Module 8

Aerodynamics
This is exam number 1

1. On a swept wing aircraft if both wing tip sections

lose lift simultaneously the aircraft will

a) roll
b) pitch nose up
c) pitch nose down

2. Lift on a delta wing aircraft

a) increases with an increased angle of incidence

(angle of attack)
b) decreases with an increase in angle of incidence
(angle of attack)
c) does not change with a change in angle of incidence
(angle of attack)

3. On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the

a) root on a high thickness ratio wing

b) tip on a high thickness ratio wing
c) tip on a low thickness ratio wing

4. On a high wing aircraft in a turn

a) the up-going wing loses lift causing a de-

stabilising effect
b) the down-going wing gains lift causing a
stabilising effect
c) the down-going wing loses lift causing a de-
stabilising effect

5. For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing

a) is greater than the lift on a high aspect ratio

wing
b) is lower than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
c) is the same as the lift on a high aspect ratio wing

1
6. The ISA

a) is taken from the equator

b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude
c) assumes a standard day

7. At higher altitudes as altitude increases, pressure

a) decreases at constant rate

b) increases exponentially
c) decreases exponentially

8. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight

couple. What direction of force is required to be produced by
the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight

a) upwards
b) downwards
c) sideways

9. When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what

is the altitude?

a) 12,000 ft
b) 8,000 ft
c) 18,000 ft

10. During a turn, the stalling angle

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same

2
 exam number 1 Answers

Question :1 The correct answer is b Picture a side view of a

swept wing aircraft. The wing tips are behind the wing root.
Think, therefore, of the lift on the wing tip holding the tail up.
Lose the lift on the tips and the aircraft will pitch nose-up.

Question :2 The correct answer is a This question is much easier

than it looks at first read. All wing types (straight, swept,
delta etc.) increase lift with an increase in angle of attack (up
to the stall angle).

Question :3 The correct answer is a Thickness ratio is a red

herring. But you must learn the stall points for different types
of wing planforms - they differ greatly.

Question :4 The correct answer is b The down-going wing has an

increased lift due to an increase in angle of attack (due to the
up-flow of air). This opposes the roll which is a stabilising
effect.

Question :5 The correct answer is b A long slender wing (i.e.

high Aspect Ratio) has a higher lift than a short stubby wing (low
Aspect Ratio). A delta wing is about as low Aspect Ratio as you
can get (about 1:1 for concord for example).

Question :6 The correct answer is b The properties of a standard

day are related to sea level at latitude 45 degrees latitude. See
the Forum for more details

Question :7 The correct answer is c Pressure decreases - sure!

But the rate of decrease reduces with altitude. At 18000 ft, half
the pressure is lost already, and there is still another 40,000ft
or so to go.

Question :8 The correct answer is a On most aircraft, the

thrust-drag couple produces a nose up pitch moment (think of how
low the thrust line is on a Boeing). It is balanced by the Centre
of Lift being behind the CG. So to correct a nose up moment, what
force do you need at the tail?

Question :9 The correct answer is c Just one of those facts you

have to learn - but it is quoted in just about every text book on
the CAA reading list.

Question :10 The correct answer is c

The stalling angle is constant at all times (providing the wing
geometry does not change). The stall speed increases however, due
to an increased wing loading.

3
 exam number 1 Answers

Question :1 The correct answer is b Picture a side view of a

swept wing aircraft. The wing tips are behind the wing root.
Think, therefore, of the lift on the wing tip holding the tail up.
Lose the lift on the tips and the aircraft will pitch nose-up.

Question :2 The correct answer is a This question is much easier

than it looks at first read. All wing types (straight, swept,
delta etc.) increase lift with an increase in angle of attack (up
to the stall angle).

Question :3 The correct answer is a Thickness ratio is a red

herring. But you must learn the stall points for different types
of wing planforms - they differ greatly.

Question :4 The correct answer is b The down-going wing has an

increased lift due to an increase in angle of attack (due to the
up-flow of air). This opposes the roll which is a stabilising
effect.

Question :5 The correct answer is b A long slender wing (i.e.

high Aspect Ratio) has a higher lift than a short stubby wing (low
Aspect Ratio). A delta wing is about as low Aspect Ratio as you
can get (about 1:1 for concord for example).

Question :6 The correct answer is b The properties of a standard

day are related to sea level at latitude 45 degrees latitude. See
the Forum for more details

Question :7 The correct answer is c Pressure decreases - sure!

But the rate of decrease reduces with altitude. At 18000 ft, half
the pressure is lost already, and there is still another 40,000ft
or so to go.

Question :8 The correct answer is a On most aircraft, the

thrust-drag couple produces a nose up pitch moment (think of how
low the thrust line is on a Boeing). It is balanced by the Centre
of Lift being behind the CG. So to correct a nose up moment, what
force do you need at the tail?

Question :9 The correct answer is c Just one of those facts you

have to learn - but it is quoted in just about every text book on
the CAA reading list.

Question :10 The correct answer is c

The stalling angle is constant at all times (providing the wing
geometry does not change). The stall speed increases however, due
to an increased wing loading.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
This is exam number 2

1. If gauge pressure on a standard day at sea level is 25 PSI, the

absolute pressure is

a) 10.3 PSI
b) 43.8 PSI
c) 39.7 PSI

2. The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of this is

a) movement of passengers
b) movement of the centre of pressure
c) consumption of fuel and oils

3. The Cof P is the point where

a) all the forces on an aircraft act

b) the three axis of rotation meet
c) the lift can be said to act

4. The three axis of an aircraft act through the

a) C of G
b) C of P
c) stagnation point

5. Pressure decreases

a) proportionally with a decreases in temperature

b) inversely proportional to temperature
c) Pressure and temperature are not related

6. As air gets colder, the service ceiling of an aircraft

a) reduces
b) increases
c) remains the same

1
7. What is sea level pressure?

a) 1013.2 mb
b) 1012.3 mb
c) 1032.2 mb

8. When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag

speed

a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains the same

9. An aircraft will have

a) less gliding distance if it has more payload

b) more gliding distance if it has more payload
c) the same gliding distance if it has more payload

10. When an aircraft experiences induced drag

a) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the tip

and on top of the wing spanwise towards the root
b) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the root
and on top of the wing spanwise towards the tip
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not caused
by spanwise flow

2
 This is exam number 2 Answers

Question :1 The correct answer is c Absolute pressure =

gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric
pressure at seal level = 14.7 PSI.

Question :2 The correct answer is c Unless the fuel tank

is right on the aircraft Cof G, the consumption of fuel
will always cause a shift in C of G.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Just a definition

Question :4 The correct answer is a Another definition!

Question :5 The correct answer is a Temperature and volume

are directly proportional - Charles'
Law.

Question :6 The correct answer is b As air gets colder it

gets denser. Lift increases (remember
the lift equation has density) and the engines produce more
thrust - so it can climb higher.

Question :7 The correct answer is a Learn the ISA sea

level quantities, in all units.

Question :8 The correct answer is b Sketch the drag -

speed curve, with induced, profile and total drag. As
aircraft weight increases, it must produce more lift to
support it. More lift = more induced drag.
Now sketch the induced drag curve higher, and see where the
intersection with profile drag moves to.

Question :9 The correct answer is c This may surprise you.

A glider converts potential energy (ie: height) into
kinetic energy (ie speed) and thus lift. More weight = more
speed = more lift. The glide angles of a heavy glider is
exactly the same as a light glider. (But the increased
speed means it covers the distance faster).

