CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Importance of Agriculture Production:

Source of Livelihood:
Most people’s main source of livelihood is farming. About 70% of people rely
directly on agriculture as a livelihood. The result of the non-development of non-
agricultural activities to absorb the fast-growing population is this high percentage in
agriculture. Furthermore, many people are not engaged in agriculture in developed
countries.
Contribution to National revenue:
Agriculture is the main source of national income for most developing
countries. However, for developed countries, agriculture contributes a smaller percentage
to their national income.
Supply of Food as well as Fodder:
The agricultural sector provides fodder for domestic animals. The cow
provides people with milk which is a form of protective food. Moreover, livestock also
meets people’s food requirements.
Significance to the International Trade:
Agricultural products like sugar, tea, rice, spices, tobacco, coffee, etc.
constitute the major items of exports of countries that rely on agriculture. If there is a
smooth development practice of agriculture, imports are reduced while export increases
considerably. This helps to reduce countries’ unfavourable balance of payments as well
as saving foreign exchange. This amount may be well used to import other essential
inputs,
Machinery, raw material, and other infrastructure that is helpful for the support of the
country’s economic development.
Marketable Surplus:
The growth of the agricultural sector contributes to a marketable surplus.
Many people engage in manufacturing, mining, as well as another non-agricultural
sector as the nation develops. All these individuals rely on food production that they
might meet from the nation’s marketable surplus. As agricultural sector development
takes place, production increases and this leads to the expansion of marketable surplus.
This may be exported to other nations.
Source of Raw Material:
The main source of raw materials to major industries such as cotton and jute
fabric, sugar, tobacco, edible as well as non-edible oils is agriculture. Moreover, many
other industries such as the processing of fruits as well as vegetables and rice husking
get their raw material mainly from agriculture.
Significance in Transport:
The bulk of agricultural products are transported by railways and roadways
from farms to factories. Mostly, internal trade is in agricultural products. Moreover, the
revenue of the government, to a larger extent, relies on the success of the agricultural
sector.
Foreign Exchange Resources:
The nation’s export trade depends largely on the agricultural sector. For
example, agricultural commodities such as jute, tobacco, spices, oilseeds, raw cotton,
tea as well as coffee accounts for approximately 18% of the entire value of exports of a
country. This demonstrates that agricultural products also continue to be an important
source of earning for a country’s foreign exchange.
Great Employment Opportunities:
Construction of irrigation schemes, drainage system as well as other such
activities in the agricultural sector is important as it provides larger employment
opportunities. The agriculture sector provides more employment opportunities for the
labour force. This, in turn, reduces the high rate of unemployment in developing
countries caused by the fast growing population.
Economic Development:
Since agriculture employs many people, it contributes to economic
development. As a result, the national income level, as well as people’s standard of
living, is improved. The fast rate of development in the agriculture sector offers
progressive outlook as well as increased motivation for development. Hence, it aids to
create a good atmosphere for the overall economic development of a country.
Therefore, economic development relies on the agricultural growth rate.

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Source of Saving:
Development in agriculture may also increase savings. The rich farmers we
see today started saving particularly after the green revolution. This surplus quantity
may be invested further in the agriculture sector to develop the sector.
Food Security:
A stable agricultural sector ensures a nation of food security. The main
requirement of any country is food security. Food security prevents malnourishment
that has traditionally been believed to be one of the major problems faced by
developing countries. Most countries rely on agricultural products as well as associated
industries for their main source of income.
https://agriculturegoods.com/why-is-agriculture-important
1.2 Present Agricultural Scenario:
1.2.1 World:
Agricultural development is one of the most powerful tools to end extreme
poverty, boost shared prosperity, and feed a projected 9.7 billion people by 2050. Growth
in the agriculture sector is two to four times more effective in raising incomes among the
poorest compared to other sectors.

Agriculture is also crucial to economic growth: accounting for 4% of global gross

domestic product (GDP) and in some least developing countries, it can account for more
than 25% of GDP.

But agriculture-driven growth, poverty reduction, and food security are at risk: Multiple
shocks – from COVID-19 related disruptions to extreme weather, pests, and conflicts –
are impacting food systems, resulting in higher food prices and growing hunger. Russia’s
invasion of Ukraine has accelerated a global food crisis that is driving millions more into
extreme poverty, and around 205 million people across 45 countries have so little food
that their lives are at risk.

The growing impact of climate change could further cut crop yields, especially in the
world’s most food-insecure regions. At the same time, our food systems are responsible
for about 30% of greenhouse gas emissions.

Current food systems also threaten the health of people and the planet and generate
unsustainable levels of pollution and waste. One third of food produced globally is either
lost or wasted. Addressing food loss and waste is critical to improving food and nutrition
security, as well as helping to meet climate goals and reduce stress on the environment.

Risks associated with poor diets are also the leading cause of death worldwide. Millions
of people are either not eating enough or eating the wrong types of food, resulting in
a double burden of malnutrition that can lead to illnesses and health crises. Food
insecurity can worsen diet quality and increase the risk of various forms of malnutrition,
potentially leading to under nutrition as well as people being overweight and obese. An
estimated 3 billion people in the world cannot afford a healthy diet.

3
Last Updated: Mar 31, 2023

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/overview

1.2.2 India:
Agriculture plays a significant role in India’s growing economy. With around 54.6% of
the total workforce involved in agriculture and allied sector activities, the sector
contributes to 17.8% of the country’s gross value added (GVA). During 2021-22, the
country recorded US$ 50.2 billion in total agriculture exports with a 20% increase from
US$ 41.3 billion in 2020-21. It is projected that the Indian agriculture sector will grow
by 3.5% in FY23.

With the use of conventional farming methods, there’s comparatively less improvement
in efficiency and agricultural yields which resulted in lower productivity. Due to this
concern, the government initiated the fourth wave of revolution in the agricultural sector
to introduce technological advancement in these activities to improve yields and promote
the involvement of the population in this sector.

Agriculture 4.0 is a considerably advanced version of precision farming methods. It has

the potential to transform the existing methods of farming. Precision farming focuses on
a comprehensive approach towards maintaining the field and soil well-being with a focus
on improving the quality and quantity of yield with minimum environmental harm. The
idea of revolution in agriculture involves the use of the Internet of Things (IoT), big data,
artificial intelligence, and robotics to accelerate and improve the efficiency of activities
throughout the entire production chain. It has the potential to transform the conventional
farming industry. Conventional farming practices control crop watering and spraying
pesticides or fertilisers uniformly across the field. Instead, the farmers will need to be
more targeted and data-driven in the context of farming. Future farms will be more
productive owing to the employment of robotics, temperature and moisture sensors,
aerial photos, and GPS technology. These cutting-edge methods will improve farm
profitability, efficiency, safety, and environmental friendliness. They are together
referred to as advanced or high-tech precision farming.

India’s agriculture mainly depends on nature, however changing climate and global
warming are making farming unpredictable. The need to use modern technologies to
increase productivity and profitability led to the emergence of Agriculture 4.0 in India.
There have been significant changes in India in the context of agriculture over the
decades and many new technologies have been developed. Several new-age farmers are
using soil mapping software as well to determine the optimum level of fertilizers used in
the farms. These emerging technologies in farming and agriculture pave the way for
more opportunities. The agrotech start-ups and traditional farmers are also using the
latest solutions and trends to improve production in the food value chain. It includes the
adoption of new technologies such as cloud-based solutions and other relevant advanced
agricultural management techniques to increase farmer efficiency and produce more
crops.

Agriculture 4.0: Future of Indian Agriculture | IBEF

4
1.2.3 Maharashtra:
The Maharashtra Economic Survey 2022-23 has projected that the agriculture and allied
sector, which is the mainstay of the state’s rural economy and engages 55 per cent of the
population, will register 10.2 per cent growth in the outgoing fiscal year.

The projected growth is attributed to the good monsoon and the absence of drought for
the past three years. The state recorded 119.8 per cent monsoon rain in 2022. Of the total
355 talukas (excluding those in Mumbai city & Mumbai suburban districts), 204
received excess rainfall, 145 got normal rains and only six received deficient rainfall.
As against the advanced estimate (2021-22) pegged at 4.4 per cent, followed by the first
revised estimate of 11.4 per cent, the projected growth of 10.2 per cent seems a quantum
leap.
The sowing for kharif season 2022-23 was completed on 157.97 lakh hectares, which
was lower than last year’s 163.79 lakh hectares. The production of cereals, oilseeds,
cotton and sugarcane is expected to increase by 10 per cent, 19 per cent, five per cent and
four per cent respectively. But the overall production of pulses is estimated to sharply
decrease by 37 per cent compared with the previous year.
The rabi crop sown on 57.74 lakh hectares shows a reverse trend for 2022-23. Though
pulses production is expected to rise by 34 per cent, the production of cereals and
oilseeds is likely to decrease by 13 per cent.
The increased area under sugarcane cultivation is a key contributor to the growth. The
average area under sugarcane plantation, which was 12.32 lakh hectares, rose to 14.88
lakh hectares. The average area under sugar plantation in the state till four years ago
stood at 9.89 lakh hectares. The rise in sugar plantation and production saw farmers
turning to cash crops in larger numbers in drought-hit Marathwada.
Cotton, which is the mainstay of the backward regions of Vidarbha and Marathwada,
also recorded an increase in both the area under plantation (42. 29 lakh hectares) and
production (81.92 metric tonnes) in 2022-
Maharashtra agriculture sector to grow 10.2% thanks to good monsoon: Economic
Survey | Mumbai News - The Indian Express

5
General information of crops cultivated by the host farmer :

A) Maize:-

1) Botanical Name: Zea mays

2) Family: Poaceae
3) Common Name: Corn
4) Origin: Southern America
5) Varieties: Ganga 2, Sartaj, DHM 107, KH 9451, Pusa Comp 3, Mahi Kanchan etc.

6) Climate & Soil:

It is mainly grown from 50˚ N to 40˚ S & from sea level to 4,000 m in Andes
& Mexico. The lowest seasonal rainfall in maize area is 200 mm. It can be successfully
grown where the night temperature does not go below 15.6˚ C.
Maize can be grown on a wide variety of soils but performs best on well
drained deep loam and silt loams containing adequate organic matter and available
nutrients. It is necessary that the pH of soil does not deviate from the range 7.5 to 8.5
(ICAR 2006)
7) Sowing:
Mid – May Mid – June for peninsular region, mid – June for north-eastern
plains & April to early – May for hilly regions appears to be ideal.

6
 Row seeding with a spacing 75 × 18 or 60 × 22 cm using a seed rate of 20 – 22
Kg ha -1 is optimum for rainfed maize. For kharif – irrigated maize, a row spacing of
60 × 18 cm with a seed rate 22 – 25 Kg ha -1 is optimum.
8) Nutrient Management:
Apply NPK fertilizers as per soil test recommendation as far as possible. If
soil test recommendation is not available adopt a blanket recommendation of
135:62.5:50 NPK kg/ha. Apply quarter of the dose of N; full dose of P2O and K2O
basally before sowing. In the case of ridge planted crop, open a furrow 6 cm deep on
the side of the ridge, at two thirds the distance from the top of the ridge.
Apply the fertilizer mixture along the furrows evenly and cover to a depth of 4
cm with soil. If bed system of planting is followed, open furrows 6 cm deep at a
distance of 60 cm apart. Place the fertilizer mixture along the furrows evenly and cover
to a depth of 4 cm with soil.
9) Water Management:
Maize crop is sensitive to both moisture stress and excessive moisture, hence
regulate irrigation according to the requirement. Ensure optimum moisture availability
during the most critical phase (45 to 65 days after sowing); otherwise, yield will be
reduced by a considerable extent.
10) Weed Management:
Apply Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha as pre-emergence on 3-5 DAS using Backpack/
Knapsack/ Rocker sprayer fitted with a flat fan nozzle using 500 litres of water/ha
followed by one hand weeding on 30-35 DAS. (or)
Apply Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha as pre-emergence on 3-5 DAS followed by 2,4-
D @ 1 kg/ha on 20-25 DAS, using Backpack/Knapsack/Rocker sprayer fitted with a
flat fan nozzle using 500 litres of water/ha.
In line sown crop, apply PE Atrazine @ 0.25 kg/ha on 3-5 DAS followed by
Twin Wheel hoe weeder weeding on 30-35 DAS. Apply herbicide when there is
sufficient moisture in the soil.
Do not disturb the soil after herbicide application. If pulse crop is to be raised
as intercrop, do not use Atrazine. Spray Pendimethalin @0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence
on 3-5 DAS
11) Crop Protection:
I) Pest Management:
Stem fly: Atherigona orientalis

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 Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha
Stem borer: Chilo partellus
Phorate 10 % CG10 kg/ha
Pink stem borer: Sesamia inferens
Spray phosaloneb 35%EC at every 20 days interval
Corn worm/Earworm: Helicoverpa armigera
Set up of light traps
Ear head bug: Calocoris angustatus
Carbaryl 10 D @25 kg/ha
Web worm: Cryptoblabes gnidiella
Spray monocrotophos
Ash weevil: Myllocerus sp.
Phorate 10% CG10 kg/ha
Leafhopper: Pyrilla perpusilla
Spray Malathion 50 EC 2000 ml
Aphid or Plant lice: Rhopalosiphum maidis
Phorate 10% CG10 kg/ha
hoot bug: Peregrinus maidis
Diazine0.04%
II) Disease Management:
Downy mildew / Crazy top: Peranosclerospora sorghi
Soil application of P. fluorescens (or) T. viride @ 2.5 kg / ha + 50 kg of
well decomposed FYM (mix 10 days before application) or sand at 30 days after
sowing
Leaf Blight: Exserohilum turcicum & Helminthosporium maydis
Spray Matalaxyl 1000 g / Mancozeb 2 g/liter at 10 days interval after first
appearance of the disease
Corn rust: Puccinia sorghi
Spray Mancozeb 1.25 kg/ha
Charcoal rot: Macrophomina phaseolina
Apply potash @ 80 kg/ha in endemic areas

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12) Harvesting:
Maize crop grown for grains are nearly dry with moisture content of 20 – 24
%. Maize grown for fodder should be harvested at milk to early dough stage. For
silage, late dough stage harvest is ideal
13) Yield:
In temperate regions, maximum yields of 22 t ha -1 has been reported in
Michigan and up to 10 t ha -1 at commercial level are common. In tropics, yields up to
12 t ha -1 have been reported at high altitudes due to long rainy season.

B)Cabbage

Botanical Name : Brassica oleracea

Family : Brassicaceae
Common Name : Pattagobhi , Kobi.
Origin : Europe
Varieties:
Hills: Quisto.
Plains: Golden Acre, Maha Rani.
Soil: It is commonly cultivated in cool moist climate. It is grown as a winter crop in
plains. It is grown in varied types of soils ranging from sandy loam to clay. It requires
a pH ranging from 5.5 to 6.5 for higher production.

