The Number System Diagram

Complex Number, ℂ Real Number, ℝ

𝟏𝟎
Irrational Rational Number, ℚ → , 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓ሶ𝟑𝟓ሶ , − 𝟐/𝟑
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ ℝ 𝟑
Number, ℚ′ Fraction, ℤ′ Whole Number, ℤ → −𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟎
𝒊 = ξ−𝟏 as example,
positive, ℤ+ 𝐨𝐫 ℕ →

Negative, ℤ−
𝑛 𝒔
ξ2 , ξ𝑃 , ξ𝑃 , Proper, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔 …

Zero, 0
𝟓ξ𝟑 𝟓 𝝅 𝝅 𝒃
± 𝒊, 𝟓 𝒆𝒊𝟔 , 𝟓∠ 𝑎 ± ξ𝑏 Prime, P
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 Compound
transcendental 𝒃 2,3,5,7,11 4,6,10,25
𝝅 𝝅 Improper,
𝟓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 ± 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟔 𝟔
𝜋, 𝑒, 𝜑 𝒔

Equations
Binomial Series Polynomials structures
Simultaneous System 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑛
(𝑛1)𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 2
𝒂𝑥 + 𝒃𝑥 + 𝒄 = 0 ∑ 𝜶 = −𝑏/𝑎
𝑎1 𝑥 +𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 2D →
ex, 2𝐷 → (𝑥 − 𝜶𝟏 )(𝑥 − 𝜶𝟐 ) = 0 ∏ 𝜶 = 𝑐/𝑎
𝑎2 𝑥 +𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 (𝑛2)𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + (𝑛𝑟)𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟 + 𝑏 𝑛
𝑎1 𝑥 +𝑏1 𝑦 +𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 (1 + 𝑥)−𝑛 =1 + 𝑥 +
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1) ∑ 𝜶 = −𝑏/𝑎
𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 +𝑏2 𝑦 +𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 1! 2! 3D: ∑(𝜶𝜷) = 𝑐/𝑎
(𝑥 − 𝜶𝟏 )(𝑥 − 𝜶𝟐 )(𝑥 − 𝜶𝟑 ) = 0
𝑎3 𝑥 +𝑏3 𝑦 +𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) 𝑛(𝑛+1)…(𝑛+𝑟−1) ∏ 𝜶 = −𝑑/𝑎
𝑥3 + 𝑥𝑟
3! 𝑟!

Structures of Polynomials
If a polynomial, 𝒄𝒐 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝒄𝟏 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝒄𝟐 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒏−𝟏 𝑥 + 𝒄𝒏 = 0 has roots, 𝜶𝟏 , 𝜶𝟐 , 𝜶𝟑 , … 𝜶𝒏 such as,
(𝑥 − 𝜶𝟏 ) (𝑥 − 𝜶𝟐 ) (𝑥 − 𝜶𝟑 ) … … … (𝑥 − 𝜶𝒏 ) = 0 then, relation bt𝑤 𝑛 roots & Co- efficient is

𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝒏
∑ 𝛼 = 𝛼1 + 𝛼2 + 𝛼3 … = − ∑ 𝛼1 𝛼2 = ∑ 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 = … ∏ 𝛼 = 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 … = (−1)𝑛
𝒄𝒐 𝒄𝒐 𝒄𝒐 𝒄𝒐

Use of Discriminator for Quadratic polynomial: for different values of 𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄, roots are different.
0 4 9 16 +𝒗𝒆
−𝒗𝒆
complex conjugate Real & Equal 𝜶𝟏 = 𝜶𝟐 Real & Inequal, Real, Irrational conjugate,
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) & (𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) *term is perfect square* rational numbers (𝑎 + ξ𝑏) & (𝑎 − ξ𝑏)

Forming Polynomial Equation from known roots: 𝟐𝑫: 𝑥 2 − ∑ 𝜶 𝑥 + ∏ 𝜶 = 𝟎 𝟑𝑫: 𝑥 3 − ∑ 𝜶 𝑥 2 + ∑ 𝜶𝜷 𝑥 − ∏ 𝜶 = 0

𝛽 here, 𝛼 is the common For a given relation bt𝑤 𝑛 2

Quadratic: 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒂𝟏 𝑥 2 + 𝒃𝟏 𝑥 + 𝒄𝟏 = 0
𝜶 root of this 2 quadratics. roots of a quadratic equation,
𝒂𝟐 𝑥 2 + 𝒃𝟐 𝑥 + 𝒄𝟐 = 0 𝛾 The Condition is→ Apply formulas of basic
−𝒃 ± ξ𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 ∑ 𝜶 = −𝑏/𝑎
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 : 𝒙 = (𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 ) × (𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟏 ) = (𝒂𝟏 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟏 )𝟐 structure. wiz,
𝟐𝒂 ∏ 𝜶 = 𝑐/𝑎

𝒃 𝒃
Remainder Theorem: If (𝒂𝒙 − 𝒃) is a factor of a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) then, 𝒇 (𝒂) = 𝟎 if not, 𝒇 (𝒂) is remainder.