Question :10 The correct answer is a The high pressure

under the wing flows around the tip to the low pressure on
top of the wing. The resulting vortex is what causes
induced drag. Since air is viscous it drags the air
underneath the wing towards the tip, and pushes the air on
top of the wing towards the root.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
This is exam number 3

1. At stall, the wingtip stagnation point

a) moves toward the lower surface of the wing

b) moves toward the upper surface of the wing
c) doesn’t move

2. How does IAS at the point of stall vary with height?

a) It is practically constant
b) It increases
c) It decreases

3. The rigging angle of incidence of an elevator is

a) the angle between the mean chord line and the

horizontal in the rigging position
b) the angle between the bottom surface of the
elevator and the horizontal in the rigging position
c) the angle between the bottom surface of the
elevator and the longitudinal datum

4. What is the lapse rate with regard to temperature?

a) 1.98oC per 1000 ft

b) 1.98oF per 1000 ft
c) 4oC per 1000 ft

5. What happens to load factor as you decrease turn radius?

a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains constant

1
6. If you steepen the angle of a banked turn without increasing
airspeed or angle of attack, what will the aircraft do?

a) It will remain at the same height

b) It will sideslip with attendant loss of height
c) It will stall

7. An aircraft wing tends to stall first at

a) the tip due to a higher ratio thickness/chord

b) the tip due to a lower ratio thickness/chord
c) the root due to a higher ratio thickness/chord

8. Dihedral wings combat instability in

a) pitch
b) yaw
c) sideslip

9. To stop aircraft decreasing in height during a sideslip, the

pilot can

a) advance the throttle

b) pull back on the control column
c) adjust the rudder position

10. What control surface movements will make an aircraft fitted

with ruddervators yaw to the left?

a) Left ruddervator lowered, right ruddervator raised

b) Right ruddervator lowered, left ruddervator raised
c) Both ruddervators raised

2
 This is exam number 3 Answers

Question :1 The correct answer is a

At stall the angle of attack is high (all along the wing)
and the stagnation point moves towards the lower surface of
the wing.

Question :2 The correct answer is a

The stalling IAS at altitude is practically the same as it
is at sea level. That's because IAS is not corrected for
density.

Question :3 The correct answer is a

The angle of incidence of any surface is measured from the
mean chord line.

Question :4 The correct answer is a

The lapse rate is approximately 2 degrees Centigrade per
1000 feet (in the troposphere).

Question :5 The correct answer is a

Since the load factor increases in a turn, if you decrease
the turn radius the load factor increases.

Question :6 The correct answer is b

Increasing the angle of a banked turn without increasing
the airspeed or angle of attack, the aircraft will sideslip
and lose height.

Question :7 The correct answer is c

The boundary layer separates at a lower angle of attack
with a higher thickness/chord ratio. Therefore it will
stall first at the root.

Question :8 The correct answer is c

As the aircraft sideslips, there is a greater angle of
attack on the lower wing which increases lift, straightens
the aircraft and stops the sideslip.

Question :9 The correct answer is a

During a turn, extra speed is required to stop the aircraft
sideslipping and decreasing in height.

Question :10 The correct answer is a

To make the aircraft yaw to the left, the left ruddervator
is lowered, the right ruddervator is raised.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
This is exam number 4

1. When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the

slat and the wing. This is

a) to allow it to retract back into the wing

b) to allow air through to re-energize the boundary
layer on top of the wing
c) to keep the area of the wing the same

2. Which of the following is true?

a) Lift acts at right angles to the wing chord line

and weight acts vertically down
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow
and weight acts vertically down
c) Lift acts at right angles to the relative air flow
and weight acts at right angles to the aircraft
centre line

3. If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing

aircraft, the aircraft will

a) roll
b) pitch nose up
c) pitch nose down

4. Lift on a delta wing aircraft

a) increases with an increased angle of incidence

(angle of attack)
b) decreases with an increase in angle of incidence
(angle of attack)
c) does not change with a change in angle of
incidence (angle of attack)

5. On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the

a) root on a high thickness ratio wing

b) tip on a high thickness ratio wing
c) tip on a low thickness ratio wing

1
6. On a high wing aircraft in a turn

a) the up-going wing loses lift causing a de-

stabilizing effect
b) the down-going wing gains lift causing a
stabilizing effect
c) the down-going wing loses lift causing a de-
stabilizing effect

7. For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing

a) is greater than the lift on a high aspect ratio

wing
b) is lower than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
c) is the same as the lift on a high aspect ratio wing

8. Standard sea level temperature is

a) 0 degrees Celsius
b) 15 degrees Celsius
c) 20 degrees Celsius

9. As altitude increases, pressure

a) decreases at constant rate

b) increases exponentially
c) decreases exponentially

10. Deployment of a split flap will

a) increase wing area and increase drag

b) pitch the nose down and decrease drag
c) increase camber and increase drag

2
 This is exam number 4 Answers

Question :1 The correct answer is b

The gap between the wing and the slat is to allow air from
the lower surface through to the upper surface to re-
nergise it at high angles of attack.

Question :2 The correct answer is b

Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and
weight acts vertically down.

Question :3 The correct answer is b

If the tips of a swept wing aircraft stall, the lift still
acting at the roots, will pitch the aircraft nose-up.

Question :4 The correct answer is a

Lift (on any type of wing) increases with an increased
angle of attack.

Question :5 The correct answer is a

Stall commences on a straight wing at the root (on any
thickness ratio wing).

Question :6 The correct answer is b

The down going wing gains lift due to the uplflow, which
stops the aircraft banking. This is the basic mechanism of
dynamic stability.

Question :7 The correct answer is b

For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing is
lower than the lift on a higher aspect ratio wing.

Question :8 The correct answer is b

15 degrees C is standard sea level temperature!

Question :9 The correct answer is c

As altitude increases, pressure decreases exponentially.
Since pressure is given by density x gravity x height, both
density and height decreases (that is, height above the
point you are measuring) so the decrease in pressure is
exponential

Question :10 The correct answer is c

Refer to AC Kermode - mechanics of flight page 109
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 5

1. Lapse rate usually refers to

a) Pressure
b) Density
c) Temperature

2. During a turn, the stalling angle

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same

3. The vertical fin of a single engined aircraft is

a) parallel with both the longitudinal axis and

vertical axis
b) parallel with the longitudinal axis but not the
vertical axis
c) parallel with the vertical axis but not the
longitudinal axis

4. Aircraft flying in the transonic range most often utilize

a) sweptback wings
b) advanced supercritical airfoils
c) high wings

5. Which type of flap changes the area of the wing?

a) Fowler
b) Split
c) Slotted

1
6. Forward swept wings tend to stall at the root first so the
aircraft retains lateral control, so why are they never used on
passenger aircraft?

a) Because the wing tips wash in at high wing loads

b) Because the wing tips wash out at high wing loads
c) Because at high loads their angle of incidence
increases and the loads imposed on the wing can
increase until they destroy it

7. What happens to air flowing at the speed of sound when it

enters a converging duct?

a) Velocity decreases, pressure and density increase

b) Velocity increases, pressure and density decreases
c) Velocity, pressure and density increase

8. As the angle of attack of an airfoil increases the centre of

pressure

a) moves forward
b) moves aft
c) remains stationary

9. An aircraft, which is longitudinally stable, will tend to

return to level flight after a movement about which axis?

a) Pitch
b) Roll
c) Yaw

10. Vapour trails from the wingtips of an aircraft in flight are

caused by

a) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below

the wing causing vortices
b) high pressure above the wing and low pressure below
the wing causing vortices
c) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below
the wing causing a temperature rise

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 5

Question :1 The correct answer is c Temperature lapse rate is

constant up to 36000ft-2degrees per 1000ft.

Question :2 The correct answer is c During a turn the stalling

angle does not change. The stalling angle never changes providing
the wing section shape (CL) does not change. Do not get confused
with stalling SPEED which increases as turn rate increases.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Single engined aircraft fin

is offset to left to counter torque...i.e. chord of fin is at an
angle to longitudinal axis.

Question :4 The correct answer is a Aircraft which fly in the

transonic range most often use swept back wings. They increase
the critical Mach number.

Question :5 The correct answer is a The fowler flap changes the

area of the wing because it slides backwards as well as
downwards.

Question :6 The correct answer is c Forward swept wings are

known as 'structurally divergent'. This means when they flex
upwards, they present more of their underside to the airflow
which causes them to flex up even more - until they break off.

Question :7 The correct answer is a Subsonic air in

incompressible, so density does not change. But this is sonic
speed, and everything (P and V) change opposite to what they
would if it were subsonic air. Density increases, as does
pressure, and velocity decreases. See Mechanics of Flight by AC
Kermode Page 383.

Question :8 The correct answer is a As the angle of attack of

the aerofoil increases, the centre of pressure moves forward.

Question :9 The correct answer is a Longitudinal stability is

stability about the pitch axis.