Season of sowing :

Hills - The crop can be planted during January – February, July – August and September
– October.

9
Plain s- August – November is suitable season.

Seed rate: 650 g/ha of seeds is required.

Nursery

About 100 sq.m nursery area is required for raising plants for one hectare area. Apply
FYM at 300 kg, and 10 kg of No.5 mixture (9:9:9) along with 50 g of Sodium molybdate
and 100 g of Borax. Sow the seeds at 10 cm between rows in raised seed beds after
drenching it with Copper oxychloride (2.5 g/lit). Transplant 40 - 45 days old seedlings at
a spacing of 45 cm. Avoid land infected with ‘club root disease’.

Protray
The Protrays of 98 cells are ideal for cabbage seedling production. Around 600 protrays
are required for the production of 28.333 seedlings required for one hectare at spacing of
60x45x45 cm in three row planting

Growing medium
The sterilized cocopeat @ 720kg / ha is mixed with 10kg of neem cake and Azospirillum
and Phosphobacteria each @ 1kg. About 1.25 kg of the cocopeat medium is required for
each tray.

Seed treatment
250 g of hybrid cabbage seed is required for the production of seedlings for 1 ha. Treat
the seeds in hot water @ 50C for 30 minutes. 25g of Azospirillum is required for the
seed treatment of 250g cabbage seeds.

Sowing
Sow the seeds in protrays @ 1 seed per cell. Cover the seeds with cocopeat and keep the
tray one over the other (8-10Nos) and covered with polythene sheet for 5 days or till
germination starts. After 5 days when the seeds are germinated arrange the protrays on
the raised beds inside the shade net nursery. Water the tray by rose can everyday (twice /
day) upto seed germination. Drench with 19:19:19 + MN @ 0.5 % (5g/lit) solution using
rose can or spray micro nutrient of 0.5 % at 18 days after sowing. The cabbage seedlings
are ready for transplanting in 25 days

Preparation of field

Bring the soil to a fine tilth. Pits should be taken up at a spacing of 40 cm either way in
Hills. Ridges and furrows are formed at 45 cm apart in plains.

Spacing

Hills : 40 x 40 cm
Plains : 45 x 30 cm
Hybrid : 60x 45x45cm in paired row system

10
Planting

30 – 40 days old seedlings are selected for planting. Hardening of seedlings is done by
withholding irrigation 4 - 6 days prior to planting.

Irrigation

Provide continuous supply of moisture.

Drip irrigation

Install drip system with main and sub-main and place the inline laterals at the interval of
1.5. Place the drippers at the interval of 60 cm for 4 LPH or 50 cm for 3.5 LPH in the
lateral system. Form the raised beds at 120 cm width at an interval of 30cm and place the
laterals at the centre of each bed.

Application of fertilizers

Hills

Apply 30 t/ha FYM, 90 kg N, 90 kg P and 90 kg K as basal and 45:45:45 kg NPK/ha on

30 to 45 days after planting.

Plains

Apply 20 t/ha of FYM, 50 kg N, 125 kg P and 25 kg K/ha along with 2

kg Azospirillum as basal and 50 kg N after one month of planting and earth up.

After cultivation

Deep hoeing should be avoided, as the Cabbage roots are surface feeders.

Plant protection

Pests

Cut worms

Apply Chlorpyriphos 2 ml/lit in the collar region during evening hours for the control of
common cutworm - Agrotis segetum.

Aphids

 Install yellow sticky trap @12 no/ha to monitor “macropterous” adults (winged
adult).
 Spray neem oil 3 % with 0.5 ml Teepol/lit.

11
Diseases

Club root

Biological control

Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens at 10 g/ kg of seeds, followed by seedling

dip @ 5g/ l and soil application @ 2.5 kg/ha along with 50 kg FYM before planting

Chemical control

Dip the seedlings in Carbendazim solution 2 g/l for 20 minutes. Drench the soil around
the seedlings in the main field with Carbendazim @ 1 g/l of water. Follow crop rotation.
Crucifers should be avoided for three years.

Leaf spots

Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb at 2 g/lit or Carbendazim 1 g/lit.

Leaf Blight

Leaf blight can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ litre.

Ring spot

Ring spot can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Carbendzim 1 g/lit or

Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit.

Downy mildew

Downy mildew can be controlled by combined spraying of (Metalaxyl + Mancozeb) 2

g/lit 3 sprays at 10 days interval.

Yield

Hills : 70 – 80 t/ha in 150 days.

Plains : 25 – 35 t/ha in 120 days.

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C) Onion:-

1) Botanical Name: Allium cepa

2) Family: Amaryllidaceae.
3) Common Name: Pyaz
4) Origin: Iran
5) Varieties: Bhima super, Bhima red, Bhima raj, Bhima dark red, Bhima Shakti,
Punjab selection, N2-4-1, Pusa madhavi, Arka kalyan, Arka lalima, etc
6) Climate & Soil:
Onion is a cool season crop. However, it can be grown under a wide range of
climatic conditions. It grows under mild climate without extreme heat or cold or
excessive rainfall. In areas where average annual rainfall exceeds 75 – 100 cm in the
monsoon periods, it can be grown only as a summer crop.
The ideal temperature requirement of the onion crop is 12.8 ˚ C – 21 ˚ C
before bulbing & 15.5 ˚ C – 25 ˚ C for bulb development. Very low temperature in the
early stages favours bolting, whereas a sudden rise in temperature favours early
maturity in rabi, resulting in small – sized bulbs.
Onion can be grown on all types of soils. However, deep friable loam and
alluvial soils are best for its successful production. Free drainage, freedom from weeds
and presence organic matter favour production of good crop. It cannot be grown in
alkaline or low lying marshy lands. The optimum pH is 5.8 – 6.5.

13
7) Sowing & Transplanting:
The seeds of onion are small, and hence the seeds should be mixed with fine
sand and sown in lines 10 cm apart. After sowing, the seeds are covered by thin layer of
sand and then by paddy straw. The nursery is watered through rose can twice.
Transplanting is done in rows at the spacing of 15 cm between rows (of 7 rows within
the bed) and 10 cm between plants. A total population of 4,70,000 seedlings are
required to cover one hectare of land.
8) Nutrient Management:
Onion needs a heavy dose of fertilizer for good yield. However, fertilizer
requirements depend upon the soil type and type of crop. FYM @ 20 – 25 t/ha may be
incorporated into the soil one month before transplanting. Full amount of P & K & half
amount of N is to be added just before transplanting. Rest of the N is to be given as a
single dose 20 – 25 days after transplanting in case of sowing by sets and multiplier
onions, whereas it is given into 2 doses in seedlings transplanted onion, first 30 &
second 45 – 60 days after transplanting.
9) Water Management:
Water requirement in generally depends upon plant, its growth stage, soil
type and climatic conditions. During rainy or kharif season, one irrigation is given
immediately after the transplanting, especially in north India. Delay irrigation may
result in seedling mortality up to 80 – 90 %. In kharif crop 8 – 10 irrigation is
sufficient. Late kharif crop requires 12 – 15 irrigations, whereas rabi crop 15 – 20.
Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems are also recommended, in rabi season, stop the
irrigation when leaves start falling. In kharif crop, stop the irrigation 10 days before
digging.
10) Weed Management:
Onion germinates and grows relatively slow and hence weed competition
is more critical up to 40 days after sowing. Pre plant incorporation of Fluchloralin 1.0
kg/ha or Pre- emergence application of 0.20 kg/ha followed by one hand weeding at 45
days after sowing.
11) Crop Protection:
I) Pest Management:
Thrips and onion fly Thrips and onion fly can be controlled by spraying
Methyl demeton 25 EC 1 ml/lit or Dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/lit with Teepol 0.5 ml/lit.

14
Cutworm Cut worms can be controlled by drenching the soil with Chlorpyriphos @ 2
ml/lit.
Nematode
Application of Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i./ha or Phorate 10 G 1 kg a.i./ha at 10
days after transplanting controls the nematode infestation.
ii)Disease Management
Leaf spot
Leaf spot disease can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper
oxychloride 2 g/lit. Add 1 ml of Teepol to 1 lit of the spray fluid.
12) Harvesting & Postharvest Management:
Onion is ready for harvesting in 3 – 5 months after and 2 – 3 months after
transplanting. The optimum time for harvesting is one week after 50 % leaves have
fallen. Multiplier onions are harvested when 50 – 70 % leaves have fallen.
Common varieties yield up to 250 – 300 q/ha, small – picking type varieties
160 – 200 q/ha, and multiplier onions 150 – 180 q/ha.
For kharif crop in north India, when temperature is quite low, curing is done for
2 – 3 weeks along with the leaves under the sun. A rabi crop is cured by covering bulbs
with their leaves in the rows in field for 2 – 3 days, then cutting the leaves 2 – 2.5 cm
above the neck and curing under shade for 7 – 10 days.
Grading and classification are necessary for both local market as well as for
export. Jute bags are used for onion packaging for sending to distant markets by trucks,
trains or even by air. Generally, 40 kg capacity jute bags are used for transport within
country, whereas for export, jute bags of 8 – 25 kg capacity are use

15
D) Wheat

1) Botanical name: Triticum aestivum.

2) Family: Gramineae
3) Common name: Gehu
4) Origin: south eastern Asia
5) Varieties: Sonalika, Sonata, HD 2189, Purna, Malvika, HI-977,Ajay-72
6) Climate:
Weather that is comfortable for humans is also good for wheat. Wheat
needs 12 to 15 inches ( 31 to 38 centimetres ) of water to produce a good crop. It
grows best when temperatures are warm, from 70° to 75° F ( 21° to 24° C) , but
not too hot.
The temperature required for wheat during growing season is around 15.5° C.
The weather should be warm and moist during the early stage of growth and sunny and
dry in the later stages. ... The average temperature of the hottest month should not
exceed 20°C.
7) Sowing:
Wheat must be sown at the optimum time. Delayed sowing causes a gradual
decline in the yield of wheat. The time of sowing is 25 October – November. For
normal sown crop a spacing of 20 - 22.5 cm between rows is recommended.
8) Field Preparation
Plough twice with an iron plough and two to three times with cultivator and

16
prepare the land to a fine tilth.

9) Application of FYM or Compost

Spread 12.5 t/ha of FYM or compost on the unploughed field.

10) Seed Treatment with Fungicides
Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Thiram at 2 g/kg of seeds 24 hours before
sowing.
11) Forming Beds and Channel
Form beds of size 10 m2 or 20 m2. The irrigation channels are to be provided
sufficiently.
12) Application of Fertilizers
 Apply NPK fertilizer as per soil test recommendation as far as possible. If soil
test recommendation is not available, adopt a blanket recommendation of 80:40:40
NPK kg/ha.
 Apply half of N and full dose of P2O and K2O5 basally before sowing and
incorporate in the sowing line.
13) Weed Management
 Spray Isoproturon 800 g/ha as pre-emergence spraying 3 days after sowing
followed by one hand weeding on 35th day after sowing.
 If herbicide is not applied, give two hand weedings on 20th and 35th day after
sowing.
14) Water Management
The crop requires 4 - 6 irrigations depending on the soil type and rainfall. Wheat
crop requires minimum of 5 irrigations at the following critical stages.
I- Immediately after sowing.
II-Crown root initiation : 15-20 DAS.
III-Active tillering stage :50-55 DAS
IV-Grain filling stage- 70-75 DAS
Crown root initiation and flowering are the most critical stages. Water stagnation
should be voided at the time of germination.

17
15) Harvesting :
Wheat. Harvesting stage comes when normally the plant turns golden yellow
and becomes brittle. The grains become hard and the straw turns dry. The crop should
be harvested at physiological maturity when the grain moisture is around 19-20%.

16) Yield :
Wheat must be sown at the optimum time. Delayed sowing causes a gradual
decline in the yield of wheat . The time of sowing is 25 Oct.- Nov. For normal sown
crop a spacing of 20-22.5 cm between rows is recommended.

E) Lucerne Grass:

1) Botanical Name: Medicago sativa

2) Family: Fabaceae
4) Origin: South-west Asia
5) Varieties: Anand lucerne, SS-627
6) Climate:
Lucerne is well adapted to wide climatic variations. It thrives best under warm, dry
and sunny conditions. Its plant can also withstand fairly low temperatures. It can be
grown in some regions below sea level, as well as at elevations of 2500 meters altitude.
Sowing: Best time for lucerne sowing is middle of October. Sow seeds at depth of 2-4
cm in soil. For Sowing broadcasting method is used. Before lucerne sowing, broadcast
oats@15kg/acre and mix well in soil with help of cultivator.
6) Weed Management:

18
 Hand weeding whenever necessary.
7) Water Management:
Immediately after planting life irrigation on 3rd Day and thereafter once 10 days
depending on soil type and weather parameters.
8) Crop Protection:
Generally, not required.
9) Harvesting:
The optimal time to cut lucerne is when 5-10% of the plants are flowering (early
bloom). At this moment more than half of all plant should have a new sprout coming
from the crown. When aimed for the maximal quality, harvest occurs in prebloom or
late-bud stage. This will exhaust the stand too much, so if done so it’s advised to let at
least one cycle in the 2nd half of the season flower. This will ensure the accumulation
of sufficient root reserves. For maximal yield 10 harvest can be scheduled around mid-
bloom stage (50% flowering). Harvest by growth stage instead of calendar, gives more
consistent forage yield and quality. Lucerne is susceptible to damage from traffic, so
don’t cut under wet conditions.
10) Yield:
It is a quick growing variety with green foliage. Once planted it can give fodder up to
5-7 years. Gives average yield of 300 qt/acre of green fodder per year
F) Napier Grass:

Botanical Name: Meaathyrsus maximus

Family: Grassess

19
Common Name: Guinea Grass

Varieties: PGG 518, PGG 19, PGG 101

Climate:

It has a wide adaptability and is successfully cultivated both in the tropics as well as
temperate regions. It is tolerant to frost and freezing weather. It does well in places
receiving moderate or low rainfall areas but not in heavy rainfall area. It can be grown
on wide variety of soils but clayey loam is relatively better. The optimum soil PH
should be 6.0 to 7.0 for its better growth and development.

Sowing:

Seed are sown in the month of Mid - March to Mid - May. For good growth
and development of crop, use spacing of 50 × 30 cm OR 90 × 45 cm. Use broadcasting
method. Sowing can be done with help of plough/ cultivator drawn. Broadcasting
method is also used for sowing.

