AI INTRODUCTION

CONTENT
• What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
• Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Goals of Artificial Intelligence?
• What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
• Advantages of Artificial Intelligence?
• Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence?
• Application of Artificial Intelligence?
• History of Artificial Intelligence?
• Types of Artificial Intelligence?
• Agents in Artificial Intelligence?
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting

in touch with different new technologies day by day.
• Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is
Artificial Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in the
world by making intelligent machines.
• The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working
with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as
self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing music,
Painting, etc.
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science

which has a great scope in future.
• AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-
made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a
man-made thinking power.“
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions."
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based

skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems
• With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine
to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and
that is the awesomeness of AI.
• It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says
that as per Greek myth, there were Mechanical men in early days
which can work and behave like humans.
 Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the
importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main
reasons to learn about AI:
• With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1.Replicate human intelligence

2.Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3.An intelligent connection of perception and action
4.Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as:
1. Proving a theorem
2. Playing chess
3. Plan some surgical operation
4. Driving a car in traffic
5.Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

• Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and
requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it.
• To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination
of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding,
etc.
• To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:
• Mathematics
• Biology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Computer Science
• Neurons Study
• Statistics
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of
that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as
per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are
trained, or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does
not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human,
and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative
and imaginative.
 Application of AI

• Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society.

• It is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex
problems with an efficient way in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our
daily life more comfortable and fast.
• Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial
Intelligence:
 Application of AI
• 1. AI in Astronomy
• Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.
• 2. AI in Healthcare
• In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
• Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
• 3. AI in Gaming
• AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
 Application of AI
• 4. AI in Finance
• AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.
• 5. AI in Data Security
• The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and
cyber-attacks in a better way.
• 6. AI in Social Media
• Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
 Application of AI
• 7. AI in Travel & Transport
• AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various travel related
works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to
the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like
interaction with customers for better and fast response.
• 8. AI in Automotive Industry
• Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
• Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
• 9. AI in Robotics:
• Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are programmed
such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent
robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.
• Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
 Application of AI
• 10. AI in Entertainment
• We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
• 11.AI in Agriculture
• Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
• 12. AI in E-commerce
• AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.
 Application of AI
• 13. AI in education:
• AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI
chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
• AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will
be accessible easily at any time and any place.
 History of Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for
researchers.
• This technology is much older than you would imagine.
• Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and
Egyptian Myths.
• Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the
journey from the AI generation to till date development.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
• Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model
of artificial neurons.
• Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian
learning.
• Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can
check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to
human intelligence, called a Turing test.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
• The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
• Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can
solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first
chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
• Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which
was named as WABOT-1.
• The first AI winter (1974-1980)
• The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration.
AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
• During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
• A boom of AI (1980-1987)
• Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability
of a human expert.
• In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association
of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
• The second AI winter (1987-1993)
• The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter
duration.
• Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due
to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was
very cost effective.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
• Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first
artificial intelligence program“ Which was named as "Logic Theorist".
This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find
new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
• Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by
American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.
• At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or
COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at
that time.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
• The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
• Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess
champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a
world chess champion.
• Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of
Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
• Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006.
Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
• Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
• Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it
had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it
could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
• Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which
was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
• Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in
the infamous "Turing test."
• Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
• Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant
and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side
didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
• Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep
learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom.
Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are
working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial
Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly

two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and
based on functionally of AI. Following is flow diagram which explain
the types of AI.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
• 1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways
if it goes beyond its limits.
• Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
• IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• 2.General AI:
• General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
• Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI
and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with
General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
efforts and time to develop such systems.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• 3.Super AI:
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than
human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the
ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate by its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality
• 1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
• 2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.
 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• 3.Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs,
and be able to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
• 4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will
be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments,
and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence

What is an Agent?
• An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors
and act upon that environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the
cycle of perceiving, thinking, and acting. An agent can be:
• Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which
work for sensors and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.
• Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder,
NLP for sensors and various motors for actuators.
• Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as
sensory input and act on those inputs and display output on the screen.
• Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone,
camera, and even we are also agents.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the
environment and sends the information to other electronic devices.
An agent observes its environment through sensors.
• Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts
energy into motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving
and controlling a system. An actuator can be an electric motor, gears,
rails, etc.
• Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment.
Effectors can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display
screen.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Agents:
• An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an
environment using sensors and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent
agent may learn from the environment to achieve their goals. A thermostat
is an example of an intelligent agent.
• Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
• Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.
• Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
• Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
• Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• Rational Agent:
• A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models
uncertainty, and acts in a way to maximize its performance measure
with all possible actions.
• A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about
creating rational agents to use for game theory and decision theory
for various real-world scenarios.
• For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI
reinforcement learning algorithm, for each best possible action, agent
gets the positive reward and for each wrong action, an agent gets a
negative reward.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• Structure of an AI Agent
• The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent
function. The structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of
architecture and agent program. It can be viewed as:
Agent = Architecture + Agent program
• Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:
• Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.
• Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.
f:P* → A
• Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An
agent program executes on the physical architecture to produce function f
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• PEAS Representation
• PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define
an AI agent or rational agent, then we can group its properties under PEAS
representation model. It is made up of four words:
• P: Performance measure
• E: Environment
• A: Actuators
• S: Sensors
• Here performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's
behaviour.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• PEAS for self-driving cars:
• Let's suppose a self-driving car then
PEAS representation will be:
• Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort
• Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian
• Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
• Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.
Agent Performance measure Environment Actuators Sensors

1. Medical Diagnose •Healthy patient •Patient •Tests Keyboard

•Minimized cost •Hospital •Treatments (Entry of symptoms)
•Staff

2. Vacuum Cleaner •Cleanness •Room •Wheels •Camera

•Efficiency •Table •Brushes •Dirt detection sensor
•Battery life •Wood floor •Vacuum Extractor •Cliff sensor
•Security •Carpet •Bump Sensor
•Various obstacles •Infrared Wall Sensor