Question :10 The correct answer is a Vapor trails are caused by

wing tip vortices which are caused by low pressure above the wing
and high pressure below the wing.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 6

1. Vortex generators on the wing are most effective at

a) high speed
b) low speed
c) high angles of attack

2. The chord line of a wing is a line that runs from

a) the centre of the leading edge of the wing to the

trailing edge
b) half way between the upper and lower surface of the
wing
c) one wing tip to the other wing tip

3. The angle of incidence of a wing is an angle formed by lines

a) parallel to the chord line and longitudinal axis

b) parallel to the chord line and the lateral axis
c) parallel to the chord line and the vertical axis

4. The centre of pressure of an aerofoil is located

a) 30 - 40% of the chord line back from the leading

edge
b) 30 - 40% of the chord line forward of the leading
edge
c) 50% of the chord line back from the leading edge

5. Compressibility effect is

a) drag associated with the form of an aircraft

b) drag associated with the friction of the air over
the surface of the aircraft
c) the increase in total drag of an aerofoil in
transonic flight due to the formation of shock
waves

1
6. Lateral control of an aircraft at high angle of attack can be
maximised by using

a) fences
b) vortex generators
c) wing slots

7. Stall strips are always

a) made of metal
b) on the leading edge of a wing
c) fitted forward of the ailerons

8. Stall strips

a) cause the wing root to stall

b) cause the wing tip to stall
c) cause the wings to stall symmetrically

9. Due to the interference of the airflow on a high wing aircraft

between the fuselage and the wings, the lateral stability of
the aircraft in a gusty wind situation will cause

a) the upper wing to increase its lift

b) the upper wing to decrease its lift
c) the lower wing to decrease its lift

10. Slats

a) reduce the stall speed

b) reduce the tendency of the aircraft to Yaw
c) decrease the aerofoil drag at high speeds

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 6

Question :1 The correct answer is c Vortex generators on the wing

are designed to re-energise the boundary layer at high angles of
attack and help prevent separation of the airflow

Question :2 The correct answer is a The chord line is a STRAIGHT

line which goes from the leading edge of the wing to the trailing
edge of the wing.

Question :3 The correct answer is a The angle of incidence is the

angle between the chord line and the longitudinal axis.

Question :4 The correct answer is a The centre of pressure is

positioned roughly 30 - 40 % of the chord line BACK from the
leading edge.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Compressibility effect is

associated with an increase in drag during the transonic flight
stage.

Question :6 The correct answer is b At high angles of attack, the

airflow over the ailerons can be separated from the surface.
Vortex generators, positioned just forward of the ailerons, are
designed to re-energise the boundary layer and help to prevent
this separation. This makes the ailerons more effective at high
angles of attack

Question :7 The correct answer is b Stall strips are fitted at

the leading edge of the wing to ensure that the root of the wing
stalls before the tips.

Question :8 The correct answer is a Stall strips are fitted at

the leading edge of the wing to ensure that the root of the wing
stalls before the tips.

Question :9 The correct answer is b If a gust causes the aircraft

to roll, it will sideslip. The shielding effect of the fuselage
blankets some of the airflow to the upper wing, which reduces
lift, descends, and thus corrects the roll.

Question :10 The correct answer is a Slats are designed to

increase the lift at low speed, and hence decrease the stall
speed.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 7

1. A high aspect ratio wing will give

a) high profile and low induced drag

b) low profile and high induced drag
c) low profile and low induced drag

2. Aerofoil efficiency is defined by

a) lift over drag

b) drag over lift
c) lift over weight

3. An aircraft banks into a turn. No change is made to the

airspeed or angle of attack. What will happen?

a) The aircraft enters a side slip and begins to lose

altitude
b) The aircraft turns with no loss of height
c) The aircraft yaws and slows down

4. The relationship between induced drag and airspeed is, induced

drag is

a) directly proportional to the square of the speed

b) inversely proportional to the square of the speed
c) directly proportional to speed

5. What is the definition of Angle of Incidence?

a) The angle the underside of the mainplane or

tailplane makes with the horizontal
b) The angle the underside of the mainplane or
tailplane makes with the longitudinal datum line
c) The angle the chord of the mainplane or tailplane
makes with the horizontal

1
6. What is Boundary Layer?

a) Separated layer of air forming a boundary at the

leading edge
b) Turbulent air moving from the leading edge to
trailing edge
c) Sluggish low energy air that sticks to the wing
surface and gradually gets faster until it joins
the free stream flow of air

7. The normal axis of an aircraft passes through

a) the centre of gravity

b) a point at the centre of the wings
c) at the centre of pressure

8. On a high winged aircraft, what effect will the fuselage have

on the up-going wing?

a) The up-going wing will have a decrease in angle of

attack and therefore a decrease in lift
b) The down-going will have a decrease in angle of
attack and therefore a decrease in lift
c) The up-going wing will have an increase in angle of
attack and therefore a decrease in lift

9. What is the collective term for the fin and rudder and other
surfaces aft of the centre of gravity that helps directional
stability?

a) Effective keel surface

b) Empennage
c) Fuselage surfaces

10. Temperature above 36,000 feet will

a) decrease exponentially
b) remain constant
c) increase exponentially

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 7

Question :1 The correct answer is a A high aspect ratio has a

lower induced drag (due to less wing tip effect) and a higher
frontal area therefore greater profile drag.

Question :2 The correct answer is a At plus 4degrees AOA the lift

weight ratio is greatest. This is the optimum AOA therefore the
wing is at its most efficient when lift is greatest and drag is at
a minimum

Question :3 The correct answer is a When an aircraft banks and

turns, some of the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft,
therefore the aircraft will lose altitude.

Question :4 The correct answer is b Induced drag decreases

proportionally with the square of the speed.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Angle of incidence is the

'wing setting angle'. That is the angle of the chord of the
mainplane or tailplane with the horizontal - or aircraft centre
line when in the rigging position.

Question :6 The correct answer is c The boundary layer is the

layer of air immediately in contact with the aircraft skin which
is slowed down by the skin friction.

Question :7 The correct answer is a All the axis of the aircraft

(normal, longitudinal and lateral) pass through the centre of
gravity.

Question :8 The correct answer is a The up-going wing of an

aircraft in a turn or bank has a down-flow of air due to its
movement. It therefore has a decrease in angle of attack and a
decrease in lift. This is the basic mechanism of dynamic
stability.

Question :9 The correct answer is a All the side surfaces aft of

the centre of gravity which aid the directional stability are
collectively called the EFFECTIVE KEEL SURFACE.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Temperature lapse rate up to

36,000 feet (the tropopause) is approximately 2 degress centigrade
per 1000 feet. Above the tropopause it is constant
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 8

1. A decrease in incidence toward the wing tip may be

provided to

a) prevent adverse yaw in a turn

b) prevent spanwise flow in maneuvers
c) retain lateral control effectiveness at high
angles of attack

2. The angle of attack which gives the best L/D ratio

a) decreases with a decrease in density

b) in unaffected by density changes
c) increases with a decrease in density

3.

For a given aerofoil production lift, where

P = pressure and V = velocity:

a) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is greater than V2

b) P1 is less than P2 and V1 is greater than V2
c) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is less than
V2

4. Low wing loading

a) increases stalling speed, landing speed and

landing run
b) increases lift, stalling speed and
maneuverability
c) decreases stalling speed, landing speed and
landing run

1
5. Due to the change in downwash on an untapered wing
(i.e. one of constant chord length) it will

a) not provide any damping effect when rolling

b) tend to stall first at the root
c) not suffer adverse yaw effects when turning

6. True stalling speed of an aircraft increases with

altitude

a) because reduced temperature causes

compressibility effect
b) because air density is reduced
c) because humidity is increased and this
increases drag

7. As a general rule, if the aerodynamic angle of incidence

(angle of attack) of an aerofoil is slightly increased,
the centre of pressure will

a) never move
b) move forward towards the leading edge
c) move towards the tip

8. The "wing setting angle" is commonly known as

a) angle of incidence
b) angle of attack
c) angle of dihedral

9. On a very humid day, an aircraft taking off would

require

a) a shorter take off run

b) a longer take off run
c) humidity does not affect the take off run

10. An aircraft is flying at 350 MPH, into a head wind of

75 MPH, what will its ground speed be?

a) 175 mph
b) 275 mph
c) 200 mph

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 8

Question :1 The correct answer is c A decrease in incidence

towards the wingtip (known as washout) causes the wing root
to stall before the wing tip. So, even after the wing roots
have stalled, the wing tips are still flying and full
aileron control is provided.