Weed Management:
Hand weeding whenever necessary.
Water Management: Immediately after planting, life irrigation on 3rd Day and
thereafter once 10 days depending on soil type and weather parameters.
Crop Protection:
Generally, not required.
Harvesting:
Harvesting is mainly done after 55 days of sowing. Around 5-7 cutting done at
different intervals. First cut is mainly given in about 55days and then subsequent
cuttings are done after the interval of 25-30 days. Harvesting is done above the ground
level as it will increase crop yield.

Yield: Average yield is 25 to 30 Tonnes.

20
G)Pomogranate :

Scientific Name: Punica grantum

Family: Punicaceae
Common Name: Dalimb, Anar
Origin: Persia
Varieties: Bhagwa, Ganesh, Ruby, Muskat
Climate:
The optimum temperature for the pomegranate is between 18-25°C, preferring a
warm climate before cold weather. Usually, like all subtropical or tropical fruit, it cannot
withstand cold weather but there are some species in this genus that can withstand -
15°C.
Sowing:
Mainly sowing is done in December to January month. Optimum spacing is
depending on soil type and climate. For Pomegranate planting, if square system of
planting is
adopted, use spacing of 4m x 4m. For sowing, dug Pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm size about a
month
prior to planting.
Cultivation:
In sub – tropical regions, planting may be done in spring (February – March) provided
irrigation
facilities are available. However, July – August is ideal time of plantingin
subtropics.The spacing has been brought down to 4.5 m which is optimum. The high-
density plantation 5 m
× 2 m (1,000 plants/ha), 5 m × 3 m (666 plants/ha), 5 m × 4 m (500 plants/ha),5 m × 5 m
(400
Plants/ha) – gives 2 – 2.5 times more yield than normal planting distance (5m × 5 m) in
Deccan
plateau.
Training:
Pomegranate plants can be trained on single – stem or in multi – stem system.
Allowing too many stems also comes in the way of intercultural operations. The varying
of stem number of 3 – 4 does not affect the yield significantly in early years of bearing
and a multi – stem
training with 4 – 5
Pruning:

21
Fruitful and differentiated buds are located at the distal portion of the branches. Pruning
of terminal portion of a branch lowers down the total flower production. Pruning does
not affect
sex ratio and fruit quality. Pruning affects significantly total fruits, marketable fruits.
Fruit size
and yield of higher grate fruits are more with high intensity pruning. Pruning minimizes
the
bending of branches and staking.
Nutrient Management:
Application of 10 kg farmyard manure and 75 kg ammonium sulphate to 5 years oldtree
annually is adequate, whereas application of 50 FYM manure and 3.5 kg oil cake or 1 kg
sulphate
of ammonium prior to flowering is ideal for healthy growth and fruiting. The basal dose
of FYM
@ 25 – 40 CL/ha besides the recommended doses of NPK should be applied to non –
bearing trees
in 3 split doses coinciding with growth flushes during January,June & September. In
general,
application of 600 – 700 N, 200 – 250 g P2O5, & 200 – 250 g K2O / tree / year is
optimum
Bahar Treatment or Flower Regulations:
The pomegranate plants flower and provide fruits throughout the year in central and
southern India. Looking at patterns of precipitation, flowering can be induced during
June
– July (mrig – bahar), September – October (hast – bahar) and January – February
(ambe
– bahar). Considering comparable yields, prices and irrigation needs it is recommended
that
October cropping could be substituted for January flowering.
Pest management:
Anar butterfly: Deudorix (Virachola) Isocrates
13Flowering stage - spray NSKE 5% or neem formulations 2 ml/1
Fruit borer: Conogethes punctiferalis
Insecticides: malathion 50 EC 0.1% or dimethoate 30 EC 0.06%, two rounds, one
atflower
formation and next at fruit set.
Tailed mealy bug: Ferrisia virgata
Triozhophos 2 ml+ neem oil 5 ml/1, phosalone 35 EC 1.5 ml+ neem oil 5 ml/1.
Whitefly: Siphoninus phillyreae
Spray neem oil 3% or NSKE 5%
Aphid: Aphis punicae
Spray application of dimethoate 25 EC or methyl demeton 30EC at 2ml/lit foreffective
management this pest
Disease management:
Cercospora Fruit Spot: Cercospora sp.
Two to three sprays at 15 days interval with Mancozeb 0.25%.
Leaf Spot or Blight: Colletotrichum gloesporioides
Spraying Mancozeb 0.25 % at 15 days interval gives good control of the disease.
Alternaria fruit spot: Alternaria alternata
All the affected fruits should be collected and destroyed. Spraying Mancozeb 0.25

22
% effectively controls the disease.
Harvesting:
Pomegranate being a non-climacteric fruit should be picked when fully
ripe. Pomegranate plants take 4-5 years to come into bearing. Harvesting of immature or
over
mature fruits affects the quality of the fruits. The fruits become ready for picking 120-
130 days
after fruit set.
Yield:
A healthy Pomegranate tree can produce up to 12 to 15 kg/ plant yield during the first
year.
From second year onwards, yield from per a plant is around 15 to 20kg.

23
 CHAPTER -II
GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE VILLAGE

1) Name of Grampanchayat: Chandanapuri

2) Year of Establishment: 1952
3) Total Number of Members of Village Council: 13
Table 2.1: Members of Village Council.
Sr. No. Name of the Member Designation
1 Mr. Shankar Dattatray Rahane Village Head
2 Mr. Bhausaheb Ranganath Rahane Village Deputy Head
3 Mr. Rajendra Popat Rahane Member
4 Mr. Ankush Bhausaheb Rahane Member
5 Mrs. Surekha Balasaheb Kale Member
6 Mrs. Lakshmi Gorakshnath Rahane Member
7 Mrs. Vidhya Kiran Rahane Member
8 Mr. Suresh Maruti Rahane Member
9 Mrs. Seema Gautam Bhalerao Member
10 Mrs. Trupti Kiran Rahane Member
11 Mrs. Mangal Prakash Rahane Member
12 Mr. Kiran Kailas Rahane Member
13 Mrs. Hausabai Uttam Kadhne Member
For RAWE Programme, I have allotted Chandanapuri. Village of Sangamner
Tahsil of Ahmadnagar District. The Chandanapuri Grampanchayat is established in
1952 and having 13 members of Village Council. In table 2.1 details of this are given: .
Mr. Shankar Dattatray Rahane is the Head of Village council and Mr. Bhausaheb
Ranganath Rahane is the Deputy Head of village council.

Village General Information

Table 2.2: Population of Village
Sr. Gender Total Population
No.
1 Male 3006
2 Female 2989
Total Population 5998
Table No. 2.2 shows the population of Chandanapuri Village. From table 2.2 it
has been seen that the village total population is 5998 among that male population
accounted 3006 and female population accounted 2989.

24
Table 2.3: Demography of the Village
Sr. No. Family category Total No.
1 APL Families 324
2 BPL Families 640
Total No. of Families 964
From table 2.3 it has been seen that in Chandanapuri Village there are 964
families in that 324 are above poverty line and 640 families are below poverty line.
Table2.4: Total house in the village
Sr. No. Particular Numbers
1 No. of Houses 1750
2 Kutcha Houses 400
3 Pakka Houses 1350
4 No. of Wadi / Vasti 4
Total No. of Houses 1750
Table 2.4 revels that in village Chandanapuri there are about 1750 houses. In
that 1350 houses are pakka houses which are constructed in tin shed or RCC and 400
houses are kaccha houses. There are also 4 numbers of vadi or vasti in village
Chandanapuri.
Table 2.5: Geography of the village
Sr. No. Particulars Ha.
1 Total Area of Village 1312.61
2 Agriculture Area 987.58
a) Irrigated Area 868.25
b) Un irrigated Area 119.33
3 Gavthan Area 4.58
4 Barren Land 0.32
5 Forest Area 309.47
6 Road, Pond ,Canal 10.66
Table 2.5 shows the geography of the village Chandanpuri. From table
it has been seen that total area of village is 1312.61 ha among that area 987.58 ha are a
is cultivated for agriculture. 4.58 ha area is reserve for gavathan/ urban area there is

25
also a barren land of 0.32 ha., forest area is 309.47 ha. And Road ,Pond,Cannal of
10.66 ha
Table 2.6: Community Building
Sr. No. Particulars Numbers
1 Village Panchayat 1
2 Anganwadi 5
3 Z. P. Primary School 4
4 Govt. Hospital 2
5 Private Human Clinics 4
6 Veterinary clinic 1
7 Secondary Schools and Colleges 1
8 Library 1
9 Society 1
Table 2.6 shows so many community buildings available in the village. That
includes 1Village panchayat, 5 Anganvadi, 4 Z.P. Schools, 2 Government hospitals, and
1 Secondary Schools and Colleges.
Table 2.7: Major Crops Grown in the Village
Sr. No. Types of Crop Name of Crop
1 Cereals Wheat ,Maize, Pearl millet, Sorghum
2 Pulses Green Gram , Black Gram, Chickpea
3 Oil seeds Groundnut, Soybean
4 Flowers Marigold
5 Vegetables Tomato, Brinjal , Cauliflower, Onion,
Cabbage, Lima beans
6 Fruits Guava, Pomegranate
7 Spices Chilli , Garlic , Curry Leaves
8 Cash Crops Sugarcane
9 Fodder Crops Fodder Maize, Lucerne Grass, Napier Grass
Table 2.7 shows the different crops grown in the village Chandanapuri. In the
village Chandanapuri farmers grown cereal crops like Wheat, Maize, pulse crops like
Green gram, Black gram oilseed like groundnut and soybean. Flowers like Marigold .In
this village farmers also cultivate the vegetables like Brinjal, Tomato, Cauliflower,
onion, Cabbage, Lima beans spices like chilli, Garlic ,Curry Leaves and fruits like

26
Guava, Pomegranate. The farmer in the village also cultivator Lucerne grass, Napier
grass , maize for fodder purpose.

Table 2.8 Infrastructure of the village:

Sr. No. Particulars Numbers

1 No. of Roads 12
Kutcha 3
Pakka 9
2 Markets -
3 Financial Institutes 4
4 Temples 9
5 Post Office 1
6 Cooperative Society 2
Table 2.8 shows the different roads in the village which include 9 pakka and 3 kaccha
roads. Besides this in that village there are 4financial institute, 9 temples, 1 post office
and 2 co-operative society.
Table 2.9: Schemes and program implemented by village
Sr. No. Name of Scheme/ Program
1 Swatccha Bharat Abhiyan
2 Pradhanmantri Rojgar Hami Yojana
3 Indira Awas Yojana
4 Pradhanmantri Jan-Dhan Yojana
5 PM Kisan Yojana
6 Shabri Gharkool Yojana
7 Paryavaran Gram Vikas Yojana
8 Atal Bhujal Yojana
9 Ramai Awas Yojana
Table 2.9 there are different types of Schemes and Programmes which are
implemented by Village Chandanapuri. Schemes are Swatch Bharat Abhiyan
Pradhanmantri Rojgar Hami Yojana & Indira Awas Yojana , Pradhanmantri Jan-Dan
Yojana & PM Kisan Yojana.

27
 CHAPTER-III

Socio-economic Survey of Farmer

Name of the student : Ughade Pratiksha Shivaji
Registration No. : ABMG-2020/37
Name of the College : Collage of ABM Gunjalwadi Pathar , Sangamner
Name of the Village : Chandanapuri , Tal. Sangamner, Dist. A. Nagar

Table 3.1: Name of the host farmer: Mr. Rahane Uttam Sambhu
a) Sex - Male / Female : Male

b) Age - (years) :
65
c) Education :
2nd Std.
d) Category of the host Small: below 2 Ha.
:
farmer Medium: 2.01 to 4 Ha. Medium : (2.14 Ha)
Large: 4.01 Ha. and above
e) Address : Village-Chandanapuri Post- Chandanapuri
: Tahsil-Sangamner District- Ahmednagar
: Phone No- 9881793688
For my RAWE Programme I selected Mr. Rahane Uttam Sambhu as host farmer
for study. His age is 65 yrs. and completed his education up to 2nd grade . He has 2.14
ha. land cultivated by the labours along with family members.
Table 3.2 Information of the family members including attached labourers:
Sr. Name Gender Relation Age Educatio Occupatio
No. with head of (yrs) n n
family
1 Mr. Uttam Male Self 65 2nd Std Farming
Sambhu Rahane
2 Mrs .Hirabai Female Wife 55 4th Std.
Uttam Rahane Housewife
/ Farming
3 Mr. Anil Uttam Male Son 31 Agri. Farming
Rahane Diploma
4 Mrs. Rutuja Female Daughter in 26 B.Com
Anil Rahane law Housewife
/ Farming
5 Miss. Niraga Female Grand- 3 - -
Anil Rahane daughter

28
 Table 3.2 gives the information about family members of the host farmer. There
are total 5 members in the family my host farmer family is individual family. In host
farmer family four member is working as a farmer.
Table 3.3 Assets:
I) Land:

Area (ha.) Land

Present
Sr. Plot/Survey Soil Revenue and
Value
No. No. Un- Type other taxes
Irrigated (Rs./Lakh)
irrigated (Rs.)
1 271 0.77 - Sandy 4812500 300
loam
2 272 0.78 - Sandy 4875000 300
loam
3 275/2 0.38 - Sandy 2375000 300
loam
4 273/2 0.21 - Sandy 1312500 300
loam
Table 3.3: My host farmer acquires 2.14 ha land having soil of medium type.
The present value of total land is Rs.1,33,75,000
Table 3.4: Source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated:
Sr. Area Irrigated (ha.)
Source Number
No. 4 months 8 months Perennial
1 Wells 1 - - 2.14
2 Lift Irrigation - - - -
3 Tanks/ Farm Ponds - - - -
4 Canal - - - -
5 Bore wells -- - - -
6 Other - - - -
Table 3.4 shows the different sources of irrigation available on the farm.
Farmer has 1 well. From this source they irrigate their land.
Table 3.5: Buildings:
Sr. Category Type of Year of Useful Construction
No. Constructi construct Life value (Rs.) Depreciation
on ion (Years)
1 Residential RCC 2003 45 5,00,000 10000
House
2 Farm - - - - -
House

29
 3 Cattle Tin Shed 2003 25 100000 3600
Byre
4 Store - - - - -
Total - - - 600000 13600
This table tells infrastructure on farm. My host farmer has residential house
which is constructed in the year of 2003, the construction value was Rs. 5,00,000.
farmer also has cattle byre which is constructed in the year 2003, the construction value
was Rs. 100000 .
Table 3.6: Livestock:
Sr. Category Breed No. of Present Value
No Animal
. s
1 Draught Animals - - -
a) Bullocks - - -
b) He Buffaloes - - -
2 Cows - - -
a) Local cows - - -
i) In Milk - - -
ii) Dry - - -
b) Cross breed cows - - -
i) In Milk H.F. 3 210000
ii) Dry H.F. 2 70000
3 Buffaloes - - -
i) In Milk - - -
Ii) Dry - - -
4 Heifers - - -
a) Cow heifers (Local) - - -
b) Cow Heifers (Crossbred) H.F. 1 1000
c) Buffalo Heifers - - -
5 Female Calves - - -
a) Cow class (Local) - -
-
b) Cow class (Crossbred) - - -
c) Buffalo class - - -
6 Breeding bulls - - -
a) Cow class - - -

30
 b) Buffalo class - - -
7 Sheep - - -
a) Young stock - - -
b) Adult does - - -
c) Adult rams - - -
8 Goats - - -
a) Young stock - - -
b) Adult does - - -
c) Adult bucks - - -
9 Poultry - - -
a) Chicks - - -
b) Layers - - -
c) Broilers - - -
d) Cocks - - -
10 Pig - - -
a) Local - - -
b) improved - - -

Table 3.6: My host farmer has 5 H.F. cow and 1 calf.