Patterns of roots for Arithmetic Progression: (𝑎 − 𝑑), (𝑎), (𝑎 + 𝑑) Some Old formulas for Old Sinners ;)
Cubic Polynomials, → Geometric Progression: (𝑎/𝑟), (𝑎), (𝑎𝑟)
∎(𝑎 ± 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 ± 𝑏 3 ± 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 ± 𝑏)
Ex., AP, GP , HP Harmonic Progression: (𝑎 − 𝑑)−1 , 𝑎−1 , (𝑎 + 𝑑)−1
∎(𝑎3 ± 𝑏 3 ) = (𝑎 ± 𝑏)(𝑎2 ∓ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
∎𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎) ∎ (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏 2 ) = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
∎𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 +(𝑏 − 𝑐)2 +(𝑐 − 𝑎)2 ∎(𝑎4 +𝑏4 ) = (𝑎2 +ξ2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )(𝑎2 -ξ2𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 )
∎𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 − 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) ∎(𝑎𝑏)2 +(𝑏𝑐)2 +(𝑐𝑎)2 = (𝑎𝑏+𝑏𝑐+𝑐𝑎)2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐)
 Complex Variable Expressions 𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ = 2𝑥 𝑧 ∙ 𝑧ҧ = 𝒓𝟐 Im Modulus, ȁ𝒛ȁ = 𝒓 = ඥ𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
2 𝒚
(𝒊) 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒙, 𝒚 ∈ ℝ 𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ = 2𝑦𝑖 𝑧/𝑧ҧ = (𝑧/𝑟) Argument, 𝒂𝒓𝒈(𝒛) = 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ቚ ቚ
𝒙
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒛 = 𝒓 ∠𝜽 ; 𝒓 = ȁ𝒛ȁ 𝒙
−𝒛ത 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒛 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)
−𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 𝒚
& 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)
Primary
𝒓 ∠𝜽𝟐 Argument
𝒆𝒙+𝒊𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚))
Re

𝒊 𝟒𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒊 𝒊 𝟒𝒏+𝟐 = −𝟏
𝜽𝟒 = −𝜽
𝒊 𝟒𝒏 = 𝟏 𝒊 𝟒𝒏+𝟑 = −𝒊
−𝒛 𝒛ത
𝝎 𝟑𝒏+𝟏
=𝝎 𝝎 𝟑𝒏+𝟐
=𝝎 𝟐 −𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚
𝒊 = ξ−𝟏
𝒓 ∠𝜽𝟐 𝒓 ∠𝜽𝟒
𝝎 𝟑𝒏 = 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝝎 + 𝝎𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒛𝟏 . 𝒛𝟐 = (𝒓𝟏 . 𝒓𝟐 ) 𝒆(𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟑
̅ = 𝟏/𝝎
𝝎 =𝝎 ξ𝟏 = 𝝎 𝒛𝟏 /𝒛𝟐 = (𝒓𝟏 /𝒓𝟐 ) 𝒆(𝜽𝟏−𝜽𝟐 ) 𝑧 𝒏 = 𝑟 𝒏 𝑒 𝑖𝒏𝜃 ; 𝑛 ∈ 𝕫

𝝅
In argand diagram, any number rotates counter clockwise about 𝒏 𝟐 if it is multiplied by the operator 𝒊𝒏

𝜽 𝜽+𝟐𝝅 𝜽+𝟒𝝅
𝟏 𝟑 𝒊 𝒊
, ξ𝑟𝒆 𝒊
𝟐 𝟑 3 3 3
ξ𝒛 = ඥ𝒙 ± 𝒊𝒚 = ± ξ𝟐 [(𝑟 + 𝑥) ± 𝑖(𝑟 − 𝑥)] ξ𝒛 = ξ𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 = ξ𝑟𝒆 𝟑 , ξ𝑟𝒆 𝟑 𝟑

𝜽 𝜽+𝟐𝝅 𝜽+𝟐𝝅𝑘
𝟐 𝒏 𝒏 𝑛 𝒊 𝑛 𝜃+2𝜋𝑘 𝜃+2𝜋𝑘
ξ𝒛 = ξ𝒓 𝒆 𝒊𝜽 = ξ𝑟 𝒆 𝟐 , 𝒆 𝟐 ξ𝒛 = ξ𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 = ξ𝑟𝒆 𝒏 = ξ𝑟 [cos ( 𝑛
) + 𝑖 sin ( 𝑛
)]

𝟑
∎ ඥ−𝒏𝟑 = −𝑛, −𝑛𝝎, −𝑛𝝎𝟐 ∎ (𝑎3 ± 𝑏 3 ) = (𝑎 ± 𝑏)(𝑎2 ∓ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = (𝑎 ± 𝑏)(𝑎 ± 𝑏𝜔)(𝑎 ± 𝑏𝜔2 )
𝟒
∎ ඥ−𝒏𝟐 = ±ඥ𝑛/2 (𝟏 ± 𝒊) ∎ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝑐𝜔2 )(𝑎 + 𝑏𝜔2 + 𝑐𝜔)
𝟔
∎ ඥ−𝒏𝟔 = ±𝑛𝒊, ±𝑛𝒊𝝎, ±𝑛𝒊𝝎𝟐 ∎ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏𝜔 + 𝑐𝜔2 )(𝑎 + 𝑏𝜔2 + 𝑐𝜔)