Question :2 The correct answer is b Since the lift formula

both contain density, L/D is unaffected with a change in
density.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Bernoulli's principle

applies.

Question :4 The correct answer is c Wing loading is

aircraft weight divided by wing area, therefore an aircraft
with a low wing loading will require less landing speed,
less landing run and have a decreased stalling speed.

Question :5 The correct answer is b The change in downwash

is caused by the wingtip vortices, which has a lesser
affect inboard than it does at the tip. The downwash
reduces the effective angle of attack (more so at the tip).
This causes the root of the root to stall before the tip.

Question :6 The correct answer is b Since lift provided by

the wing reduces with density, the stalling speed increases
with altitude due to the decrease in altitude with density.

Question :7 The correct answer is b As the angle of attack

increases the centre of pressure moves towards the leading
edge.

Question :8 The correct answer is a The wing setting angle

is commonly known as the 'angle of incidence'.

Question :9 The correct answer is b Since water vapour

weighs less than dry air, and it displaces dry air, the
density on a humid day is less, and an aircraft requires a
longer take-off run due to the effect on the engines.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Ground speed = IAS

minus headwind.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 9

1. When does the angle of incidence change?

a) When the aircraft attitude changes

b) When the aircraft is ascending or descending
c) It never changes

2. As the angle of attack decreases, what happens to the

centre of pressure?

a) It moves forward
b) It moves rearwards
c) Centre of pressure is not affected by angle
of attack decrease

3. A decrease in pressure over the upper surface of a wing

or aerofoil is responsible for

a) approximately 2/3 (two thirds) of the lift

obtained
b) approximately 1/3 (one third) of the lift
obtained
c) approximately 1/2 (one half) of the
lift obtained

4. Which of the four forces act on an aircraft?

a) Lift, gravity, thrust and drag

b) Weight, gravity, thrust and drag
c) Lift, weight, gravity and drag

5. Which of the following types of drag increases as the

aircraft gains altitude?

a) Parasite drag
b) Induced drag
c) Interference drag

1
6. Correcting for a disturbance which has caused a rolling
motion about the longitudinal axis would re-establish
which of the following?

a) Lateral stability
b) Directional stability
c) Longitudinal stability

7. The layer of air over the surface of an aerofoil which

is slower moving, in relation to the rest of
the airflow, is known as

a) camber layer
b) boundary layer
c) none of the above

8. What is a controlling factor of turbulence and skin

friction?

a) Aspect ratio
b) Fineness ratio
c) Counter sunk rivets used on skin exterior

9. Changes in aircraft weight

a) will not affect total drag since it is

dependant only upon speed
b) cause corresponding changes in total drag
due to the associated lift change
c) will only affect total drag if the lift is
kept constant

10. The aircraft stalling speed will

a) increase with an increase in weight

b) be unaffected by aircraft weight changes
since it is dependant upon the angle of
attack
c) only change if the MTMA were changed

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 9

Question :1 The correct answer is c The angle of incidence

is the angle at which the wing is 'set' into the fuselage.
It never changes.

Question :2 The correct answer is b The centre of pressure

moves FORWARDS with an INCREASE in angle of attack.
Therefore it moves REARWARDS with a DECREASE in angle of
attack.

Question :3 The correct answer is a Look at a diagram of

the lift distributions on the top and bottom surfaces of a
wing. 2/3rds of the lift is provided by the top surface.

Question :4 The correct answer is a The four forces on an

aircraft are lift, weight (gravity here is considered as
'weight per kilogram'), thrust and drag.

Question :5 The correct answer is b As density decreases

with altitude, the lift must be compensated by increasing
angle of attack. Induced drag increases with angle of
attack, therefore induced drag increases with altitude.

Question :6 The correct answer is a The aircraft's response

to rolling is lateral stability.

Question :7 The correct answer is b The boundary layer is

the layer of air in immediate contact with the skin of the
aircraft which is slowed down by skin friction.

Question :8 The correct answer is c Countersunk rivets

increase skin friction and turbulence.

Question :9 The correct answer is b A change in aircraft

weight will require a change in lift. Increasing aircraft
lift increases aircraft drag (lift dependant drag or
induced drag). Total drag is induced drag plus parasite
drag.

Question :10 The correct answer is a With an increase in

aircraft weight, the aircraft must fly with a greater angle
of attack. Therefore it will stall at a higher speed.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 10

1. In a bank and turn

a) extra lift is not required

b) extra lift is not required if thrust is
increased
c) extra lift is required

2.

To maintain straight and level flight on the aeroplane shown,

with a decrease in tail-plane download the mainplane lift would
have to

a) remain constant
b) decrease
c) increase

3. To achieve the maximum distance in a glide, the

recommended air speed is

a) as close to the stall as practical

b) as high as possible with VNE
c) the speed where the L/D ratio is maximum

4. If the C of G is aft of the Centre of Pressure

a) changes in lift produce a pitching moment which

acts to increase the change in lift
b) when the aircraft sideslips, the C of G causes
the nose to turn into the sideslip thus applying
a restoring moment
c) when the aircraft yaws the aerodynamic forces
acting forward of the Centre of Pressure

1
5. Porpoising is an oscillatory motion in the

a) pitch plane
b) roll plane
c) yaw plane

6. Directional stability is maintained

a) by the mainplanes, and controlled by the ailerons

b) by the tailplane, and controlled by the elevators
c) by the keel surface and fin, and controlled
by the rudder

7. Due to the interference effects of the fuselage, when a

high wing aeroplane sideslips

a) the accompanying rolling due to keel surface area

is destabilizing
b) the accompanying lift changes on the wings
produces a stabilizing effect
c) the accompanying rolling due to the fin
is destabilizing

8. The power required in a horizontal turn

a) is greater than that for level flight at the same

airspeed
b) must be the same as that for level flight at the
same airspeed
c) is less than that for level flight at the same
airspeed

9. A wing mounted stall sensing device is located

a) usually on the under surface

b) always at the wing tip
c) always on the top surface

10. For an aircraft in a glide

a) thrust, drag, lift and weight act on the aircraft

b) weight, lift and drag act on the aircraft
c) weight and drag only act on the aircraft

2
 Module 8
Answers for exam 10

Question :1 The correct answer is c In a bank and turn,

extra lift is required and this is usually provided by
increasing the thrust (and increasing AofA).

Question :2 The correct answer is b Total lift is mainplane

lift minus tailplane download. If the tailplane download
decreases, the total lift increases. Therefore to maintain
straight and level flight the mainplane lift would have to
decrease. Do not confuse the question with couples and
pitching moments.

Question :3 The correct answer is c The most efficient

angle of attack is when the L/D ratio is a maximum. This is
usually around 4 degrees.

Question :4 The correct answer is a If the CofG is aft of

the centre of pressure (not normal, but possible), an
increase in lift will pitch the aircraft nose-up, which
will increase the lift even further etc. etc.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Porpoising is an

oscillatory motion in pitch, about the lateral axis.

Question :6 The correct answer is c Directional stability

is maintained by the keel surface and the fin and
controlled by the rudder.

Question :7 The correct answer is b When a high wing

aircraft sideslips, the upper wing is shielded from some of
the airflow by the fuselage. The upper wing's lift reduces,
it drops and the aircraft opposes the sideslip.

Question :8 The correct answer is a Since some of the lift

vector is used to turn the aircraft, there will be a
tendency to reduce height. To maintain height, power must
be increased to compensate.

Question :9 The correct answer is a A wing mounted stall

sensing device is mounted just underneath the wing leading
edge.