Table 3.7: Implements and Machinery:
Purc Repairs
Year of Junk Useful Deprec
Sr. hase during
Category No. purchas Value Life iation
No. Value Year
e (Rs.) (Years) (Rs.)
(Rs.) (Rs)
A Implements
:
a) Wooden - - - - - - -
plough
b) Iron 1 2013 40,00 4,000 30 1200 300
plough 0
c) Seed drill - - - - - - -
d) Harrow 1 2013 70,00 7,000 30 2100 500
0
e) Hoes - - - - - - -
f) Clod 1 2013 50,00 5,000 20 2250 500
crusher 0
g) Rotavator - - - - - - -
B Equipments - - - - - - -

31
 :
a) Bullock - - - - - - -
cart
b) Duster - - - - - - -
c) Sprayer 1 2018 5000 500 10 450 700
d) Puddling - - - - - - -
machine
e)Thresher - - - - - - -
f) Trolley - - - - - - -
C Machinery: - - - - - - -
a)Electric 1 2018 29,00 2900 40 652.5 600
Motor 0
b) Oil - - - - - - -
Engine
c) Tractor 1 2015 3,50,0 35,00 25 12,600 2000
00 0
d) Power - - - - - - -
Tiller
e) Truck - - - - - - -
f)Power 1 2020 20,00 2000 10 1800 1000
Sprayer / 0
g) Thresher - - - - - - -
(Electrically
operated)
D Hand tools: - - - - - - -
a) Sickle 4 2019 600 60 10 54 50
b) Spade 2 2019 800 80 10 72 100
c) Tikav 1 2019 350 35 10 31.5 50
d) Khurpi 5 2019 500 50 10 45 50
e) Axe - - - - - - -
f) Milking - - - - - - -
Machine
Total - - 5,66,6 - - 21286. 5850
00 5

Table 3.7 gives information about different equipment, machinery, hand tools
available with farmer for cultivation purpose. My host farmer has implements like Iron
plough Harrow and Clod crusher. They have also equipment like sprayer and , also he
has machineries like electric motor, tractor. My host farmer has some hand tools like
Spades, Sickles, Tikav, Kurpi

32
Table3.8: Household Assets:
Sr. No. Particulars Number Value (Rs.)
1 Two Wheeler- Bicycle, Scooter, Motorcycle. 1 51,000
2 Four Wheeler - -
3 Television 1 15,000
4 Music System - -
5 Refrigerator - -
6 Mixer cum grinder 1 1200
7 Washing machine - -
Table3.8 shows Besides farm assets my host farmer had some household
assets like Two-Wheeler, Television, Mixer Cum Grinder, etc.

Table 3.9: Cropping Pattern:

Seaso Crop Variet Insura Irrigated
n No. y nce
Amou Yield Gros Yield (Rs.) Gross
nt Are (Rs.) s Area Value
(Rs.) a Valu (ha) Rs.
(ha) Main Bye e Main Bye
Rs

Kharif i)A Maize Advan - - - - - 0.35 66000 15000 81000 i)

ta-751
ii) Cabb Gold - - - - - 0.6 12000 - 120000
B age en 0 0
Acre
Rabi i) Onio Agrifo - - - - - 0.3 17500 2500 177500
A n und 5 0
Light
Red
ii) Whe Anku - - - - - 0.6 90000 3000 93000
B at r 0
Keda
r
Sum i) L. Anand - - - - - 0.1 12000 - 120000
mer / C Gras -2 7 0
Perr s
enial ii) N. Super - - - - - 0.2 10500 - 105000
D Grass Napier 1 0
iii) Pome Bhaga - - - - - 0.7 12000 - 120000
E granat wa 8 00 0
e
Total 7 3.0 187600 20500 189600
6 0 0

33
 In this table explains the measures of crops grown in different seasons by
farmer. From table 3.9 it is seen that farmer had cultivated Maize and Cabbage during
Kharif Season, Onion and Wheat during Rabi Season and Pomegranate ,Napier grass
and Lucerne grass during Summer / Perennial Season. The GCA of the farmer is 3.06
Ha and NCA is 2.14 Ha. Cropping Intensity is 142.99% which means farmer
cultivating 142.99% during previous year. My farmer had earned Rs. 15,36,000.
Cropping intensity: (GCA/NCA)*100

GCA = Gross Cropped Area = Total area sown once OR more than once in a particular
year. = 3.06

NCA = Net Cropped Area = Area in which total crops are grown only once in a year. =
2.14 Cropping intensity: = (3.06/2.14)*100

= 142.99 %

Table3.10: Annual gross income (Previous year)

Sr. No. Source Amount (Rs.)

1 Crops 18,96,000

2 Livestock 1,20,000

3 Wage earning -

4 Others -
i) Service -
ii) Hiring of assets -

Total 20,16,000
In this table it gives information about source of income to farmer family.
From table 3.10 it is seen that from crop & Livestock source farmer has got income of
Rs. 20,16,000.

34
Table 3.11: Information about borrowings including old loans (June 2020
onwards)
Purpose
& Date
Amount Repayme Outstandin
Sr. Rate of
Source Borrowed nt during g
No. interest
(Rs) the year (Rs)

1 Cooperative - - - - -
Society
2 Land - - - - -
Development
Bank
Government
3 - - - - -
Department
Commercial
4 - - - - -
Bank
Money
5 - - - - -
lenders
6 Friends - - - - -

7 Relatives - - - - -
8 Commission - - - - -
agents
My host farmer had doesn’t get any loan, in that period he had managed all the
farm expenses from his saving.

35
Table 3.12 CROP WISE INPUTS USED BY HOST FARMER

Name of crop : Maize Variety: Advanta -751 Season : Kharif Area: 0.35 Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare

No. Qt Rat Value Qty. Rat Value
y. e (Rs.) e (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 1 300 300 2.86 300 857.14
b) Female Days 6 250 1500 17.1 250 4285.71
4
2 i) Hired Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour 3 800 2400 8.57 800 6857.14
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Kg. 8 250 2000 22.8 250 5714.29
6
ii) Value of owned Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 1 400 4000 2.85 400 11428.57
ey 0 0
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 50 5 250 142. 5 714.28
85
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 50 15 750 142. 15 2142.85
85
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Micronutrient Kg. 10 40 400 28.5 40 1142.86
7
7
i) Pesticides Ml. 300 4 1200 857. 4 3428.57
14
ii) Fungicide Ml. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Weedicide Gm. 200 2.5 500 571. 2.5 1428.57
42
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 2836.95 8105.57
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 1143.79 3267.97
This table gives the information about different physical inputs used by host farmer for
the cultivation of Maize. For the cultivation of Maize Crop Farmer use 1 hired male

36
labour and 6 hired female labour. For some preparatory tillage operation farmer use 3
hrs. Of owned machinery. For 0.60 ha. area farmer use 8 kg of seed. For this crop
farmer used 50 kg straight, 50 kg of complex fertilizers, and used 300 ml pesticide,
200 gm used of weedicide.

Table 3.13 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION

Name of Crop :Maize Variety: Advanta -751 Season : Kharif Area: 0.35Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Qua Rate/ Value Value % Share

No. ntity Unit (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha.) in Cost C3

1 Hired Human Labor

a) Male Days 1 300 300 857.14 0.50
b) Female Days 6 250 1500 4285.71 2.54
2 i) Hired Bullock Labor Days 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Owned Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour 3 800 2400 6857.14 4.07
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Kg. 8 250 2000 5714.28 3.39
ii) Value of owned Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 1 4000 4000 11428.57 6.78
ey
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 50 5 250 714.28 0.42
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 50 15 750 2142.86 1.27
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
v) Micronutrient Kg. 10 40 400 1142.86 0.67
7
i) Pesticides Ml. 300 4 1200 3428.57 2.03
ii) Fungicide Ml. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Weedicide Gm. 200 2.5 500 1428.57 0.84
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 2836.95 8105.57 4.81
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 1143.79 3267.97 1.94

37
 10 Repairs on implement Rs.
669.12 1911.77 1.13
& Machinery
11 Crop Insurance Rs.
0 0 0
Premium
12 Miscellaneous Rs.
0 0 0
Expenses
13 Total Working Rs.
17949.86 51285.31 30.46
Capital (Total 1 to 12)
14 Interest on Working Rs.
Capital @ Prevailing
1076.99 3077.11 1.82
Bank Rate for full Crop
Period
15 Land Revenue & Other Rs.
150 428.57 0.25
Cesses
16 Depreciation on Rs.
Implement, Machinery 3990.28 11400.8 6.77
& Building
17 Cost A1 (13 + 14 + 15 Rs. 39.321873
23167.13 66191.8
+16) 18
18 Rent Paid for Leased in Rs.
0 0 0
Land
19 Cost A2 (17 + 18) Rs. 23167.13 66191.8 39.32
20 Interest on Fixed Rs.
Capital Excluding Land
13343.46 38124.17 22.64
(10 % on Fixed
Investment)
21 Amortization Value in Rs.
0 0 0
Case of Fruit Crops
22 Cost B1 (17 + 20 + 21) Rs. 36510.59 104315.97 61.96
23 Rental Value of owned Rs.
Land (1/6 th of Gross
13350 38142.85 22.65
Return - Land
Revenue)
24 Cost B2 (18 + 22 + 23) Rs. 49860.59 142458.82 84.62
25 Imputed Value of Rs.
3700 10571.42 6.28
Family Labor
26 Cost C1 (22 + 25) Rs. 40210.59 114887.4 68.24
27 Cost C2 (24 + 25) Rs. 53560.59 153030.2 90.90
28 Managerial Allowance Rs.
5356.05 15303.02 9.09
(10 % of Cost C2)
29 Cost C3 (27 + 28) i, e Rs.
58916.64 168333.28 100
Total Cost
This table reveals per hectare cost of cultivation of Maize crop. Farmer had
cultivated the ADVANTA-751 variety of Maize crop on 0.35 Ha area. The total cost
required for cultivate Maize crop is Rs.58916.64 In total cost C3, major cost items are
Interest on fixed capital, Rental Value Of Own Land .

38
Table 3.14 YIELD

Name of crop :Maize Variety: Advanta -751 Season : Kharif Area: 0.35 Ha

Sr. Item of Uni Quantit Rate/Uni Value Value

No. Yield t y t (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha)

1 Main Qtl.
30 2200 66000 188571.42
Product
2 By Product Qtl. 50 300 15000 42857.14
Gross Income 81000 231428.57
This table gives information about yield of Maize crop. Farmer Produces 30 Qtl. of main
produce and 50 Qtl of by produce. The gross income received by farmer is Rs. 81000
from 0.35 ha.
Table 3.15 ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES
USED

Name of crop : Maize Variety: Advanta -751 Season : Kharif Area: 0.35Ha

Income Measures Formula Value Total (Rs.)

Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A1

81000 - 23167.13 57832.87
Income (F.B.I)
Owned Farm Gross Income - Cost A2
81000 – 23167.13 57832.87
Business Income
Family Labor Gross Income - Cost B2
81000 - 49860.59 31139.41
Income (F.L.I)
Net Income (N.I) Gross Income - Cost C3 81000 – 58916.64 22083.35
Farm Investment F.B.I - Imputed Value of
57832.87 - 3700 54132.87
Income (F.I.I) Family Labor
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental
22083.35 + 13350 +
Value of Owned Land + 48776.81
13343.46
Interest on Fixed Capital
Benefit - Cost Gross Income ÷ Cost C3
81000 / 58916.64 1.37
Ratio
Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of By (58916.64 - 15000) /
1463.88
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.) 30
Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 - Value of By (58916.64 – 15000) /
125476.14
Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) 0.35
From table it was observe that benefit cost ratio of Maize was 1.37. Farmer earned net
income of Rs. 22083.35 by selling 30 Qtl. of Maize excluding cost of cultivation.

39
Table 3.16 CROP WISE INPUTS USED BY HOST FARMER

Name of Crop :Cabbage Variety: Golden Acre Season: Kharif Area:0.60 Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare

No. Qty. Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 5 300 1500 8.33 300 2500
b) Female Days 16 250 4000 26.67 250 6666.67
2 i) Hired Bullock Days
0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned Bullock Days
0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour
0 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour
3 800 2400 5 800 4000
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Gm. 300 0.6 180 500 0.6 300
ii) Value of owned Kg.
0 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 400 13333.3
2 8000 3.33 4000
ey 0 3
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 166.6
100 5 500 5 833.33
7
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 40 30 1200 66.67 30 2000
v) Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
7
i) Pesticides ml. 450 1.2 540 750 1.2 900
ii) Fungicide gm. 0.4
420 189 700 0.45 315
5
iii) Weedicide ml. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 5410.72 9017.86
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 1960.78 3267.96
This table gives information about different physical inputs used by host
farmer for cultivation of Kharif Cabbage . For the cultivation of Kharif Cabbage
Crop farmer hired 16 female and 5 male labour. for the preparatory tillage operation
Farmer use 3 hours of own machinery. For 0.60 Ha area farmer used 300 gm of seed.
For this crop farmer used 100 kg straight fertilizers , 40 kg water soluble fertilizer,
450 ml pesticide and 420 gm fungicide.