3. Part -picking Robot •Percentage of parts in •Conveyor belt with parts, •Jointed Arms •Camera
correct bins. •Bins •Hand •Joint angle sensors.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
Agent Environment in AI
• An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part
of an agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in which an agent is
present.
• The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with something to
sense and act upon it. An environment is mostly said to be non-feministic.
Features of Environment
• As per Russell and Norvig, an environment can have various features from the point of
view of an agent:
1.Fully observable vs Partially Observable
2.Static vs Dynamic
3.Discrete vs Continuous
4.Deterministic vs Stochastic
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
4.Single-agent vs Multi-agent
5.Episodic vs sequential
6.Known vs Unknown
7.Accessible vs Inaccessible
• 1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable:
• If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an
environment at each point of time then it is a fully
observable environment, else it is partially observable.
• A fully observable environment is easy as there is no need to maintain the
internal state to keep track history of the world.
• An agent with no sensors in all environments then such an environment is
called as unobservable.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 2. Deterministic vs Stochastic:
• If an agent's current state and selected action can completely determine the next
state of the environment, then such environment is called a deterministic
environment.
• A stochastic environment is random in nature and cannot be determined
completely by an agent.
• In a deterministic, fully observable environment, agent does not need to worry
about uncertainty.
• 3. Episodic vs Sequential:
• In an episodic environment, there is a series of one-shot actions, and only the
current percept is required for the action.
• However, in Sequential environment, an agent requires memory of past actions
to determine the next best actions.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 4. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
• If only one agent is involved in an environment, and operating by itself then such an environment
is called single agent environment.
• However, if multiple agents are operating in an environment, then such an environment is called a
multi-agent environment.
• The agent design problems in the multi-agent environment are different from single agent
environment.
• 5. Static vs Dynamic:
• If the environment can change itself while an agent is deliberating then such environment is
called a dynamic environment else it is called a static environment.
• Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to continue looking at the
world while deciding for an action.
• However for dynamic environment, agents need to keep looking at the world at each action.
• Taxi driving is an example of a dynamic environment whereas Crossword puzzles are an example
of a static environment.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 6. Discrete vs Continuous:
• If in an environment there are a finite number of percept's and actions that can be
performed within it, then such an environment is called a discrete environment else it is
called continuous environment.
• A chess game comes under discrete environment as there is a finite number of moves
that can be performed.
• A self-driving car is an example of a continuous environment.
• 7. Known vs Unknown
• Known and unknown are not actually a feature of an environment, but it is an agent's
state of knowledge to perform an action.
• In a known environment, the results for all actions are known to the agent. While in
unknown environment, agent needs to learn how it works in order to perform an action.
• It is quite possible that a known environment to be partially observable and an Unknown
environment to be fully observable.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 8. Accessible vs Inaccessible
• If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information about the
state's environment, then such an environment is called an Accessible
environment else it is called inaccessible.
• An empty room whose state can be defined by its temperature is an
example of an accessible environment.
• Information about an event on earth is an example of Inaccessible
environment.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• Types of AI Agents
• Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of
perceived intelligence and capability. All these agents can improve
their performance and generate better action over the time. These
are given below:
• Simple Reflex Agent
• Model-based reflex agent
• Goal-based agents
• Utility-based agent
• Learning agent
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
1. Simple Reflex agent:
• The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These
agents take decisions on the basis of the current
percept’s and ignore the rest of the percept history.
• These agents only succeed in the fully observable
environment.
• The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of
percept’s history during their decision and action process.
• The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule,
which means it maps the current state to action. Such as
a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in the
room.
• Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
• They have very limited intelligence
• They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual
parts of the current state
• Mostly too big to generate and to store.
• Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 2. Model-based reflex agent
• The Model-based agent can work in a partially
observable environment, and track the situation.
• A model-based agent has two important factors:
• Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in
the world," so it is called a Model-based agent.
• Internal State: It is a representation of the current
state based on percept history.
• These agents have the model, "which is knowledge
of the world" and based on the model they
perform actions.
• Updating the agent state requires information
about:
• How the world evolves
• How the agent's action affects the world.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 3. Goal-based agents
• The knowledge of the current state environment is
not always sufficient to decide for an agent to what
to do.
• The agent needs to know its goal which describes
desirable situations.
• Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the
model-based agent by having the "goal"
information.
• They choose an action, so that they can achieve
the goal.
• These agents may have to consider a long
sequence of possible actions before deciding
whether the goal is achieved or not. Such
considerations of different scenario are called
searching and planning, which makes an agent
proactive.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 4.Utility-based agents
• These agents are similar to the goal-based
agent but provide an extra component of
utility measurement which makes them
different by providing a measure of success at
a given state.
• Utility-based agent act based not only goals
but also the best way to achieve the goal.
• The Utility-based agent is useful when there
are multiple possible alternatives, and an
agent has to choose in order to perform the
best action.
• The utility function maps each state to a real
number to check how efficiently each action
achieves the goals.
 Agents in Artificial Intelligence
• 5. Learning Agents
• A learning agent in AI is the type of agent
which can learn from its past experiences, or
it has learning capabilities.
• It starts to act with basic knowledge and then
able to act and adapt automatically through
learning.
• A learning agent has mainly four conceptual
components, which are:
• Learning element: It is responsible for making
improvements by learning from environment
• Critic: Learning element takes feedback from
critic which describes that how well the agent
is doing with respect to a fixed performance
standard.
• Performance element: It is responsible for
selecting external action
• Problem generator: This component is
responsible for suggesting actions that will