Question :10 The correct answer is b For an aircraft in a

glide, weight lift and drag act. The weight produces the
forward motion.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 11

1. The upper part of the wing in comparison to the lower

a) develops more lift

b) develops the same lift
c) develops less lift

2. What effect would a forward CG have on an aircraft on

landing?

a) Increase stalling speed

b) No effect on landing
c) Reduce stalling speed

3. QNH refers to

a) quite near horizon

b) setting the altimeter to zero
c) setting the mean sea level atmospheric
pressure so an altimeter reads the aerodrome
altitude above mean sea level

4. QNE refers to

a) Setting an altimeter to read aerodrome

altitude above sea level
b) quite new equipment
c) setting the mean sea level atmospheric
pressure in accordance with ICAO standard
atmosphere i.e. 1013 millibars

5. An aspect ratio of 8 would mean

a) span 64, mean chord 8

b) mean chord 64 , span 8
c) span squared 64 ,chord 8

1
6. If an aircraft in level flight loses engine power it
will

a) pitch nose up
b) pitch nose down
c) not change pitch without drag increasing

7. QFE is

a) sea level pressure

b) airfield pressure
c) difference between sea level and airfield
pressure

8. The lift /drag ratio at stall

a) increases
b) decreases
c) is unchanged

9. On a straight unswept wing, stall occurs at

a) the thick portion, at the wing root

b) the thick portion, at the wing tip
c) the thin portion, at the wing tip

10. During a climb from a dive

a) the thrust required is greater than required

for level flight
b) the thrust required is lower than for level
flight
c) the thrust required is the same as for level
flight

2
 Module 8
Answers for exam 11

Question :1 The correct answer is a Look at the lift distribution

diagram of an aerofoil and see how approximately 2/3rds of the
lift is derived from the top surface.

Question :2 The correct answer is a A forward CG would require

the tail of the aircraft to exert more download to keep the nose
level. This will increase the wing loading and thus the aircraft
would stall at a higher speed.

Question :3 The correct answer is c 'Q' is the mathematical

symbol for pressure. 'NH' stands for Nautical Height. QNH refers
to the setting of actual sea level atmospheric pressure so the
altimeter indicates the actual altitude above sea level of the
non-standard day.

Question :4 The correct answer is c 'Q' is the mathematical

symbol for pressure. 'NE' stands for Nautical Elevation. QNE
refers to the setting of the standard sea level atmospheric
pressure (i.e. 1013mb) so the altimeter indicates the elevation
above mean sea level. (Although it is not the 'true' elevation,
if it is not a standard day)

Question :5 The correct answer is a Aspect Ratio is the ratio of

the span to the chord.

Question :6 The correct answer is b Assuming that the thrust/drag

couple is a pitch-up couple (as it would be on a low engined
aircraft), and this is balanced by the lift/weigh couple which is
a pitch-down moment, then losing engine power will lose the
pitch-up moment and the lift/weight couple will be dominant.

Question :7 The correct answer is b 'Q' is the mathematical

symbol for pressure. 'FE' stands for Field Elevation. QFE refers
to setting airfield pressure so the altimeter indicates zero on
the runway.

Question :8 The correct answer is b At stall the lift drops

drastically and drag increases. Therefore the lift/drag ratio
decreases.

Question :9 The correct answer is a On a straight unswept wing,

the stall always occurs at the root. This is the preferred stall
characteristic.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Due to the speed and

momentum gained during the dive, the aircraft will initially
climb with less required thrust.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 12

1. When power is off, the aircraft will pitch

a) nose down
b) nose up
c) trim level

2. Angle of attack on a down going wing in a roll

a) increases
b) decreases
c) unaffected

3. For any given speed, a decrease in aircraft weight, the

induced drag will

a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same

4. The amount of lift generated by a wing is

a) greatest at the root

b) greatest at the tip
c) constant along the span

5. Induced Drag is

a) greatest towards the wing root and downwash

is greatest at the tip
b) greatest towards the wing tip and downwash
is greatest towards the root
c) greatest towards the tip and downwash
decreases from tip to root

1
6. Induced Drag is

a) equal to profile drag at stalling angle

b) equal to profile drag at Vmd
c) never equal to profile drag

7. With an increase in aircraft weight

a) Vmd will be at the same speed

b) Vmd will be at a lower speed
c) Vmd will be at a higher speed

8. For a given IAS an increase in altitude will result in

a) no change in the value of induced drag

b) an increase in induced drag
c) an increase in profile drag

9. As the angle of attack of a wing is increased in level

flight

a) the Cof G moves aft and the Cof P forward

b) the Cof P and transition point move forward
c) the Cof P moves forward and the stagnation
point aft over the upper surface

10. Stall inducers may be fitted to a wing

a) at the tip to cause the root to stall first

b) at the root to cause the tip to stall first
c) at the root to cause the root to stall first

2
 Module 8
Answers for exam 12

Question :1 The correct answer is a Assuming that the thrust/drag

couple is a pitch-up couple (as it would be on a low engined
aircraft), and this is balanced by the lift/weigh couple which is
a pitch-down moment, then losing engine power will lose the
pitch-up moment and the lift/weight couple will be dominant.

Question :2 The correct answer is a The downgoing wing

experiences an upflow of air. This increases AofA and lift and
thus opposes the role. Ths is the basic mechanism of
dynamic stability.

Question :3 The correct answer is b Induced drag is 'lift

dependant drag'. Less lift and there will be less induced drag.

Question :4 The correct answer is a See a diagram of the lift

distribution of the wing (viewed from the front) and you will see
it is parabolic. The wing tip vortices decrease the lift at the
tips.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Induced drag is associated

with wintip vortices. The greater the vortices at the tip, the
greater is the induced drag.

Question :6 The correct answer is b Sketch the drag curves (drag

against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially with speed.
Profile drag increases exponentially with speed. Vmd (minimum
drag speed) is where they meet.

Question :7 The correct answer is c Sketch the drag curves (drag

against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially with speed.
Profile drag increases exponentially with speed. The induced drag
is elevated with weight (since it is lift dependant) and so cuts
the profile drag further to the right (higher Vmd)

Question :8 The correct answer is b With a decrease in density

the aircraft must fly with a greater angle of attack (CL) to
compensate for the loss of lift. Induced drag is dependant upon
AofA, therefore induced drag increases with altitude.

Question :9 The correct answer is b As AofA increases in level

flight, CofP moves forward and the Transition Point (the point at
which the laminar flow breaks away and forms into turbulent flow)
also moves forward.

Question :10 The correct answer is c Stall inducers (or stall

strips) are placed at the root of the wing to trip up the airflow
just before full stall to ensure the wing stalls first at the
root (and maintains the aileron authority even with a partially
stalled wing).
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 13

1. With increasing altitude pressure decreases and

a) temperature decreases at the same rate as

pressure reduces
b) temperature decreases but at a lower rate
than pressure reduces
c) temperature remains constant to 8000 ft

2. When deployed a Krueger Flap

a) increases the leading edge camber

b) allows high pressure air from beneath the
wing to flow to the top
c) energizes the air flowing over the ailerons

3. Which conditions will give the shortest take off

distance?

a) Hot Humid day at high elevation

b) Cold winter day at sea level
c) Hot summer day at sea level

4. The optimum angle of attack of an aerofoil is the angle

at which

a) the aerofoil produces maximum lift

b) the aerofoil produces zero lift
c) the highest lift/drag ratio is produced

5. A high aspect ratio wing has a

a) increased induced drag

b) decreased induced drag
c) decreased skin friction drag

1
6. Minimum total drag of an aircraft occurs

a) at the stalling speed

b) when profile drag equals induced drag
c) when induced drag is least

7. If the weight of an aircraft is increased, the induced

drag at a given speed

a) will increase
b) will decrease
c) will remain the same

8. The transition point on a wing is the point where

a) the flow separates from the wing surface

b) the boundary layer flow changes from laminar
to turbulent
c) the flow divides to pass above and below the
wing

9. The boundary layer of a body in a moving airstream is

a) a thin layer of air over the surface where

the air is stationary
b) a layer of separated flow where the air is
turbulent
c) a layer of air over the surface where the
airspeed is changing from free stream speed
to zero speed

10. A laminar boundary layer will produce

a) more skin friction drag than a turbulent one

b) less skin friction drag than a turbulent one
c) the same skin friction drag as a turbulent
one

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 13

Question :1 The correct answer is b See a graph of pressure

against altitude and temperature against altitude. Pressure
decreases faster than temperature therefore pressure has a
greater effect upon the performance of the aircraft.

Question :2 The correct answer is a See AC Kermode chapter

3 page 110

Question :3 The correct answer is b Cold air at sea level

is denser than any of the other combinations given

Question :4 The correct answer is c The optimum angle of

attack is the angle at which the highest lift/drag ratio is
produced.

Question :5 The correct answer is b Induced drag decreases

with increasing aspect ratio. (However, skin friction drag
also reduces with an increased chord length due to
thickening of the boundary layer - but this is less
significant.)