40
3.17 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION

Name of Crop : Cabbage Variety: Golden Acre Season :Kharif Area :0.60Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate/ Value Value % Share

No. Unit (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha.) in Cost
C3
1 Hired Human
Labor
a) Male Days 5 300 1500 2500 1.53
b)Female Days 16 250 4000 6666.66 4.09
2 I) Hired Bullock
Days 0 0 0 0 0.00
labor
ii) Owned Bullock
Days 0 0 0 0 0.00
labor
3 i) Hired
Hour 0 0 0 0.00
Machinery Used
ii) Owned
Hour 3 800 2400 4000 2.45
Machinery Used
4 Value of Seed
(Purchased & kg 300 0.6 180 300 0.18
Owned)
5 Manure (Both
trolley 2 4,000 8000 13333.33 8.17
owned and hired)
6 Fertilizers
i Straight Kg. 100 5 500 833.33 0.51
ii Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
iii Complex Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
iv Water-soluble Kg. 40 30 1200 2000 1.23
v Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
7 Insecticides
i Pesticides Ml 450 1.2 540 900 0.55
ii Fungicide Lit. 420 0.45 189 315 0.19
iii Weedicide gm. 0 0 0 0 0.00
iv Hormonal spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0.00
v Other Lit. 0 0 0.00
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 5,410.72 9017.86 5.53
9 Incidental
Rs. 1960.78 3267.96 2.00
Charges
10 Crop Insurance
Rs. 0 0 0.00
Premium
11 Repairs and
Maintenance Rs. 1147.06 1911.76 1.17
Charges
12 Miscellaneous
Rs. 0 0 0.00
expenses
13 Total Working
Capital (Total of Rs. 27027.56 45045.9 27.62
1to12)

41
 16 Interest on
Working Capital
@ prevailing bank Rs. 1621.6536 2702.75 1.66
rate for full Crop
Period
14 Land Revenue &
Rs. 131.39 218.98 0.13
Other cesses
15 Depreciation on
Implements,
Rs. 6,840.49 11400.81 6.99
Machinery &
Building
17 Cost A1
Rs. 35621.09 59368.48 36.40
(13+14+15+16)
18 Rent Paid for
Rs. 0 0 0.00
Leased in Land
19 Cost A 2 (17+18) Rs. 35621.09 59368.48 36.40
20 Interest on Fixed
Capital Excluding
Rs. 22,874.50 38124.16 23.37
land(10% on
Fixed Investment)
21 Amortization
Value in Case of Rs. 0 0 0.00
Fruit Crops
22 Cost B1
Rs. 58495.59 97492.65 59.77
(17+20+21)
23 Rental Value of
land (1/6th of
Rs. 19868.61 33114.35 20.30
gross Return –
Land Revenue)
24 Cost B2
Rs. 78364.20 130607.00 80.08
(18+22+23)
25 Imputed Value of
Rs. 10,600 17666.66 10.83
Family Labor
26 Cost C1 (22+25) Rs. 69095.59 115159.32 70.61
27 Cost C2 (24+25) Rs. 88964.2 148273.67 90.91
28 Managerial
Allowance (10% Rs. 8896.42036 14827.36 9.09
of cost C2)
29 Cost C3 (27+28)
Rs. 97860.62 163101.03 100.00
i.e. Total Cost
This table reveals per hectare cost of cultivation Cabbage crop. Farmer had
cultivated the Golden Acre variety of Cabbage crop on 0.60 Ha area. The total cost
required for cultivate Cabbage crop on 0.60 Ha area is Rs.97860.62. In total cost C3
major cost items are Interest on fixed capital, Rental value of land, Irrigation charges,
Imputed value of family member, Managerial allowance.

42
Table 3.18 Yield

Name of Crop :Cabbage Variety: Golden Acre Season :Kharif Area :0.60Ha
Sr. Item of Unit Quantity Rate/Unit Value Value
No. Yield (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha)

1 Main Qtl. 120 1000 120000 200000

Product
2 By Product Qtl. 0 0 0 0
Gross Income 120000 200000
This table gives information about yield of Cabbage crop. Farmer produces 120 Qtl.
of main product. The gross income received by farmer is Rs.120000 from 0.60 Ha.

Table 3.19 ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES

USED

Name of Crop :Cabbage Variety: Golden Acre Season :Kharif Area :0.60Ha
Income Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)
Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A1
120000 -35621.09 84378.91
Income (F.B.I)
Owned Farm Gross Income - Cost A2
120000 -35621.09 84378.91
Business Income
Family Labor Gross Income - Cost B2
120000 - 78364.20 41635.80
Income (F.L.I)
Net Income (N.I) Gross Income - Cost C3 120000 -97860.62 22139.38
Farm Investment F.B.I - Imputed Value of
84378.91 - 10600 73778.91
Income (F.I.I) Family Labor
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental Value 22139.38 +
of Owned Land + Interest on 19868.61 + 64882.49
Fixed Capital 22874.50
Benefit - Cost Gross Income ÷ Cost C3
120000 / 97860.62 1.23
Ratio
Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of By
(97860.62 - 0) / 120 815.51
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)
Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 - Value of By (97860.62 – 0) /
163101.04
Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) 0.60
From table it was observe that benefit cost ratio of Cabbage was 1.23. Farmer
earned net income of Rs. 22139.38 by selling 3.5 Qtl. of Cabbage excluding cost of
cultivation.

43
Table 3.20 CROP WISE INPUTS USED BY HOST FARMER

Crop : Onion Variety : Agrifound Light Red Season : Rabi Area :0.35Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare

No. Qt Rat Value Qty. Rat Value
y. e (Rs.) e (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 2 300 600 5.71 300 1714.28
b) Female 102.8
Days 36 250 9000 250 25714.28
5
2 i) Hired Bullock
Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned Bullock
Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery
Hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery
Hour 4 800 3200 11.42 800 9142.85
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased 200 200
Kg. 4 8000 11.42 22857.14
0 0
ii) Value of owned
Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 400 2.857 400
1 4000 11428.57
ey 0 1 0
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight 285.7
Kg. 100 5 500 5 1428.57
1
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex 571.4
Kg. 200 24 4800 24 13714.28
2
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 10 70 700 28.57 70 2000
v) Micronutrient Kg. 10 40 400 28.57 40 1142.85
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides 1.8 1.8
ml. 350 647.5 1000 1850
5 5
ii) Fungicide 100 2857.
gm. 0.5 500 0.5 1428.57
0 14
iii) Weedicide 2.5 2.5
ml. 350 882 1000 2520
2 2
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 3331.35 9518.14
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 1143.79 3267.97
This table gives information about different physical inputs used by host farmer
for cultivation of Rabi onion . For the cultivation of Rabi Onion Crop farmer hired 2
male & 36 Female for the preparatory tillage operation. Farmer use 4 hours of own

44
machinery. For 0.35 Ha area farmer used 4 Kg seed. For this crop farmer used 100 kg
straight, 200 kg complex fertilizers.

Table 3.21 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION :

Crop : Onion Variety : Agrifound Light Red Season : Rabi Area : 0.35Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate/ Value Value % Share in

No. Unit (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha.) Cost C3

1 Hired Human Labor

a) Male Days 2 300 600 1714.28 0.57
b) Female Days 36 250 9000 25714.28 8.69
2 i) Hired Bullock
Days 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned
Days 0 0 0 0 0
Bullock Labor
3 i) Hired
Hour 0 80 0 0 0
Machinery Used
ii) Owned
Hour 4 800 3200 9142.85 3.09
Machinery Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Kg. 4 2000 8000 22857.14 7.72
ii) Value of
Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
owned Seed
5 Manure 1 4000 4000 11428.57 3.86
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 100 5 500 1428.57 0.48
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 200 24 4800 13714.28
iv) Water-Soluble Kg. 10 70 700 2000 0.67
v) Micronutrient Kg. 10 40 400 1142.85 0.38
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides ml. 350 1.85 647.5 1850 0.62
ii) Fungicide gm. 1000 0.5 500 1428.57 0.48
iii) Weedicide ml. 350 2.52 882 2520 0.85
iv) Hormonal
Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
Spray
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 3331.35 9518.14 3.21
9 Incidental
Rs. 1143.79 3267.97 1.10
Charges
10 Repairs on
implement & Rs. 669.12 1911.77 0.64
Machinery
11 Crop Insurance
Rs. 0 0 0
Premium

45
 12 Miscellaneous Rs.
1000 2857.14 0.96
Expenses
13 Total Working Rs.
Capital (Total 1 39373.76 112496.45 38.03
to 12)
14 Interest on Rs.
Working Capital
@ Prevailing 2362.42 6749.78 2.28
Bank Rate for full
Crop Period
15 Land Revenue & Rs.
150 428.57 0.14
Other Cesses
16 Depreciation on Rs.
Implement,
3990.28 11400.8 3.85
Machinery &
Building
17 Cost A1 (13 + 14 Rs.
45876.46 131075.61 44.31
+ 15 +16)
18 Rent Paid for Rs.
0 0 0
Leased in Land
19 Cost A2 (17 + 18) Rs. 45876.46 131075.61 44.31
20 Interest on Fixed Rs.
Capital Excluding
13343.46 38124.17 12.89
Land (10 % on
Fixed Investment)
21 Amortization Rs.
Value in Case of 0 0 0
Fruit Crops
22 Cost B1 (17 + 20 Rs.
59219.92 169199.78 57.20
+ 21)
23 Rental Value of Rs.
owned Land (1/6
th of Gross 29433.33 84095.23 28.43
Return - Land
Revenue)
24 Cost B2 (18 + 22 Rs.
88653.25 253295.02 85.64
+ 23)
25 Imputed Value of Rs.
5450 15571.43 5.26
Family Labor
26 Cost C1 (22 + 25) Rs. 64669.92 184771.21 62.47
27 Cost C2 (24 + 25) Rs. 94103.25 268866.45 90.90
28 Managerial Rs.
Allowance (10 % 9410.32 26886.64 9.09
of Cost C2)
29 Cost C3 (27 + 28) Rs.
103513.58 295753.09 100
i,e Total Cost
This table reveals per hectare cost of cultivation of Onion crop. Farmer had
cultivated the Agrifound Light Red variety of Onion crop on 0.35 Ha area. The total cost

46
required for cultivate Onion crop on 0.35 Ha area is Rs.103513.58. In total cost C3 major
cost items are Rental value of own land, Interest on fixed capital, Managerial
allowance.
Table 3.22 YIELD:

Crop : Onion Variety : Agrifound Light Red Season : Rabi Area : 0.35Ha
Sr. Item of Unit Quantity Rate/Unit Value Value
No. Yield (Rs.) (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha)
1 Main
Qtl. 100 1750 175000 500000
Product
2 By
Qtl. 25 100 2500 7142.86
Product
Gross Income 177500 507142.86
This table gives information about yield of Onion crop. Farmer produces 100
Qtl. of main product and 25 Qtl. of by product. The gross income received by farmer is
Rs. 1,77,500 from 0.35 Ha.

Table 3.23 ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES

USED:

Crop : Onion Variety : Agrifound Light Red Season : Rabi Are0.35Ha

Income Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)

Farm Business Income Gross Income - Cost A1 131623.534

177500 - 45876.46
(F.B.I) 4
Owned Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A2 131623.534
177500 - 45876.46
Income 4
Family Labor Income Gross Income - Cost B2
177500 - 88653.25 88846.74
(F.L.I)
Net Income (N.I) Gross Income - Cost C3 177500 - 103513.58 73986.41
Farm Investment Income F.B.I - Imputed Value of
131623.53 - 5450 126173.53
(F.I.I) Family Labour
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental
73986.41 + 29433.33
Value of Owned Land + 116763.20
+ 13343.46
Interest on Fixed Capital
Benefit - Cost Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C3 177500 / 103513.58 1.71
Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of By (103513.58 -2500) /
1010.13
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.) 100
Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 - Value of By (103513.58 – 2500) /
288610.24
Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) 0.35
From table it was observe that benefit cost ratio of Onion was 1.71. Farmer earned
net income of Rs.73986.41 by selling 100 Qtl. of Onion excluding cost of cultivation.

47
Table 3.24: CROP WISE INPUTS USED BY HOST FARMER

Name of Crop: Wheat Variety: Ankur Kedar Season: Rabi Area:0.60 Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare

No. Qt Rat Value Qty. Rat Value
y. e (Rs.) e (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 2 300 600 3.33 300 1000
b) Female Days 10 250 2500 16.67 250 4166.67
2 i) Hired Bullock
Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned
Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bullock Labor
3 i) Hired
Hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Machinery Used
ii) Owned
Hour 7 800 5600 11.67 800 9333.33
Machinery Used
4 i) Seed
kg 55 30 1650 91.67 30 2750
Purchased
ii) Value of
Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
owned Seed
5 Manure Trolle 400 400
1 4000 1.67 6666.67
y 0 0
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight 166.66
Kg. 100 5 500 5 833.33
67
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 100 25 2500 166.67 25 4166.67
iv) Water -
Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soluble
v) Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Ml. 600 0.4 240 1000 0.4 400
ii) Fungicide Gm. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Weedicide Gm. 12 14 168 20 14 280
iv) Hormonal
Ml. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Spray
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation
Rs. 4669.12 7781.87
Charges
9 Incidental
Rs. 1960.78 3267.97
Charges
This table gives information about different physical inputs used by host farmer
for cultivation of Rabi Wheat. For the cultivation of Rabi Wheat Crop farmer hired 2
Male labour and 10 Female labour. for the preparatory tillage operation. Farmer use 7
hours of own machinery For 0.60 Ha area . For this crop farmer used 100 kg straight,

48
100 kg complex fertilizers. For this crop 600 ml pesticide used and 12 gm Weedicide
used.

