3. In this experiment, you will investigate the change in shape of a rubber band when masses are hung from it (a) Set up the apparatus as shown in Fig. 3.1 longer rubber band. a Oo toss iG Oy rod of clamp | stand TITVTT IIIA TTT Tench Fig. 3.4 ‘The rods of the two clamps must be at the same height above the bench. Place both rods through the longer rubber band, Position the stands so that the rubber band just has no siack. (b) Record the mass m of the mass hanger.(©) (i) Suspend the mass hanger from the centre of the lower part ofthe rubber band as shown in Fig. 3.2 mass m Fig. 3.2 (ii) Measure and record the angle @ as shown in Fig. 3.2. 1) (iil) Estimate the percentage uncertainty in your value of 2 percentage uncertainty 1) (iv) Caleuate tan? S tan? 2 (0(d) (i) Add the slotted mass to the mass hanger. Record the total mass m of the mass hanger and slotted mass. For this total mass, repeat (c)(i), (c)(ii) and (c)(iv), o= tan? 2= 1)(e) It is suggested that the relationship between m and @ is aun 20 tani 2 m Where kis a constant. (I) Using your data, calculate two values of k first value of k= second value of k 2 (ii). Justify the number of significant figures given in your values of k. (ill) Explain whether your results in (e)() support the suggested relationship. Justify your conclusion by referring to your answer in (¢)(iii).(f) You have been provided with another rubber band of shorter length, Use the rubber bands provided to determine the effect of length on @ for the same mass being suspended from the centre of the lower part of the rubber band. ()) State and explain your choice of mass to be used in your investigation, (li) Tabulate your results, (lil) Suggest a possible trend based on your results. Explain how you can improve the validity of your suggestion. 8){g) The ability of the rubber band to stretch under load depends on the linear density of the rubber band. Linear density 2 is the measure of mass per unit length. Itis suggested 4 is directly proportional to the cube of k. Explain how you would investigate this relationship. Your account should include: ‘© your experimental procedure = control of variables ‘+ how you would use your results to show the relationship ‘© why you might have difficulties using rubber bands of very small and very large linear densities, [Total: 19]2. Inthis experiment, you will investigate the forces acting on an object. (a) (b) Place a cylinder on top of a wooden block. Place some blue-tac at the base of the cylinder to ensure that it does not roll off the wooden block. Place a metre rule on the cylinder. Hang the rubber bung on the metre rule 15.0 cm away from the pivot. Ensure that, the metre rule is balanced by placing a 20 g mass on the other side of the pivot, as shown in Fig. 2.1 20g mass metre rule Fig. 2.1 ‘bis the distance between the pivot and the centre of the 20 g mass. Measure and record b. b= i Place a beaker under the rubber bung and pour approximately 250 cm? of liquid X into the beaker until itis completely submerged. Adjust the position ofthe 20 g mass so that the metre rule remains balanced, as shown in Fig. 2.2. cis the distance between the pivot and the centre of the 20 g mass when the rubber bung is completely immersed in liquid X. 20g mass metre rule 45.0 om i << et ls _S string cylinder —_ hse tao! rubber bung wooden block beaker oie bench liquid x — Fig. 22(i) Measure and record ¢. ° Estimate the percentage uncertainty in your value of c. 1) di) percentage uncertainty in iu} The density of liquid X, px, b and c are related by the expression py=Z(b-0) where Z = 0.0296 g om4, Calculate px. pe 2 7) ‘Suggest one significant source of uncertainty in this experiment 1) ™ ‘Suggest an improvement that could be made to the experiment to reduce the uncertainty identified in (b)(iv). ‘You may suggest the use of other apparatus or a different procedure. tt)(c)_ The expression given in (b)( suggests that the density of the liquid in the beaker in Fig. 2.2 has a linear relationship with c. Explain how you would investigate this relationship. ‘You would be provided with liquids of different densities. Your account should include: * your experimental procedure * control of variables + how you would measure the densities of the liquids + how you would use your results to show that the two variables are linearly related 4] Total: 11]2 In this experiment, you