Question :6 The correct answer is b Sketch the drag curves

(drag against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially
with speed. Profile drag increases exponentially with
speed. Vmd (minimum drag speed) is where they meet.

Question :7 The correct answer is a If weight is increased,

for a given speed the aircraft must fly at a greater angle
of attack (CL). Induced drag increases with increased AofA.

Question :8 The correct answer is b The transition point is

a point on the surface of the wing where the boundary layer
changes from laminar to turbulent.

Question :9 The correct answer is c The boundary layer is a

thin layer of slowed air in contact with the surface of the
skin which is slowed by friction. Speed ranging from
stationary to free stream speed.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Skin friction drag is

greater in a turbulent boundary layer than in a laminar
boundary layer.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 14

1. Longitudinal stability is given by

a) the fin
b) the wing dihedral
c) the horizontal tailplane

2. Lateral stability is given by

a) the ailerons
b) the wing dihedral
c) the horizontal tailplane

3. Stability about the lateral axis is given by

a) wing dihedral
b) the horizontal tailplane
c) the ailerons

4. Sweepback of the wings will

a) increase lateral stability

b) decrease lateral stability
c) not affect the lateral stability

5. Dutch Roll is

a) a combined rolling and yawing motion

b) a type of slow roll
c) primarily a pitching instability

1
6. A high wing position gives

a) more lateral stability than a low wing

b) less lateral stability than a low wing
c) the same lateral stability as a low wing

7. On an aircraft in an unpowered steady speed descent

a) the lift equals the weight

b) the weight equals the drag
c) the weight equals the resultant of the lift
and drag

8. When an aircraft rolls to enter a turn and power is not

increased

a) the lift equals the weight

b) the lift is greater than the weight
c) the lift is less than the weight

9. The boundary layer is

a) thickest at the leading edge

b) thickest at the trailing edge
c) constant thickness from leading to trailing
edges

10. The amount of thrust produced by a jet engine or a

propeller can be calculated using

a) Newton’s 1st law

b) Newton’s 2nd law
c) Newton’s 3rd law

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 14

Question :1 The correct answer is c The horizontal

stabilizer (tailplane) provides longitudinal stability.

Question :2 The correct answer is b The wing dihedral

provides lateral stability.

Question :3 The correct answer is b Stability about the

lateral axis is longitudinal stability. The horizontal
stabilizer (tailplane) provides longitudinal stability.

Question :4 The correct answer is a When an aircraft rolls,

it sideslips. A sideslipping aircraft with sweepback has a
higher AR on the leading wing than than it has on the
trailing wing. The lift is greater on a higher AR wing, so
it corrects the roll. (10 degrees of sweepback has the same
effect as 1 degree of dihedral)

Question :5 The correct answer is a Dutch role is a

combination of role and yaw.

Question :6 The correct answer is a The pendulum effect

produced by the fuselage of a high wing aircraft provides
more lateral stability.

Question :7 The correct answer is c In an unpowerd descent,

the weight equals the resultant of the lift and the drag.

Question :8 The correct answer is c When an aircraft roles

into a turn and power is not increased, some of the lift is
used to turn the aircraft. Less vertical lift remains to
support the aircraft and the aircraft will begin to
descend.

Question :9 The correct answer is b The boundary layer is

thickest at the trailing edge.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Newton's second law is

Force = Mass x Acceleration.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 15

1. An engine which produces an efflux of high speed will

be

a) more efficient
b) less efficient
c) speed of efflux has no affect on the engine
efficiency

2. When an aircraft with a C of G forward of the C of P

rolls, the nose of the aircraft will

a) stay level
b) rise
c) drop

3. Directional stability may be increased with

a) pitch dampers
b) horn balance
c) yaw dampers

4. Lateral stability may be increased with

a) increased lateral dihedral

b) increased lateral anhedral
c) increased longitudinal dihedral

5. Longitudinal stability is increased if the

a) CP moves forward of the CG

b) Thrust acts on a line below the total drag
c) CG is forward of the CP

1
6. Wing loading is calculated by weight

a) divided by gross wing area

b) divided by lift
c) multiplied by gross wing area

7. Induced drag is

a) inversely proportional to the square of

speed
b) proportional to speed
c) nothing to do with speed

8. In a bank, the weight is

a) increased
b) decreased
c) the same

9. L/D ratio is

a) higher at supersonic cruise speed

b) higher at sub sonic speed
c) the same

10. The power required at low altitude for a given IAS is

a) the same as at high altitude

b) higher
c) lower

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 15

Question :1 The correct answer is b A pure turbojet accelerates a

low mass of air at a high rate and is less efficient than a turbo
fan or turbo prop. This is because the wasted energy is 1/2mV-
squared of the jet efflux.

Question :2 The correct answer is c The lift/weight couple (a

nose-down moment) is balanced by the thrust/drag couple (a nose-
up moment) and/or the tailplane download. In a roll, the
lift/weight couple is still vertical, but the thrust/drag couple
(and the tailplane load) is now angled with the aircraft. Since
the two couples are no-longer opposing, the lift/weight couple
will put the nose down.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Yaw dampers increase

directional stability.

Question :4 The correct answer is a Lateral dihedral increases

lateral stability. (BTW: Longitudinal stability is the difference
between mainplane and tailplane angles of incidence)

Question :5 The correct answer is c If the CG is forward of the

CP it will have a nose-down tendency which makes the aircraft
less likely to stall and therefore it will have more longitudinal
stability.

Question :6 The correct answer is a Wing loading is weight

divided by wing area and measured in Newtons per square meter.

Question :7 The correct answer is a Induced drag is inversely

proportional to the square of the speed - i.e. it reduces with
the square of the speed.

Question :8 The correct answer is a The load factor increases in

a turn. A 60 degree turn is a 2G turn i.e. the weight is twice
what it would be in straight and level flight.

Question :9 The correct answer is b Because drag increases when

supersonic the lift/drag ratio will be higher at subsonic speed.

Question :10 The correct answer is c At constant IAS, TAS

increases with altitude (because drag decreases with density).
This means power required increases with altitude because power =
drag x TAS. See
http://www.monmouth.com/~jsd/how/htm/power.htmlPara.7.5.4.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 16

1. If the stall speed is 75 knots. What is the same stall

speed in mph?

a) 75 x 0.87
b) 75 / 0.87
c) 75 / 0.87 x relative density

2. As the angle of attack increases the stagnation point

a) moves towards the upper surface

b) moves towards the lower surface
c) does not move

3. The term pitch-up is due to

a) compressibility effect
b) ground effect
c) longitudinal instability

4. In a steady climb at a steady IAS, the TAS is

a) more than IAS

b) less than IAS
c) the same

5. An untapered straight wing will

a) have no yaw effect in banking

b) have no change in induced drag in the bank
c) stall at the root first

1
6. With the ailerons away from the neutral, induced drag
is

a) unchanged but profile drag is higher

b) higher on the lower wing plus profile drag
increases
c) higher on the upper wing plus profile drag
increases

7. The lift/drag ratio is

a) higher at mach numbers above supersonic

b) higher at sub sonic mach numbers
c) the same

8. The force opposing thrust is

a) drag
b) lift
c) Weight

9. Directional stability is about the

a) normal axis
b) longitudinal axis
c) lateral axis

10. Lateral stability is about the

a) longitudinal axis
b) normal axis
c) vertical axis

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 16

Question :1 The correct answer is b

75 knots = 86.4 mph = 75/0.87

Question :2 The correct answer is b The stagnation point is

the stationary air at the leading edge of the wing. As the
angle of attack increases the stagnation point moves
towards the lower surface.

Question :3 The correct answer is c 'Pitch-up' is a

longitudinal instability. It is caused by wingtip stall on
swept wings, resulting in a drop of the tail.

Question :4 The correct answer is a IAS = TAS x square root

of sigma. Sigma is the ratio of density at altitude to
density at sea-level. Sigma is always less than 1.

Question :5 The correct answer is c The straight wing will

always stall at the root first. This is the desired stall
characteristic.

Question :6 The correct answer is c Induced drag is 'lift

dependant drag'. The upper wing has more lift and hence
more induced drag. It also has more profile drag due to the
aileron's protrusion into the airflow.

Question :7 The correct answer is b Since drag is higher in

supersonic flight, the Lift/Drag ratio will be higher at
sub-sonic speeds.