Table 3.25 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION :

Name of Crop: Wheat Variety: Ankur Kedar Season: Rabi Area:0.60Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate/ Value Value % Share
No. Unit (Rs./Plot (Rs./Ha. in Cost
) ) C3
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 2 300 600 1000 0.74
b) Female Days 10 250 2500 4166.67 3.08
2 i) Hired Bullock Labor Days 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Owned Bullock Days
0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour
Used 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Owned Machinery Hour
7 800 5600 9333.33 6.90
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased kg 55 30 1650 2750 2.03
ii) Value of owned Kg.
0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure 1 4000 4000 6666.67 4.93
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 100 5 500 833.33 0.61
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 100 25 2500 4166.67 3.08
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
v) Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Ml. 600 0.4 240 400 0.29
ii) Fungicide Gm. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Weedicide Gm. 12 14 168 280 0.20
iv) Hormonal Spray Ml. 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 4669.12 7781.86 5.76
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 1960.78 3267.97 2.41
10 Repairs on implement Rs.
1147.06 1911.77 1.41
& Machinery
11 Crop Insurance Rs.
0 0 0
Premium
12 Miscellaneous Rs. 0 0 0

49
 Expenses
13 Total Working Rs. 25534.96 42558.2 31.50
Capital (Total 1 to 6
12)
14 Interest on Working Rs. 1532.09 2553.48 1.89
Capital @ Prevailing
Bank Rate for full
Crop Period
15 Land Revenue & Other Rs. 131.39 218.98 0.16
Cesses
16 Depreciation on Rs. 6840.49 11400.8 8.43
Implement, Machinery 1
& Building
17 Cost A1 (13 + 14 + 15 Rs. 34038.93 56731.5 41.99
+16) 5
18 Rent Paid for Leased Rs. 0 0 0
in Land
19 Cost A2 (17 + 18) Rs. 34038.93 56731.5 41.99
5
20 Interest on Fixed Rs. 22874.5 38124.1 28.22
Capital Excluding 6
Land (10 % on Fixed
Investment)
21 Amortization Value in Rs. 0 0 0
Case of Fruit Crops
22 Cost B1 (17 + 20 + Rs. 56913.43 94855.7 70.21
21) 1
23 Rental Value of owned Rs. 15368.61 25614.3 18.96
Land (1/6 th of Gross 5
Return - Land
Revenue)
24 Cost B2 (18 + 22 + Rs. 72282.04 120470. 89.18
23) 06
25 Imputed Value of Rs. 1400 2333.33 1.72
Family Labor
26 Cost C1 (22 + 25) Rs. 58313.43 97189.0 71.94
5
27 Cost C2 (24 + 25) Rs. 73682.04 122803. 90.90
4
28 Managerial Allowance Rs. 7368.204 12280.3 9.09
(10 % of Cost C2) 4
29 Cost C3 (27 + 28) i,e Rs. 81050.24 135083.
100
Total Cost 74
This table reveals per hectare cost of cultivation of Wheat crop. Farmer had
cultivated the Ankur-Kedar variety of Wheat crop on 0.60 Ha area. The total cost
required for cultivate Wheat crop on 0.60 Ha area is Rs.81050.24. In total cost C3,

50
major cost items are Interest on fixed capital, Rental value of own land , Managerial
allowance.

Table 3.26: YIELD

Crop : Wheat Variety : Ankur Kedar Season : Rabi Area : 0.60Ha

Sr. Item of Unit Quantity Rate/Unit Value Value
No. Yield (Rs.) (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha)
1 Main Qtl. 30 3000 90000 150000
Product
2 By Qtl. 10 300 3000 5000
Product
Gross Income 93000 155000
This table gives information about yield of Wheat crop. Farmer produces 30 Qtl.
of main product and 10 Qtl. of by product. The gross income received by farmer is Rs.
93,000 from 0.60 Ha.
Table 3.27 : ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES
USED

Crop : Wheat Variety : Ankur Kedar Season : Rabi Area: 0.60Ha.

Income Formula Values Total
Measures (Rs.)
Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A1 93000 -34038.93 58961.07
Income (F.B.I)
Owned Farm Gross Income - Cost A2 93000 -34038.93 58961.07
Business Income
Family Labour Gross Income - Cost B2 93000 -72282.04 20717.96
Income (F.L.I)
Net Income Gross Income - Cost C3 93000 –81050.24 11949.75
(N.I)
Farm Investment F.B.I - Imputed Value of 58961.07 - 1400 57561.07
Income (F.I.I) Family Labour
Intensive Net Income + Rental 11949.75 50192.87
Income Value of Owned Land + +15368.61+ 22874.5
Interest on Fixed Capital
Benefit - Cost Gross Income ÷ Cost C3 93000 / 81050.24 1.14
Ratio
Cost of (Cost C3 - Value of By (81050.24 – 3000) / 2601.67
Production Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.) 30
Cost of (Cost C3 - Value of By (81050.24 - 3000 ) / 130083.74
Cultivation Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) 0.60
From table it was observe that benefit cost ratio of Wheat was 1.14. Farmer earned
net income of Rs. 11949.75 by selling 30 Qtl. of Wheat excluding cost of cultivation.

51
Table 3.28 CROP WISE INPUT USED BY THE HOST FARMER

Crop : Lucerne Grass Variety : Anand-2 Season : Perennial Area : 0.17Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare
No. Qt Rat Value Qty. Rat Value
y. e (Rs.) e (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
b) Female Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 i) Hired Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour 1 800 800 5.88 800 4705.88
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Kg. 5 100 5000 29.4 100 29411.76
0 1 0
ii) Value of owned Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 1 400 4000 5.88 400 23529.41
ey 0 0
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 50 5 250 294. 5 1470.58
11
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Ml. 100 2 200 588. 2 1176.47
23
ii) Fungicide Gm. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Weedicide Gm. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 3549.77 20881
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 555.55 3267.94
This table gives the information about different physical inputs used by farmer for
cultivation of Lucerne Grass. For cultivation of Lucerne Grass farmer did not use hired
human labour. For some preparatory tillage operation farmer use 1 hrs. of owned
machinery. For 0.17 ha. area farmer use 5 kg of seed. For this crop farmer used 50 kg
of straight fertilizers, and used 100 ml pesticide.

52
Table 3.29 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION

Crop : Lucerne Grass Variety : Anand-2 Season : Perennial Area : 0.17Ha

Rate % Share
Sr. Qty Value Value
Item of Cost Unit / in Cost
No. . (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha.)
Unit C3
1 Hired Human Labor
Days 0 0
a) Male 0 0 0.00
b)Female Days 0 0 0 0 0.00
2 I) Hired Bullock labor Days 0 0 0 0 0.00
ii) Owned Bullock
Days 0 0
labor 0 0 0.00
i) Hired Machinery
Hour 0
3 Used 0 0 0.00
ii) Owned Machinery
Hour 1 800
Used 800 4705.88 1.18
Value of Seed
kg 5 1000
4 (Purchased & Owned) 5000 29411.76 7.36
Manure (Both owned troll 4,00
1
5 and hired) ey 0 4000 23529.41 5.89
6 Fertilizers
i Straight Kg. 50 5 250 1470.58 0.37
ii Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
iii Complex Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
iv Water-soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
v Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0.00
7 Insecticides
i Pesticides Ml 100 2 200 1176.47 0.29
ii Fungicide Lit. 0 0 0 0 0.00
iii Weedicide Gm 0 0 0 0 0.00
iv Hormonal spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0.00
v Other Lit. 0 0 0.00
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 3,549.77 20881 5.23
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 555.55 3267.94 0.82
Crop Insurance
Rs. 0
10 Premium 0 0.00
Repairs and
Rs. 325
11 Maintenance Charges 1911.76 0.48
12 Miscellaneous expenses Rs. 0 0 0.00
Total Working
Capital (Total of Rs.
13 1to12) 14680.32 86354.82 21.62
16 Interest on Working Rs. 2242.5972 13191.74 3.30

53
 Capital @ prevailing
bank rate for full Crop
Period
Land Revenue & Other
Rs. 37.23 219 0.05
14 c
Depreciation on
Implements, Rs. 1,970.64 11592 2.90
15 Machinery & Building
Cost A1 111357.5
Rs. 18930.79 27.88
17 (13+14+15+16) 718
Rent Paid for Leased in
Rs. 0 0 0.00
18 Land
111357.5
Rs. 18930.79 27.88
19 Cost A 2 (17+18) 7
Interest on Fixed
Capital Excluding
Rs. 6,625.55 38973.82 9.76
land(10% on Fixed
20 Investment)
Amortization Value in
Rs. 0 0 0.00
21 Case of Fruit Crops
150331.3
Rs. 25556.34 37.64
22 Cost B1 (17+20+21) 9
Rental Value of land
117428.0
(1/6th of gross Return – Rs. 19962.77 29.40
5
23 Land Revenue)
267759.4
Rs. 45519.11 67.05
24 Cost B2 (18+22+23) 5
Imputed Value of
Rs. 16,200 95294.11 23.86
25 Family Labor
245625.5
Rs. 41756.34 61.50
26 Cost C1 (22+25) 1
363053.5
Rs. 61719.11 90.91
27 Cost C2 (24+25) 7
6171.9107
Managerial Allowance Rs. 36305.35 9.09
2
28 (10% of cost C2)
Cost C3 (27+28) i.e. 399358.9
Rs. 67891.02 100.00
29 Total Cost 2
This table reveals per hectare cost of cultivation of Lucerne Grass crop.
Farmer had cultivated the Anand-2 variety of Lucerne Grass crop on 0.17 Ha area. The
total cost required for cultivate Lucerne Grass crop on 0.17 Ha area is Rs.67891.02. In
total cost C3, major cost items are Rental value of owned land, Imputed value of family
member, Interest on fixed capital, Irrigation charges, managerial allowance &
Depreciation on implements, machinery & building .

54
Table 3.30: YIELD

Crop : Lucerne Grass Variety : Anand-2 Season : Perennial Area : 0.17 Ha.
Item of Unit Qty. Rate/Unit Value Value
Yield (Rs.) (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha)
1 Main Product Qtl. 240 500 120000 705882.35
2 By Product - - - - -
Gross Income 120000 705882.35
This table gives information about yield of Lucerne grass crop. Farmer produces
240 Qtl. of main product. The gross income received by farmer is Rs.1, 20,000 from
0.17 Ha.

Table 3.31 ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES

USED

Crop : Lucerne Grass Variety : Anand-2 Season : Perennial Area :

0.17 Ha

Income Measures Formula Values Total

(Rs.)

Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A1 120000 - 18449.83 101550.17

Income (F.B.I)
Owned Farm Gross Income - Cost A2 120000 - 18449.83 101550.17
Business Income
Family Labor Gross Income - Cost B2 120000 - 45038.15 74961.85
Income (F.L.I)
Net Income (N.I) Gross Income - Cost C3 120000 - 67361.96 52638.04
Farm Investment F.B.I - Imputed Value of 101550.17 + 16200 85350.17
Income (F.I.I) Family Labor
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental 52638.04 + 79226.36
Value of Owned Land + 19962.77 + 6625.55
Interest on Fixed Capital
Benefit - Cost Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C3 120000 / 67361.96 1.78
Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of By (67361.96 – 0) / 240 280.67
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)
Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 - Value of By (67361.96 – 0) / 396246.84
Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) 0.17
From table it was observe that benefit cost ratio of Lucerne Grass was 1.78. Farmer
earned net income of Rs.52638.04 by selling 240 Qtl. of Lucerne Grass excluding cost
of cultivation.

55
Table 3.32 CROP WISE INPUTS USED BY THE HOST FARMER

Crop : Napier Grass Variety : Super Napier Season : Perennial Area :0.21Ha

Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare

No. Qty. Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
b) Female Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 i) Hired Bullock Labor Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Owned Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour 2 800 1600 9.52 800 7619.04
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Set 3700 2 7400 1761 2 35238.09
9.05
ii) Value of owned Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 1 4000 4000 4.76 4000 19047.61
ey
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 50 5 250 238.0 5 1190.47
9
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 15 20 300 71.42 20 1428.57
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Ml. 0 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Fungicide Ml. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Weedicide Gm. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 4050.5 19288.42
7
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 686.27 3267.95
This table gives the information about different physical inputs used by farmer
for cultivation of Napier Grass. For cultivation of Napier Grass farmer did not use hired
human labour. For some preparatory tillage operation farmer use 2 hrs. Of owned
machinery. For 0.21 ha area . For this crop farmer used 50 kg straight fertilizer, 15 kg
of complex fertilizers.

56
Table 3.33 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION :

Crop : Napier Grass Variety : Super Napier Season : Perennial Area

:0.21Ha
Sr. Item of Cost Un Qty. R Value Value %
No. it at (Rs./Plot (Rs./Ha.) Share in
e/ ) Cost C3
U
nit
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Da 0 0 0 0 0
ys
b) Female Da 0 0 0 0 0
ys
2 i) Hired Bullock Labor Da 0 0 0 0 0
ys
ii) Owned Bullock Da 0 0 0 0 0
Labor ys
3 i) Hired Machinery Ho 0 0 0 0 0
Used ur
ii) Owned Machinery Ho 2 80 1600 7619.04 2.44
Used ur 0
4 i) Seed Purchased Set 3700 2 7400 35238.09 11.31
ii) Value of owned Seed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
5 Manure 1 40 4000 19047.61 6.11
00
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 50 5 250 1190.47 0.38
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 15 20 300 1428.57 0.45
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
v) Micronutrient Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Ml. 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Fungicide Ml. 0 0 0 0 0

iii) Weedicide G 0 0 0 0 0
m.
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 4050.57 19288.42 6.19
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 686.27 3267.95 1.04

57
10 Repairs on implement & Rs. 401.47 1911.76 0.61
Machinery
11 Crop Insurance Rs. 0 0 0
Premium
12 Miscellaneous Expenses Rs. 0 0 0
13 Total Working Capital Rs. 18688.31 88991.95 28.58
(Total 1 to 12)
14 Interest on Working Rs. 2242.59 10679.03 3.43
Capital @ Prevailing
Bank Rate for full Crop
Period
15 Land Revenue & Other Rs. 300 1428.57 0.45
Cesses
16 Depreciation on Rs. 2394.17 11400.80 3.66
Implement, Machinery
& Building
17 Cost A1 (13 + 14 + 15 Rs. 23625.07 112500.36 36.13
+16)
18 Rent Paid for Leased in Rs. 0 0 0
Land
19 Cost A2 (17 + 18) Rs. 23625.07 112500.36 36.13
20 Interest on Fixed Capital Rs. 8006.07 38124.14 12.24
Excluding Land (10 %
on Fixed Investment)
21 Amortization Value in Rs. 0 0 0
Case of Fruit Crops
22 Cost B1 (17 + 20 + 21) Rs. 31631.14 150624.51 48.38
23 Rental Value of owned Rs. 17200 81904.76 26.31
Land (1/6 th of Gross
Return - Land Revenue)
24 Cost B2 (18 + 22 + 23) Rs. 48831.14 232529.27 74.69
25 Imputed Value of Rs. 10600 50476.19 16.21
Family Labor
26 Cost C1 (22 + 25) Rs. 42231.14 201100.70 64.59
27 Cost C2 (24 + 25) Rs. 59431.14 283005.46 90.90
28 Managerial Allowance Rs. 5943.11 28300.54 9.09
(10 % of Cost C2)
29 Cost C3 (27 + 28) i,e Rs. 65374.26 311306.0 100
Total Cost
This table reveals per hectare cost of cultivation of Napier Grass crop. Farmer had
cultivated the Super Napier variety of Napier Grass crop on 0.21 Ha area. The total cost
required for cultivate Napier Grass crop on 0.21 Ha area is Rs.65374.26. In total cost C3,
major cost items are Rental value of owned land, Imputed value of family labour and
Interest on fixed capital.

