less than OFDMA.

2. OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access):

o Resource Allocation:
 BS (Base Station) shares resources by transmitting to UEs at different
time instants and frequencies.
 Allocates sub channels and time slots based on desired bandwidth or
data rate.
o Robustness Against Fading:
 OFDMA maps sub channels with a few subcarriers after
permutations, making it robust against fading.
o Applications:
 Used in technologies such as Mobile WiMAX, LTE, LTE-Advanced,
and 5G for resource sharing.

In summary, NOMA utilizes power or code domains to serve multiple

users on the same time/frequency resources, while OFDMA allocates
resources based on frequency/time. NOMA achieves higher spectrum
efficiency, but OFDMA can accommodate more users per cell. Both
play crucial roles in modern wireless communication systems!

5. Write about phased locked loop

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a control system that generates an

output signal with a fixed phase relative to an input signal. Let’s
explore its working principle and applications:
1. Basic Components of a PLL:
o Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO): Generates a periodic signal
with a frequency proportional to an applied voltage.
o Phase Detector: Compares the phase of the VCO’s output signal with
a reference input signal and adjusts the VCO’s frequency to match the
phase.
o Filter: Stabilizes the output voltage from the phase detector.
2. Working Principle:
o The PLL aims to keep the input and output phases in lockstep, which
also implies keeping their frequencies the same.
o By incorporating a frequency divider, a PLL can generate a stable
frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency.
o Applications include clock synchronization, demodulation, frequency
synthesis, clock multipliers, and signal recovery from noisy
communication channels.
3. Clock Analogy:
o Think of phase as proportional to time. Different clocks mark time at
slightly different rates.
o Analogous to synchronizing mechanical clocks to a reference clock, a
PLL aligns the VCO’s phase with the reference signal.
o Efficient synchronization adjusts the VCO’s frequency, similar to
how a well-maintained clock stays in sync over time.
4. Applications:
o Coherent Demodulation: Used in space communications for coherent
demodulation and threshold extension.
o Bit Synchronization: Ensures accurate bit timing in digital
communication systems.
o Symbol Synchronization: Aligns symbols in digital modulation
schemes.
o Frequency Demodulation: Used to demodulate frequency-modulated
signals