Question :8 The correct answer is a The force opposing

thrust is drag.

Question :9 The correct answer is a Directional stability

is stability about the normal axis.

Question :10 The correct answer is a Lateral stability is

stability about the longitudinal axis.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 17

1. All the lift can be said to act through the

a) centre of pressure
b) centre of gravity
c) normal axis

2. Longitudinal stability is provided by the

a) horizontal stabilizer
b) vertical stabilizer
c) mainplane

3. The concept of thrust is explained by

a) Newton’s 1st law

b) Newton’s 3rd law
c) Bernoulli’s theorem

4. The camber of an aerofoil section is

a) the curvature of the median line of the

aerofoil
b) the angle of incidence towards the tip of a
wing
c) the angle which the aerofoil makes with the
relative airflow

5. If the aircraft turns and side-slips

a) the sweepback of the wing will correct the

sideslip
b) the dihedral of the wing will correct the
sideslip
c) the keel surface will correct the sideslip

1
6. Movement of an aircraft about its lateral axis

a) is pitching
b) is rolling
c) is yawing

7. Induced drag

a) is caused by skin friction

b) results from disturbed airflow in the region
of mainplane attachments
c) is associated with the lift generated by an
aerofoil

8. What is the temperature in comparison to ISA conditions

at 30,000ft?

a) - 60C
b) - 56C
c) - 45C

9. At what altitude is the tropopause?

a) 63,000 ft.
b) 36,000 ft.
c) 57,000 ft.

10. What approximate percentage of oxygen is in the

atmosphere?

a) 12%
b) 21%
c) 78%

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 17

Question :1 The correct answer is a All the lift is said to

act through the centre of pressure.

Question :2 The correct answer is a Longitudinal stability

is provided by the horizontal stabilizer (tailplane).

Question :3 The correct answer is b Newton's Third Law

states 'Every action has an equal and opposite reaction'.

Question :4 The correct answer is a Aerofoil camber is the

curvature of the median line of the aerofoil.

Question :5 The correct answer is b

http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/axes33.htm

Question :6 The correct answer is a Movement of an aircraft

about its lateral axis is 'pitching'.

Question :7 The correct answer is c Induced drag is often

called 'lift dependant drag' because it increases with
increasing lift (due to increased AofA).

Question :8 The correct answer is c

ISA = 15C temp lapse rate is 2 degrees per 1000ft.
Therefore 30000 = - 60 + 15 = 45

Question :9 The correct answer is b The tropopause is

36,000 ft. Above the tropopause is the stratosphere.

Question :10 The correct answer is b 21% oxygen, 78%

nitrogen, 1% other gases.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 18

1. Which has the greater density?

a) Air at low altitude

b) Air at high altitude
c) It remains constant

2. As air flows over the upper cambered surface of an

aerofoil, what happens to velocity and pressure?

a) Velocity decreases, pressure decreases

b) Velocity increases, pressure increases
c) Velocity increases, pressure decreases

3. What is the force that tends to pull an aircraft down

towards the earth?

a) Drag
b) Thrust
c) Weight

4. Which of the following act in opposition to forward

movement?

a) Lift
b) Gravity
c) Drag

5. The angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil is

presented to the airflow is known as

a) angle of attack
b) angle of incidence
c) resultant
6. The imaginary straight line which passes through an
aerofoil section from leading edge to trailing edge is
called

a) centre of pressure
b) the direction of relative airflow
c) the chord line

7. What is the angle between the chord line of the wing,

and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, known as

a) angle of attack
b) angle of incidence
c) angle of dihedral

8. An aircraft disturbed from its normal flight path, and

automatically returns to that normal flight path, without
any action on the part of the pilot is known as

a) aircraft stability
b) aircraft instability
c) aircraft stall

9. Directional control is provided by

a) horizontal stabilizer
b) rudder
c) elevator

10. About which axis of the aircraft does a rolling motion

take place?

a) Normal axis
b) Longitudinal axis
c) Lateral axis
 Module 8

Answers for exam 18

Question :1 The correct answer is a Air density reduces

with altitude.

Question :2 The correct answer is c As airflows over the

upper cambered surface of an aerofoil, velocity increases
and pressure decreases. This is Bernoulli's effect.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Weight tends to pull

the aircraft down towards the earth.

Question :4 The correct answer is c Drag is opposition to

forward movement.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Angle of Attack is the

angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil is presented
to the airflow.

Question :6 The correct answer is c The Chord Line is the

imaginary straight line which passes through the aerofoil
from leading edge to trailing edge.

Question :7 The correct answer is b Angle of incidence is

the angle between the chord line of the wing and the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft.

Question :8 The correct answer is a Stability is the

aircraft's ability for the aircraft to return to its
normal flight path after being disturbed.

Question :9 The correct answer is b The rudder provides

directional control.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Rolling takes place

about the longitudinal axis
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 19

1. Which motion happens about the lateral axis?

a) Pitching
b) Yawing
c) Rolling

2. Wing tip vortices create a type of drag known as

a) form drag
b) induced drag
c) profile drag

3. Which of the following describes the “Empennage”?

a) Nose section of an aircraft, including the

cockpit
b) Tail section of the aircraft, including fin,
rudder, tail plane and elevators
c) The wings, including the ailerons

4. At what altitude does stratosphere commence

approximately?

a) Sea level
b) 63,000 ft
c) 36,000 ft

5. When an aircraft is in straight and level unaccelerated

flight, which of the following is correct?

a) Lift and weight are equal, and thrust and

drag are equal
b) Lift greater than weight, and thrust greater
than drag
c) Lift greater than weight, and thrust is less
than drag

1
6. As the angle of attack is increased (up to the stall
point), which of the following is correct?

a) Pressure difference between top and bottom

of the wing increases
b) Lift increases
c) Both a) and b) are correct

7. The fin gives stability about which axis?

a) Lateral axis
b) Normal axis
c) Longitudinal axis

8. What is the horizontal movement of the nose of the

aircraft called?

a) Rolling movement
b) Pitching movement
c) Yawing movement

9. What type of drag, depends on the smoothness of the

body, and surface area over which the air flows?

a) Parasite drag
b) Form drag
c) Skin friction drag

10. If the nose of the aircraft is rotated about its

lateral axis, what is its directional movement?

a) Turning to the left or right

b) Rolling or banking to the left or right
c) Climbing or diving

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 19

Question :1 The correct answer is a Pitching is movement

about the lateral axis.

Question :2 The correct answer is b Induced drag is

associated with wingtip vortices.

Question :3 The correct answer is b 'Empannage' is the

whole tail of the aircraft including fin, rudder, tailplane
and elevator.

Question :4 The correct answer is c The stratosphere is

above 36,000 ft.

Question :5 The correct answer is a In straight and level

unaccelerated flight, lift equals weight and thrust equals
drag.

Question :6 The correct answer is c As the angle of attack

is increased the pressure difference between the upper and
lower surfaces of the wing is increased. This causes the
lift to increase.

Question :7 The correct answer is b The fin gives stability

about the normal axis.

Question :8 The correct answer is c Horizontal movement of

the nose of the aircraft is 'yawing'.

Question :9 The correct answer is c Skin friction drag

depends upon the smoothness of the body and the surface
area.

Question :10 The correct answer is c For an aircraft to

climb or dive it must be rotated about its lateral axis.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 20

1. When air flow velocity over an upper cambered surface

of an aerofoil decreases, what takes place?

a) Pressure increases, lift decreases

b) Pressure increases, lift increases
c) Pressure decreases, lift increases

2. When an aircraft stalls

a) lift and drag increase

b) lift increases and drag decreases
c) lift decreases and drag increases

3. Wing loading is

a) the maximum all up weight multiplied by the

total wing area
b) the maximum all up weight divided by the
total wing area
c) the ratio of the all up weight of the
aircraft to its basic weight

4. An aircraft wing with an aspect ration of 6:1 is

proportional so that

a) the mean chord is six times the thickness

b) the wing span is six times the mean chord
c) the wing area is six times the span

5. Upward and outward inclination of a mainplane is termed

a) sweep
b) dihedral
c) stagger

1
6. The function of an aircraft fin

a) is to provide stability about the normal

axis
b) is to provide directional control
c) is to provide straight airflow across the
rudder

7. Movement of an aircraft about its normal axis

a) is pitching
b) is rolling
c) is yawing

8. A pressure of one atmosphere is equal to

a) 14.7 psi
b) 100 millibar
c) 1 inch Hg.