58
Table 3.34: YIELD

Crop : Napier grass Variety : Super Napier Season: Perennial Area : 0.21 Ha.
Sr. Item of Yield Unit Quantity Rate/Uni Value Value
No. t (Rs./Plot) (Rs./H
a)
1 Main Product Qtl. 300 350 105000 500000
2 By Product - - - - -
Gross Income 105000 500000
This table gives information about yield of Napier Grass crop. Farmer
Produces 300 Qtl. of main product. The gross income received by farmer is Rs. 105000
from 0.21 ha.

Table 3.35 : ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES

USED
Crop : Napier Grass Variety : Super Napier Season : Perennial Area
:0.21Ha

Income Measures Formula Value Total

(Rs.)
Farm Business Income Gross Income - Cost A1 105000 - 23625.07 81374.92
(F.B.I)
Owned Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A2 105000 - 23625.07 81374.92
Income
Family Labour Income Gross Income - Cost B2 105000 – 48831.14 56168.85
(F.L.I)
Net Income (N.I) Gross Income - Cost C3 105000 – 65374.26 39625.73
Farm Investment Income F.B.I - Imputed Value of 81374.92 - 10600 70774.92
(F.I.I) Family Labour
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental 39625.73 + 17200 + 64831.80
Value of Owned Land + 8006.07
Interest on Fixed Capital
Benefit - Cost Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C3 105000 / 65374.26 1.60
Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of By (65374.26 - 0) / 300 217.91
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)
Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 - Value of By (65374.26 – 0) / 311306.00
Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.) 0.21
From table it was observe that benefit cost ratio of Napier Grass was 1.60.
Farmer earned net income of Rs.39625.73 by selling 300Qtl. of Lucerne Grass
excluding cost of cultivation .

59
Table 3.36 Establishment Cost (Initial Investment) for Pomegranate (for 1st Year):

Period Particular of Expenses Unit Qty. Rate/Unit Amount

(Rs.)
May 1) Ploughing & Harrowing by Hour 6 800 4,800
Tractor
2) Digging of Pits (Spacing – 3 ´ No. of 577 10 5,770
4.5 m) Pits
June 1) Filling of Pits 0
1) FYM Trolley 3 4,000 12,000
2) Soil 0 0 0 0
3) SSP Kg. 250 7 1,750
4) Bavistin Kg. 4 320 1,280
5) Labor 0
i) Male Days 6 300 1,800
ii) Female Days 6 250 1,500
2) Plantation – Seed Material Cuttings 577 25 14,425
Labor 0
i) Male Days 4 300 1,200
ii) Female Days 6 250 1,500
3) Layout Preparation (Male) Days 12 300 3,600
Irrigation Days 8 300 2,400
July & Aug Irrigation Days 10 300 3,000
Sept 1) Weeding 0
i) Male 0 0 0 0
ii) Female Days 10 250 2,500
2) Irrigation 0 0 0 0
Oct 1 ) Plant Protection 0
i) Male Days 3 300 900
ii) Female Days 2 250 500
Insecticide – Pesticide Kg. 4 530 2,120
2) Irrigation Days 7 300 2,100
Nov – Jan Irrigation Days 10 300 3,000
Feb 1) Weeding 0
i) Male 0
ii) Female Days 10 250 2,500
2) Irrigation Days 10 300 3,000
March, April Irrigation Days 30 300 9,000
& May
Total Expenses 80,645

60
Table 3.37 Establishment Cost (Initial Investment) for Pomegranate (for 2nd Year):
Sr. No. Particulars of Expenses Unit Qty. Rate/Unit Amount (Rs.)
1) Application of FYM & Fertilizers
i) FYM Trolley 2 4,000 8,000
ii) Urea Kg. 300 5 1,500
iii) SSP Kg. 400 6.5 2,600
iv) MOP Kg. 200 8 1,600
v) Labour 0
i) Male Days 6 300 1,800
ii) Female Days 2 250 500
2) Intercultural Operation (Weeding) 0
i) Male Days 0 0 0
ii) Female Days 10 250 2,500
3) Plant Protection 0
i) Male Days 4 300 1,200
ii) Female Days 1 250 250
Insecticide – Pesticide Kg. 12 720 8,640
Total Expenses 28,590

Table 3.38 Total Establishment Cost: Pomegranate

Sr. Particulars 1st Year 2nd Year Total Cost

No.
1 Total Expenses 80,645 28,590 1,09,235

2 Irrigation Charges 10,021.85 10,021.85 20,044

Total Working Capital 90,666.85 38,611.85 1,29,279

(W.C)
3 Interest on W.C @ 12 % 10,880.02 4,633.42 15,513

4 Land Revenue & Taxes 362.4 362.4 725

5 Rental Value of Land 1,00,000 1,00,000 2,00,000

Total Cost of Establishment 2,01,909.2 1,43,607.67 3,45,517

7

This table gives information about established cost of Pomegranate orchard. The
farmer required Rs. 3,45,517 total establishment cost. It includes total direct expenses for
land preparation, plantation, intercultural operation, labour, material. It also Cost of
establishment is amortized on the entire life period of the orchard

61
Per Year Establishment Cost (Amortization Cost)
P= Total Establishment Cost = 3,45,517

r = Rate of interest = 12 %

n = Economic Period of Orchard = 20

(1+r)n
A= p x r _________
(1+r)n- 1

(1+0.12)^20
______________
(3,45,517 x 0.12)
(1+0.12)^20-1

(9.64)
(41462.04) ________
(8.64)

(41462.04) x (1.11)

Rs. 46,022.86

A = Annual Amortization Cost = Rs. 46,022.86

62
Table 3.39 CROP WISE INPUTS USED BY THE HOST FARMER
Crop : Pomegranate Variety : Bhagawa Season : Perrenial Area : 0.78 Ha
Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare
No. Qty. Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labor
a) Male Days 18 300 5400 23.076 300 6923.07
b) Female Days 22 250 5500 28.20 250 7051.28
2 i) Hired Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
ii) Owned Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour 0 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Hour 4.5 800 3600 5.76 800 4615.38
Machinery Used
4 i) Seed Purchased No. 577 25 14425 739.74 25 18493.5
8
ii) Value of owned Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure Troll 5 4000 20000 6.41 4000 25641.0
ey 2
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 125 18.83 2353.7 160.25 18.8 3017.62
5 64 3
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 370 23.5 8695 474.35 23.5 11147.4
3
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 210 109.4 22988. 269.23 109. 29472.6
7 7 47 9
v) Micronutrient Kg. 35 240 8400 44.87 240 10769.2
3
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Lit. 8 858.7 6870 10.25 858. 8807.69
5 75
ii) Fungicide Lit. 15 1050. 15760. 19.23 1050 20205.1
67 05 .67 9
iii) Weedicide Lit. 6 370 2220 7.69 370 2846.15
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 7 1174. 8221.9 8.97 1174 10541.0
57 9 .57 1
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 8653.0 11093.7
9 0
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 2549.0 3267.97
2
This table gives the information about different physical inputs used by farmer
for cultivation of Pomegranate . For cultivation of Pomegranate farmer used 18 hired

63
male and 22 hired female human labour. For some internal tillage operation and after
harvesting farmer use 4.5 hrs. of hired machinery for 0.78 ha. For this crop farmer use
5 Trolley of manure, 125 kg of straight fertilizers. And 370 kg complex fertilizers

Table 3.40 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION

Crop : Pomegranate Variety : Bhagawa Season : Perrenial Area : 0.78 Ha
Sr. Item of Cost Unit Qt Rate/ Value Value % Share in
No. y. Unit (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha.) Cost C3

1 Hired Human Labor

a) Male Days 18 300 5400 6923.07 0.97
b) Female Days 22 250 5500 7051.28 0.99
2 i) Hired Bullock Labor Days 0 0 0 0 0
ii) Owned Bullock Days 0 0 0 0 0
Labor
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour 0 0 0 0 0
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour 4.5 800 3600 4615.38 0.64
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased No. 57 25 14425 18493.59 2.59
7
ii) Value of owned Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
Seed
5 Manure 5 4000 20000 25641.02 3.60
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg. 12 18.83 2353.75 3017.63 0.42
5
ii) Mixed Kg. 0 0 0 0 0
iii) Complex Kg. 37 23.5 8695 11147.43 1.56
0 59
iv) Water - Soluble Kg. 21 109.4 22988.7 29472.69 4.14
0 7
v) Micronutrient Kg. 35 240 8400 10769.23 1.51
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides Lit. 8 858.7 6870 8807.69 1.23
5
ii) Fungicide Lit. 15 1050. 15760.05 20205.19 2.83
67
iii) Weedicide Lit. 37 370 2220 2846.15 0.39
6
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit. 7 1174. 8221.99 10541.01 1.48
57
v) Other Lit. 0 0 0 0 0
8 Irrigation Charges Rs. 8653.09 11093.70 1.55
513
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 2549.02 3267.97 0.45

64
10 Repairs on implement Rs. 1491.18 1911.76 0.26
& Machinery
11 Crop Insurance Rs. 0 0 0
Premium
12 Miscellaneous Rs. 35150 45064.10 6.33
Expenses
13 Total Working Rs. 172277.78 220868.9 31.03
Capital (Total 1 to 12)
14 Interest on Working Rs. 20673.333 26504.27 3.72
Capital @ Prevailing 6
Bank Rate for full Crop
Period
15 Land Revenue & Other Rs. 300 384.61 0.05
Cesses
16 Depreciation on Rs. 8892.64 11400.82 1.60
Implement, Machinery
& Building
17 Cost A1 (13 + 14 + 15 Rs. 202143.75 259158.6 36.41
+16) 5
18 Rent Paid for Leased in Rs. 0 0 0
Land
19 Cost A2 (17 + 18) Rs. 202143.75 259158.6 36.41
5
20 Interest on Fixed Rs. 29736.86 38124.17 5.35
Capital Excluding Land
(10 % on Fixed
Investment)
21 Amortization Value in Rs. 55778.88 55778.88 7.83
Case of Fruit Crops
22 Cost B1 (17 + 20 + 21) Rs. 287659.49 368794.2 51.82
2
23 Rental Value of owned Rs. 199700 256025.6 35.97
Land (1/6 th of Gross 4
Return - Land
Revenue)
24 Cost B2 (18 + 22 + 23) Rs. 487359.49 624819.8 87.80
6
25 Imputed Value of Rs. 17250 22115.38 3.10
Family Labour
26 Cost C1 (22 + 25) Rs. 304909.49 390909.6 54.93
0
27 Cost C2 (24 + 25) Rs. 504609.49 646935.2 90.90
4
28 Managerial Allowance Rs. 50460.94 64693.52 9.09
(10 % of Cost C2)
29 Cost C3 (27 + 28) i,e Rs. 555070.44 711628.7 100
Total Cost 7
This table reveals of cultivation of Pomegranate crop. Farmer had cultivated the
Bhagawa variety of Pomegranate crop on 0.78 Ha area. The total cost required for

65
cultivate Pomegranate crop on 0.78 Ha area is Rs.5,55,070.44. In total cost C3, major
cost items are Managerial Allowances, Amortization Cost, Interest on fixed capital.

Table 3.41 YIELD

Crop : Pomegranate Variety : Bhagawa Season : Perrenial Area : 0.78 Ha

Sr. Item of Yield Unit Quantity Rate/Unit Value Value

No. (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha)
1 Main Product Qtl. 120 10000 1200000 1538461.538
2 By Product Qtl. 0 0 0 0
Gross Income 1200000 1538461.538
This table gives information about yield of Pomegranate crop. Farmer Produces
120 Qtl. of main product. The gross income received by farmer is Rs. 1200000 from
0.78 ha.

Table 3.42 ANALYTICAL TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES

USED

Crop : Pomegranate Variety : Bhagawa Season : Perrenial Area : 0.78 Ha

Values
Income Measures Formula Total (Rs.)

Farm Business Gross Income - Cost A1 1200000 -202143.75 997856.2464

Income (F.B.I)
Owned Farm Gross Income - Cost A2 1200000 - 202143.75 997856.2464
Business Income
Family Labor Gross Income - Cost B2 1200000 - 487359.49 712640.5064
Income (F.L.I)
Net Income (N.I) Gross Income - Cost C3 1200000 - 555070.44 644929.557
Farm Investment F.B.I - Imputed Value of 997856.24 - 17250 980606.2464
Income (F.I.I) Family Labor
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental 644929.55 + 199700 874366.417
Value of Owned Land + +29736.86
Interest on Fixed Capital
Benefit - Cost Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C3 1200000 / 555070.44 2.161887766
Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of By (555070.44 - 0) / 120 4625.587025
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)
Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 - Value of By (555070.44 – 0) / 0.78 711628.773
Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.)
This table gives information about yield of Pomegrante. Farmer produces 120 Qtl . of
main products. The gross income received by farmer is Rs.1200000 from 0.78 ha area.

66
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES

Student will study and work out Marketing channels, Price-spread, Producers
Share in consumer Rupee of minimum two commodities having different marketing
channels, grown by farmer in current season.

Table 3.43: Disposal of Farm Produce:

Name of Agency Market Mode Transp Baggi Loadi Market Total
produce Place of ort cost ng ng and fee(4) Marketing
transport (1) cost2 unloadi cost(1+2+3
ng cost +4)
(3)
Onion Trader APMC Road 1500 1000 1000 500 4000
way
Pomegra Trader Nashik Road 7200 1200 3000 600 12000
nate way
Calculate Channel – wise Marketing costs for Agricultural Commodities.
Definition of Marketing Channel, Price Spread, Marketing Cost, Marketing Margin,
Producers share in consumer rupee ,etc.
Information of Marketing Concepts:
1) Marketing channel:
It is define as transfer the ownership of goods from the point of production to the point
of consumption.
2) Price Spread:
The difference between the price paid by consumer and price received by producer.
3) Marketing Cost:
The movement of the product from producer to consumer involved costs, taxes, and
cess which are called marketing cost.
4) Marketing Margin:
The margin defined as the profit earn by different agencies engaged in marketing of
agricultural product.

5) Producer Share in Consumer Rupee:

It is the received by farmer expressed as a percentage of retail price.