will investigate the equilibrium of a metre rule. (a) You have been provided with a metre rule with a string attached to it Set up the apparatus as shown in Fig. 2.1 pulley attached to stand string string loop ‘stand 100g mas$_—_ wooden block: 2.4 ‘Add masses to the mass hanger so that mass m is 80 g, Adjust the pivot so that itis 5 mm from end B of the rule. The distance between the string at end A and the pivot is L. Measure and record L a(b) ‘Adjust the string loop supporting the 100 g mass so that it is approximately 60 cm from end A. Hold the rule at end A so that the rule is approximately horizontal ‘Adjust the position of the string loop to find the position where end A is just about to move upwards when the rule is released, The distance between the string at ‘end A and the string loop is ys as shown in Fig. 2.2. %s Measure and record ys ‘Adjust the position of the string loop to find the position where end A is just about to move downwards when the rule is released. The distance between the string at end A and the string loop is yz Measure and record yo. yee Calculate y where (1)(c)__ Increase m by adding the other masses. Measure the new values of y; and yo. Repeat until you have five sets of values of m, y; and ys. Record your results in a table. Include values of y in your table. (4) (4) (i) Plot a graph of yon the y-axis against m on the x-axis. (ii) Draw the straight line of best fit Determine the gradient and y-intercept of this line. gradient = y-intercep!(Total: 41]1 Inthis experiment, you will investigate the motion of an oscillating system. (a) Tape a 20g mass to the 30 em mark of the ruler as shown in Fig. 1.1. «<—___________x Pelee. a Rubber Band Clear Tape Fig. 1.1 Using the rubber band provided, make a loop across the 2.cm mark such that the distance x between the centre of gravity of the mass and the rubber band is around 28 em, () Record the value of x x em [1] Determine the percentage uncertainty in your value of x. Percentage uncertainty in a) (ii) Place the setup over a flat edge of the lab bench such that the rubber band lies on the edge as shown in Fig 1.2. Hold down the shorter end firmly. Fig. 1.2 Displace the mass downwards and determine the time taken for one period 7 2](iv) Estimate the percentage uncertainty in your value of T. Percentage uncertainty in T=. 1) (b) Decrease x by approximately 2 cm and repeat (a)(i) and (a)(ti). cm T=, i (©) Itis suggested that the quantities x and are related by the equation Takx? where & is a constant, (Use your answers in (a)(i), (a)if) and (b) to determine two values of k. Give your values of k to an appropriate number of si figures with their units First value of k=. Second value of k 2] (i) State whether the results of your experiment support the suggested relationship in (e) by referring to the result in (a)(iv) (2)(d) (e) State one significant source of error in this experiment. O) It is suggested that the behaviour of the oscillating system also depends on the ‘mass m taped at the end of the ruler, and that period is proportional to m. Explain how you would investigate the relationship using some additional masses. ‘Your account should include © the experimental procedure © control of variables © how you would use your results to verify the relationship. [4] [15 marks]Practical investigation 5.1: Finding the Young modulus for nylon ‘The Young modulus describes the elastic behaviour of a material, It is used, together with size and shape, to predict how an object will deform under load In this practical exercise you will investigate the relationship between the tension force and the extension for a nylon thread, and use the data to find a value for the Young modulus for nylon. Equipment: ‘+ nylon thread with a loop tied at each end + pulley to fix to edge of table + wooden block with @ hook + G-clamp to clamp the wooden block to the table top + mass hanger + five 100 g slotted masses, + metre rule + sticky tape + micrometer Safety considerations + Make sure you have read the Safety advice at the beginning of this book and listen to any advice from, your teacher before carrying out this investigation. + The nylon thread stores energy as itis stretched, and if it breaks it will spring back very quickly + Wear safety goggles when the nylon thread is under tension. Method 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 5.1 wooden block lon dampedtotabletop thvead Pulley {able top sticky tape metre rule asia mass hanger Figure 5.1: Thread over pulley, attached to weight. 2 Tho two sticky tape pointers should be fixed to the nylon thread approximately 10 em and 80 em from the wooden block, 3 yy and yp are the distances of the two pointers from the wooden block. Take measurements of yy and. yz to the nearest millimetre and record your measurements in the Results section. 4 Add the 100 g massos one ata time to the mass hanger, measuring yy and y2 after each mass has been added. Record your measurements in Table 5.1 in the Results section. 5. Remove the 100 g masses from the mass hanger and then use the micrometer to measure the diameter d of the nylon thread. Take measurements at different places and record yourmeasurements in the Results section. Then calculate and record the average. Results For no added mass: y; = om a3= mm y= ern Average d mm Analysis, conclusion and evaluation a Using the values of y» and y; for no added mass, calculate the initial length L using vay Le om bb Foreach row in Table 5.1, calculate the value of added force F using: F=Mg where g = 9.81 N m2 force Mg Add the unt for F tothe table heading. © For each row in Table 5.1, caleulate the value of extension x using xeyrunk Add the unit for x to the table heading. Use the graph grid to plot a graph of F (on the vertical axis) against x (on the horizontal axis). For part d, remember to choose simple scales that also ensure a large area of the grid is used. Remember to label each axis with the variable that is being plotted,Draw the straight line of best fit through the points, Calculate the gradient of the line. Gradient = -ecnnnense ‘The gradient is equal to the force constant k for the nylon thread. Looking carefully at the units of F and x, write down the value of k in N m=! seeeeeees NR ‘The Young modulus £ for nylon can be calculated using: E=4LKnd2 Calculate E after changing the unit to m for your values for L and d. ae Nm? The Young modulus for steel can be found using a similar arrangement of apparatus, but the value of E for steel is much higher than E for nylon. Explain how a size or quantity could be changed to give values of x similar to those for the nylon thread.Practical investigation 5.3: Water pressure and flow rate In this practical exercise you will investigate the rate at which water flows out through a hole in a ‘container, and how itis related to the distance of the hole below the surface of the water. Equipmer + container with a hole in its base + worktop with sink + jug or beaker of water + supply of water ‘+ stopwatch with lap timer feature + stand, boss and clamp + metre rule, Safety considerations + Mako sure you have read the Safety advice at the beginning of this book and listen to any advice from your teacher before carrying out this investigation. ‘+ ‘Thore are no special safety issues in this investigation. Method 1 Measure the diameter d at the top of the container, Record your average value of d in the Results section, 2. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 5.4 eae metre rule - came aye boss ~ bench hole sink Figure 5.4: Container (with hole) over sink, metre rule. Ensure the container is positioned so that the hole is above the sink. ‘The zero end of the metre rule scale should rest on the bench,3. Pour water from the jug into the conta {all as water flows out through the hole, 4 Start the stopwatch when the water level passes the 18 cm marking on the metre rule, then practise using the lap timer to take the time at each 2 cm drop in the level (.e. the time from 18 em to 16 em, ‘and the time from 18 em to 14 em, and s0 on). st until the level is just below the top, then watch the level 5. Refill the container until the level is just below the top, then start the stopwatch when the water level passes the 18 cm marking, Measure and record the times for the level to fall to 16 em, 14 cm, 12 em, ete. Record your measurements of water level height h and time Tin Table 5.3. ‘Atimer that can record lap times can record all of these values in a single run. Some phone stopwatches have this feature Results Average om [nee mee 18.0 0 16.0 140 12.0 10.0 eo [60 a0 ferent ‘Table 5.3: Results table. Analysis, conclusion and evaluation @ Calculate the cross-sectional area A of the container using Aand24 A om? D_Use the graph grid