67
Marketing of Agricultural Commodity- Onion
Quantity : 100 Qtl
Producer

Trader

Wholesaler

Retailer

Consumer

Table 3.44: Marketing Channel of Onion:

Marketing cost incurred by Producer

Transport 15 1500
Bagging 10 1000
Market fee 5 500
Loading and unloading 10 1000
Sub total 40 4000
Selling price of producer 1750 175000
Net price received by producer 1710 171000
Marketing cost incurred By Trader (APMC)
Packing 10 1000
labelling 10 1000
Loading And Unloading 20 2000
Transportation 15 1500
Subtotal 65 6500
Selling price of APMC 1900 190000
Net price received by trader 1835 183500
Marketing cost incurred by wholesaler
Labour charges 10 1000
Storage charges 10 1000
Transport charges 20 2000

68
Sub total 40 4000
Selling price of wholesaler 2050 205000
Net price received by wholesaler 2010 201000
Marketing cost incurred by retailer
Labour charges 10 1000
Storage charges 10 1000
Sub total 20 2000
Selling price of retailer 2200 220000
Net price received by retailer 2180 218000
Price received by consumer 2200 220000
Total marketing cost 165 16500
Total margin 325 32500

Table 3.45: Price Spread - Onion

Sr. Particulars Amount For Per Unit (%) Share in Price
No Whole Lot (Rs.) (Rs.) Paid by Consumer
1 Producers Price 171000 1710 77.72
2 Total Marketing 16500 165 7.5
Cost
3 Total Marketing 32500 325 14.77
Margin
4 Price paid by 220000 2200 100
Consumer
5 Price Spread 45000 490 22.27

Total Marketing Cost = 40+65 + 40 + 20 = 165 Rs.

Total Margin = Trader margin + Wholesaler margin + Retailer margin

= 85 + 110 + 130 = 325 Rs

Price spread = Price paid by consumer – Price received by producer

= 2200 – 1710 = 490 Rs

Producer share in consumer rupee = (Price received by producer ÷ Price paid by

consumer) × 100
= (1710 ÷ 2200) ×100
= 77.72 %

69
Table 3.46: Marketing Channel of
II) Pomegranate

Producer

Commission Agent (APMC)

Wholesaler

Retailer

Consumer

Table 3.47: Channel Wise Marketing Cost: Pomegranate

Quantity: 120 quintal
Sr. No Particulars Rate/Unit(qt.) Amount(Rs.)

1. Marketing cost incurred by

producer

Transport 60 7200

Bagging 10 1200

Loading and Unloading 25 3000

Market fee 5 600

Subtotal 100 12000

Selling price of producer 10000 1200000

Net price received by producer 9900 1188000

70
2. Marketing cost incurred by
APMC

a)Packing 15 1800

b)labelling 10 1200

c)Loading And Unloading 25 3000

d)Transportation 30 3600

Subtotal 80 9600

Selling price of Trader 10150 1218000

Net price received by Trader 10070 1208400

3. Marketing cost incurred by

wholesaler

Labour charges 50 6000

Storage charges 20 2400

Transport charges 20 2400

Sub total 90 10800

Selling price of wholesaler 10300 1236000

Net price received by wholesaler 10210 1225200

4. Marketing cost incurred by

Retailer
a)Packing 15 1800

b)labelling 10 1200

c)Storage 20 2400

Subtotal 45 5400

Selling price of Retailer 10450 1254000

Net price received by Retailer 10405 1248600

5. Price received by consumer 10450 1254000

Total Marketing Cost 315 37800
Total Margin 235 28200

71
Table 3.48: Price Spread :Pomegranate
Sr. Particulars Amount Per % Share in Price
No. for Unit
Paid by
Whole Lot (Rs.) consumer
1. Producer, Price 1188000 9900 94.73
2. Total Marketing Cost 37800 315 3.01
3. Total Marketing Margin 28200 235 2.24
4. Price Paid by consumer 1254000 10450 100
5. Price Spread 54000 550 5.26

Marketing Cost =100+ 80+ 90+45

= 315 Rs.
Total Margin= Trader margin + Retailer margin
= 70+ 60+105 = 235 Rs.
Producer Share in Consumer rupee:
= (Price received by producer ÷ Price Paid by Consumer) × 100
= (9900 ÷ 10450) × 100
= 94.73 %
Price Spread= Price paid by Consumer – Price received by Producer
= 10450– 9900 =550 Rs

72
 SWOC ANALYSIS OF FAEMER:
A) Strength’s of Farmer :-
1. New Technology.
2. Availability of Water .
3. Good technical skill .
4. Favourable weather condition for some crop.
5. Positive attitude towards farming.
6. Hardworking of farmer.

B) Weaknesses of Farmer :
1. High land cost.
2. Lack of investment
3. Lack of manpower.
4. Labor cost are high.
5. Stagnation of crop yield.
C) Opportunities in Farming Business:-
1. Development of new production.
2. Possibilities of increasing productivity .
3. Opportunities in export products.
4. Increase income in horticulture sector.
5. Development of on farm activities.

D) Constraints of Farmer:-
1. Various diseases.
2. Marketing and price risk.
3. Climate change.
4. High prices of raw material.

73
 Table 3.49: Optimum Farm Plan:

Existing Farm Plan Optimum Farm Plan

Gross Gross
Yield Area Yield
Season Variet Area Value Crop Variety Value
Crop (Qt./Plot) (ha) (Qt./Plot)
y (ha) Rs. Rs.
Main By Main By
Maize Advant 0.35 66000 150 81000 Maize Advanta 0.35 66000 15000 81000
a - 751 00 - 751
Kharif
Cabba Golden 0.60 12000 - 12000 Cabba Golden 0.60 12000 - 120000
ge Acre 0 0 ge Acre 0
Onion African 0.35 17500 250 17750 Onion African 0.55 26250 3000 265500
Light 0 0 0 Light 0
Rabi Red Red
Wheat Ankur 0.60 90000 300 93000 Whea Ankur 0.40 60000 3000 63000
Kedar 0 t Kedar
L. Anand- 0.17 12000 - 12000 L. Anand- 2 0.17 12000 - 120000
Grass 2 0 0 Grass 0
Summe
N. Super 0.21 10500 - 10500 N. Super 0.21 10500 - 105000
r/
Grass Napier 0 0 Grass Napier 0
Perenni
Pomeg Bhagaw 0.78 12000 - 12000 Pome Bhagawa 0.78 12000 - 120000
al
ranate a 00 0 granat 00
e
3.06 18760 205 18965 3.06 18910 26500 195450
Total 00 00 00 00 0

Cropping intensity of Existing Plan= (GCA/NCA)*100

= (3.06/2.14)*100
= 142.99 %
Cropping intensity of Optimum Farm Plan= (GCA/NCA)*100

=(3.06/2.14)*100
= 142.99%

74
 Summary:
 In this RAWE Programme, I study the agricultural production management
under the host farmer Mr. Uttam Rahane The selected farmer cultivated Maize,
Cabbage, Onion, wheat, Pomegranate , Lucerne grass & Napier Grass throughout the
year.
 There I got practical knowledge about agriculture operations as well as what
cropping patterns are followed. Also I learned how to fertilize crops on time for getting
more yield.
 The data was arranged in table where the Farm Business Income (F.B.I.),
Family Labor Income (F.L.I.), Net Income (N.I.), Farm Investment Income (F.I.I.),
Benefit - Cost Ratio, Per Quintal Cost of Production, Per hectare Cost of Cultivation
etc. was calculated for per plot and per hectare.

Conclusion:
 As the host farmer Mr. Uttam Rahane cultivated Maize, Cabbage, Onion, wheat,
Pomegranate , Lucerne grass & Napier Grass in their field. In that
Pomegranate Crop accounted the highest B:C Ratio 2.16 with gross income of
Rs. 12,00,000 /-.
 And Wheat accounted for the low B:C ratio which is 1.14.
 Therefore, I suggested them an alternative farm plan. In that, I suggested them
to cultivate Gram crop instead of wheat , by which they will get more income.

75
 EXPERIENCE GAINED

In this RAWE programme it helped me to study information regarding Chandanapuri

village. Through the help of Chandanapuri. Grampanchayat.
I gained information of Demographical, Geographical, Agricultural as well as
Infrastructural Information about village. As my host farmer Mr. Uttam Rahane co –
operated and helped with this project a lot.
I gained information about various farming activities followed by the farmer.
I gained information about strengths and weaknesses of farmer as well as opportunities
in farming business.
RAWE help me in many ways as to build knowledge about crops and to calculated
detailed estimate of Agricultural commodities, and so I gained deep practical
knowledge that how agriculture is worked. It helped me to communicate with new
personalities every time.
 I visited Chandanapuri Village Grampanchayat several times, there I got an
opportunity to get close with village and gets lots of information.
 I visited to fields of 10 farmers and surveyed well this was a pleasant sight.
 I got knowledge about very useful information from agriculture.
 I have studied host farmer cropping pattern.
 I got to know about of all farms operation and activities.
 Gains knowledge of different crop concepts.
 I get the information about farm equipment and machinery
 I get knowledge about yield of different crop.

76
 ANNEXURES
DAILY ABSTRACT OF WORK DONE
RAWE-SPW: 2022-2023 Date: _______________

Module- I

Name of the student: ___________________________________ Reg. No.

_______________
Name of the Village:
__________________________________________________________
Name of Farmer :
__________________________________________________________
Name of the College: College of Agriculture business Management
_____________________
ABSTRACT OF WORK
Work assigned by the Work Completed
SMS/ABS

Signature of Student Signature

of ABS

77
 WEEKLY DIARY OF THE STUDENT
From _______________ To________________
1. Name of the student : __________________________________________________
2. Registration No : __________________________________________________
3. Name of the college : __________________________________________________
4. Name of the Village : __________________________________________________
5. Name and address of farmer:
__________________________________________________

ABSTRACT OF WORK
Week days Date Abstract of work done

Monday

Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

6. New experience gained during this week:

________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Time absent during the week and reason for absence Day:
_______Hours_____________
Reason:
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Comments of the advisory committee:
___________________________________________
9. Date of receipt of the diary by the Chairman of the advisory committee:
________________
10. Date of communication of comments, if any to the student:
__________________________

Sign. of Student Sign. of ABS/SMS Sign. of Coordinator Sign.

of Principal

78
 Crop wise inputs used by the host farmer:
Crop: Variety: Season: Area:
Sr. Item of Cost Unit Per Plot Per Hectare
No. Qty. Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Hired Human Labour
a) Male Days
b) Female Days
2 i) Hired Bullock Days
Labour
ii) Owned Bullock Days
Labour
3 i) Hired Machinery Hour
Used
ii) Owned Machinery Hour
Used
4 i) Seed Purchased Kg.
ii) Value of owned Kg.
Seed
5 Manure Trolly
6 Fertilizers
i) Straight Kg.
ii) Mixed Kg.
iii) Complex Kg.
iv) Water - Soluble Kg.
v) Micronutrient Kg.
7 Insecticide
i) Pesticides ml.
ii) Fungicide gm.
iii) Weedicide gm.
iv) Hormonal Spray Lit.
v) Other Lit.
8 Irrigation Charges Rs.
9 Incidental Charges Rs.

79
PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION
Crop:_____________ Variety: _____________ Season: ____________ Area:
________
Sr. Item of Cost Unit Qty. Rate/ Value Value %
No Unit (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha. Share in Cost
. ) C3
1. Hired Human
Labour
a) Male Days
b)Female Days
2. I) Hired Bullock Days
labour
ii) Owned Bullock Days
labour
3. i) Hired Machinery Hour
Used
ii) Owned Hour
Machinery Used
4. Value of Seed Kg.
(Purchased &
Owned)
5. Manure (Both Tons/
owned and hired) CL
6. Fertilizers
i Straight Kg.
ii Mixed Kg.
iii Complex Kg.
iv Water-soluble Kg.
v Micronutrient Kg.
7. Insecticides
i Pesticides Lit.
ii Fungicide Lit.
iii Weedicide Lit.
iv Hormonal spray Lit.
8. Irrigation Charges Rs.
9. Incidental Charges Rs.
10. Repairs on Rs.
implements and
machinery
11. Crop Insurance Rs.
Premium
12. Miscellaneous Rs.

80
 expenses
13. Total Working Rs.
Capital
(Total of 1to12)
14. Interest on Rs.
Working Capital @
prevailing bank
rate for full Crop
Period
15. Land Revenue & Rs.
Other cesses
16. Depreciation on Rs.
Implements,
Machinery &
Building
17. Cost A1 Rs.
(13+14+15+16)
18. Rent Paid for
Leased in Land
19. Cost A 2 (17+18) Rs.
20. Interest on Fixed Rs.
Capital
Excluding
land(10% on Fixed
Investment)
21. Amortization Value Rs.
in Case of Fruit
Crops
22. Cost B1 Rs.
(17+20+21)
23. Rental Value of Rs.
own land (1/6th of
gross Return –
Land
Revenue)
24. Cost B2 Rs.
(18+22+23)
25. Imputed Value of Rs.
Family Labour
26. Cost C1 (22+25) Rs.
27. Cost C2 (24+25) Rs.
28. Managerial Rs.
Allowance (10% of
cost C2)
29. Cost C3 (27+28) Rs.
i.e. Total Cost

81
YIELD:
Crop:_____________ Variety: _____________ Season: ____________ Area:
_______
Sr. Item of Yield Unit Quantity Rate/ Value Value
No Unit (Rs./Plot) (Rs./Ha.)
.
1. Main Product
2. By Product
Gross Income

TOOLS OR ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES USED:

Crop:_____________ Variety: _____________ Season: ____________ Area:
_______

Income Measures Formula Values Total (Rs.)

Farm Business Income Gross Income - Cost A1
(F.B.I.)
Owned Farm Business Gross Income- Cost A2
Income
Family Labour Income Gross Income - Cost B2
(F.L.I.)
Net Income (N.I.) Gross Income - Cost C3
Farm Investment Income FBI - Imputed Value of
(FII) Family labour
Intensive Income Net Income + Rental Value
of Owned Land + Interest
on fixed capital

Benefit -Cost Ratio Gross Income ÷ Cost C3

Cost of Production (Cost C3 - Value of by
Product) ÷ Yield (in qtl.)

Cost of Cultivation (Cost C3 -Value of by

Product) ÷ Area (in Ha.)

82
 PHOTO GALLARY

Grampanchyat of Chandanapuri

Motorcycle

83
 Tractor

Livestock of Host Farmer

84
Implements of Host Farmer

85
Well of Host Farmer

Pomegranate

86
 VITA
1. Name of student : Miss. UGHADE PRATIKSHA SHIVAJI
2. Date of Birth : 02 Nov 2002
3. Name of College : College of Agriculture Business Management,
Gunjalwadi Pathar, Sangamner,
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
(MS)- 413722
4. Residential Address : At/Post: Pimpalgaon Nipani, Tal: Akole, Dist.:
Ahmednagar-422605

5. Mobile No : 8767206472
5. Academic Qualification:
Sr. Name Of Degree Year In Division / Name of Subjects
No. Awarded Which Class Awarding
Obtain University
1. S.S.C. 2018 First Pune Semi-English
2. H.S.C. 2020 First Pune Science

6. Research Paper Publish : Nil

7. Field of Interest : Reading, Travelling etc.

. Signature of Student
(Miss. UGHADE PRATIKSHA SHIVAJI)
Date: / / 2023

87