to plot a graph of h (on the vertical axis) against T (on the horizontal axis)Draw a smooth curve of best ft through the points Draw the tangent to the curve at h= 16.0 cm. The tangent must touch the curve only once, and its Tine should extend to the edges of the grid. Calculate the gradient of the tangent. It will have a negative value. Gradient ‘The rate of flow F of water through the hole is given by the cross-sectional area A multiplied by the rate of fall of the water. Calculate F using: F=Ax (-gradiont) F em st Caleulate the water pressure P at the hole when h and g = 9.81 ms~2 6.0 cm, using P = pgh, where p = 1000 kg mr P Na? Repeat parts d, e and f for a value of h of 4.0 em. Gradient Fe m3 st > Nm? ‘Test the hypothesis that the water flow rate is proportional to the square root of the water pressure at the hole (F=KP, where k is a constant) ‘To carry out this test, caleulate two values of k, one for each of the two water level heights. First value of k Second value of Explain whether the two values are close enough to consider the hypothesis valid, including what percentage difference would be acceptable.Describe any difficulty you had in measuring d accurately. Describe how a photograph could be used to improve the accuracy of the measurement. I the experiment was videoed to make the timing measurements easier, what would have to be in view when the video was replayed?Exp BBY 10 this experiment, you will determine the acceleration of a block of » wood across the bench. . You have been provided with the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1, nine 10 g slotted masses, a stopwatch, a metre rule, a set square and a stand, clamp and boss to support the rule (a) The apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1 has been set up for you, Do not remove the additionalmass from the wooden block. 2éitonal mass oor Fig. 21 Move the block away from the pulley until the mass hanger is just below the pulley. Clamp the metre rule vertically close to, but not touching, the mass hanger. Measure the distance y from the base of the mass hanger to the floor. — i wy (b) Explain, with the aid ofa diagram, how you ensured that the metre rule was vertical a(© @ The mass of the mass hanger is given on the card. Place sufficient 10 g slotted masses on the ‘mass hanger to ensure that the wooden block aceelerates across the bench when released. Record the total mass m of the mass hanger and the slotted masses, ae (ii) Move the block away from the pulley until the base of the mass hanger is at the height y above the floor, as measured in (a). Determine the average time ¢ for the ‘mass hanger to fall to the floor. 1 (@) Calculate the acceleration a of the block, using the relationship =2y ae peer (Total: 5]RMN fi tis experiment, you will investigate the frictional force opposing the FREE "01100 of a woodenblock. , ‘You have been provided with +a wooden block with a small hook at one end, + a length of string with a loop at each end, +a pulley arrangement at the edge of the bench, 10 g mass hanger with nine 10 g slotted masses, + eight 100 g slotted masses. (a) (i Place the loop at one end of the string over the small hook on the block. Pass the string over the pulley and suspend the 10 g mass banger from the loop at the other end of the string. A diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 4.1. Face A of the block should be uppermost. wooden ac Ha Pook top of string _——putey —Io0p ot sting 10g mass nanger Fig. 41 Gi) Give the wooden block a push for a short distance towards the pulley. The block will stop. Add 10 g masses to the mass hanger until the block moves at approximately constant velocity after it is given a short push towards the pulley. If the bench surface exerts a large frictional force, you may need to use one or more of the 100 g slotted masses in addition to the 10 g slotted masses. Record, in kg, the total mass M suspended from the string. Repeat the experiment and obtain an average value for M. average value of M=(iv) Calculate the weight IV of the mass using the relationship W”= Mg, where g = 10N/ kg. w (¥) The weight IV can be taken as the frictional force opposing the motion of the block. Explain how the experiment could be improved to obtain a more accurate value of the frictional force. 4] () When a mass P is placed on top of the block it changes the frictional force opposing the motion of the block. Use some of the 100 g masses to change the value of P. For each value of P, find the corresponding value of M required to move the block at constant speed. ‘You will need to use some of the 100 g masses to increase P and others, with the 10 g slotted masses, to increase M. Record your results in a table, Include in your table columns for PM and #, Also include your result from (a). (4)(©) Using the grid opposite, plot a graph of I77 N against P/ g. Draw a straight line of best fit through ‘your points. (4) (@) Determine (@ the gradient of your graph, gradient = Gi) the intercept on the Waxis. intercept = (3) [Total: 15]“In this experiment, you will determine the frictional force opposing the J motion of a block of woodup a ramp. You are provided with +a ramp with a stop close to its upper end, + a pulley arrangement, + a block of wood labelled A, with a small hook, + 10g slotted mass hanger, nine 10 g slotted masses and two 100 g slotted masses, ring passing over the pulley, with loops attached to the block and the mass hanger, +a stopwatch, + ameire rule, +a set square. (a) The ramp has been set up for you as shown in Fig. 3.1. Do not adjust the slope of the ramp. Dock of wood labelled A with hook _pulley —|— stop _-mass hanger /~ and masses oor Fig. 31 Position the block A so that it touches the stop at the top of the ramp, as shown in Fig. 3.1 Add all the masses to the mass hanger to ensure that A remains in contact with the stop Measure the vertical height f+ and the distance s along the ramp, as shown in Fig. 3.1, Give your answers in metres, s sen a (b) Remove all masses from the mass hanger. Place A at the bottom of the ramp as shown in Fig. 3.2 sop / ply mass hanger ‘bench Fig.92(@ Place sufficient slotted masses on the mass hanger to ensure that, when released, A accelerates up, the ramp, taking a time of between I s and 2 sto reach the stop. Record the total mass m of the mass hanger and the slotted masses. Also record the mass M of A that is written on the label. Give your answers in kg, i) Retun A to the bottom of the ramp and hold it in position. Without changing m, determine the average time f taken for A to reach the stop when released. 21 (©) Calculate (0 the poten strength g energy E' lost by the falling mass using £\= mgs, where the gravitational field ION /kg, By (Gi) the potential energy F.gained by A using E:= Mgh, 2s i) the final velocity v ofthe block using v=, Gv) the total Kini enery Fy the Bock and fling mas using Ege dem? Eye (¥) the average frictional force F opposing the motion of the block using 2) [Total: 5]SIN Ti this experiment, you will find the frictional force opposing the _motion of a block of wood acrossthe bench. You ate provided with + a block of wood labelled A, with a small hook at the end, + 10 g slotted mass hanger, nine 10 g slotted masses and one 100 g slotted mass, + a pulley arrangement, + string passing over the pulley, with loops attached to the block A and the mass hanger, + a stops + ametre rule, tand, boss and clamp to hold the metre rule, + aset square (a) The Supervisor has set up the apparatus as shown in Fig, 3.1 pasley mass hanger oor Fig. 31 Move the block away from the pulley until the mass hanger just below the pulley. Clamp the metre rule vertically close to, but not touching, the mass hanger. Measure the distance y from the base of the ‘mass hanger to the floor. Give your answer in metres. ye seem [1] (b) () Place sufficient slotted masses on the mass hanger to ensure block A aeceleratesaeross the bench when released. It should take between 1 s and 2s for the mass hanger to fall to the floor. Record the total mass m of the mass hanger and the slotted masses. Give your answer in kg, m kg (i) Move the block away from the pulley until the base of the mass hanger is at the same height » above the floor. Release block A. Determine the average time ¢ for the mass hanger to fall tothe floor. 2)(©) Record the mass M of block A, which is written on the label on the block. (@) Calculate 23 (@ the final velocity v ofthe block using v=", (ii) the final kinetic energy Exof the block and falling mass using cap (M+ me Ee os g mass using E)= mgy, where the gravitational field (ii) the potential energy Eplost by the fal strength g is 10N/ke, (iv) the average resistive force F opposing the motion of the block using re) [Total: 5]