9. The millibar is a unit of

a) atmospheric temperature
b) pressure altitude
c) barometric pressure

10. With an increase in altitude under I.S.A. conditions

the temperature in the troposphere

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains constant

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 20

Question :1 The correct answer is a When airflow velocity

over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil DECREASES,
the pressure increases and thus the lift decreases.

Question :2 The correct answer is c When an aircraft stalls

the drag increases and the lift decreases.

Question :3 The correct answer is b Wing Loading is weight

divided by wing area. Measured in Newtons per Square Meter

Question :4 The correct answer is b If aspect ratio is 6:1

the wing span is 6 times the mean chord.

Question :5 The correct answer is b Upward and outward

inclination of a mainplane is termed dihedral.

Question :6 The correct answer is a The function of the

aicraft fin is to provide stability about the normal axis.

Question :7 The correct answer is c 'yawing' is movement of

the aircraft about its normal axis.

Question :8 The correct answer is a One atmosphere is 14.7

psi.

Question :9 The correct answer is c Barometric pressure is

measured in millibar.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Temperature reduces at

a lapse rate of 1.98 degrees Celsius per thousand feet from
sea level to about 36000ft (the tropopause).
 Module 8
Aerodynamics
Exam number 21

1. Which of the following forces act on an aircraft in level

flight?

a) Lift, thrust, and weight

b) Lift, thrust, weight, and drag
c) Lift, drag, thrust

2. When an aircraft is banked, the horizontal component of the

lift

a) will tend to make the aircraft follow a circular

path
b) will oppose the tendency of the aircraft to
follow a circular path
c) will oppose the weight thus requiring more total
lift in the turn

3. If, after a disturbance, an aeroplane initially returns to

its equilibrium state

a) it has neutral stability

b) it has static stability and may be
dynamically stable
c) it is neutrally unstable

4. Stability of an aircraft is

a) the tendency of the aircraft to return to its

original trimmed position after having been
displaced
b) the ability of the aircraft to rotate about an
axis
c) the tendency of the aircraft to stall at low
airspeeds

1
5. With reference to altimeters QFE is

a) setting aerodrome atmospheric pressure so that an

altimeter reads zero on landing and take off
b) quite fine equipment
c) the manufacturers registered name

6. Under the ICAO “Q” code there are which three settings?

a) QFE , QNH , QNE

b) QEF , QNH , QEN
c) QE , QN , QQE

7. Wing loading is

a) GROSS WEIGHT divided by GROSS WING AREA

b) WING AREA x WING CHORD
c) the ultimate tensile strength of the wing

8. The three axes concerned with stability of an aircraft have

a) normal axis through C of G. Lateral axis - wing

tip to wing tip. Longitudinal axis - nose to tail
but not through C of G
b) longitudinal, lateral and normal axis all passing
through aircraft centre of gravity
c) longitudinal axis nose to tail, lateral axis at
furthest span point, normal axis through centre
of pressure

9. A barometer indicates

a) pressure
b) density
c) temperature

10. If an aircraft returns to a position of equilibrium it is

said to be

a) negatively stable
b) neutrally stable
c) positively stable

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 21

Question :1 The correct answer is b Lift, thrust, weight

and drag act on an aircraft in level flight.

Question :2 The correct answer is a When an aircraft is

banked, the horizontal component of lift makes the aircraft
follow a circular path.

Question :3 The correct answer is b Static stability is

when an aircraft returns to its equilibrium (trimmed)
state. Dynamic stability is the ability of the aircraft to
oppose the disturbance

Question :4 The correct answer is a Stability is the

tendency for the aircraft to return to its original
position after being displaced.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Q is the mathematical

symbol for pressure. FE stands for Field Elevation. QFE
refers to setting the altimeter to aerodrome atmospheric
pressure so the altimeter reads zero on landing and
takeoff.

Question :6 The correct answer is a The ICAO 'Q' codes are

QFE. QNE, QNH.

Question :7 The correct answer is a Wing loading is gross

weight divided by wing area measured in Newtons per Square
Metre.

Question :8 The correct answer is b The longitudinal,

lateral and normal axis all pass through the aircraft's
centre of gravity.

Question :9 The correct answer is a A barometer indicates

pressure.

Question :10 The correct answer is c If an aircraft is

positively stable it will return to its trimmed position.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 22

1. The pendulum effect on a high wing aircraft

a) increases lateral stability

b) decreases lateral stability
c) has no effect on lateral stability

2. The amount of water vapor capacity in the air (humidity

holding capacity of the air) is

a) greater on a colder day, and lower on a

hotter day
b) greater on a hotter day and lower on a
colder day
c) doesn't have a significant difference

3. Weight is equal to

a) volume x gravity
b) mass x acceleration
c) mass x gravity

4. Induced drag

a) increases with an increase in speed

b) reduces with an increase in angle of attack
c) increases with increase in aircraft weight

5. Airflow over the upper surface of the wing generally

a) flows towards the root

b) flows towards the tip
c) flows straight from leading edge to trailing
edge

1
6. With an increase in aspect ratio for a given IAS,
induced drag will

a) remain constant
b) increase
c) reduce

7. With increasing altitude the angle at which a wing will

stall

a) remains the same

b) reduces
c) increases

8. If the density of the air is increased, the lift will

a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same

9. All the factors that affect the lift produced by an

aerofoil are

a) angle of attack, air density, velocity, wing

area
b) angle of attack, air temperature, velocity,
wing area
c) angle of attack, velocity, wing area,
aerofoil shape, air density

10. A wing section suitable for high speed would be

a) thick with high camber

b) thin with high camber
c) thin with little or no camber

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 22

Question :1 The correct answer is a Pendulum effect on a

high wing aircraft increases lateral stability.

Question :2 The correct answer is b The amount of water

vapour capacity in the air is greater on a hotter day.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Weight = mass x gravity

in straight and level flight. In a maneuver, additional
accelerations are present, which are sometimes considered
to increase weight. The question can therefore be answered
in two ways

Question :4 The correct answer is c Induced drag increase

with aircraft weight because it is 'lift dependant drag'.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Due to wing tip

vortices there is a general flow of air from tip to root on
the top surface, and root to tip on the lower surface.

Question :6 The correct answer is c A long slender wing

(high aspect ratio) has a low induced drag.

Question :7 The correct answer is a The angle at which a

wing stalls does not change - only the stall speed changes
(and then ONLY TAS).

Question :8 The correct answer is a See the formula for

lift. Lift is directly proportional to air density.

Question :9 The correct answer is c Lift formula is CL

(includes aerofoil shape and angle of attack) x 1/2 x air
density x velocity squared.

Question :10 The correct answer is c A high speed wing is

thin with little camber.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 23

1. The induced drag of an aircraft

a) increases with increasing speed

b) increases if aspect ratio is increased
c) decreases with increasing speed

2. As the speed of an aircraft increases the profile drag

a) increases
b) decreases
c) decreases at first then increase

3. The stagnation point on an aerofoil is the point where

a) the suction pressure reaches a maximum

b) the boundary layer changes from laminar to
turbulent
c) the airflow is brought completely to rest

4. After a disturbance in pitch, an aircraft continues to

oscillate at constant amplitude. It is

a) longitudinally unstable
b) longitudinally neutrally stable
c) laterally unstable

5. On an aircraft with an all-moving tailplane nose up

pitch is caused by

a) increasing tailplane incidence

b) decreasing tailplane incidence
c) up movement of the trim tab

1
6. The stalling of an aerofoil is affected by the

a) airspeed
b) angle of attack
c) transition speed

7. What gives the aircraft directional stability?

a) Vertical stabiliser
b) Horizontal stabiliser
c) Elevators

8. The most fuel efficient of the following types of

engine is the

a) rocket
b) turbo-jet engine
c) turbo-fan engine

9. The quietest of the following types of engine is the

a) rocket
b) turbo-jet engine
c) turbo-fan engine

10. Forward motion of a glider is provided by

a) the engine
b) the weight
c) the drag

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 23

Question :1 The correct answer is c Induced drag decreases

with increasing speed.

Question :2 The correct answer is a Profile drag increases

with increasing speed.

Question :3 The correct answer is c The stagnation point on

the aerofoil is the point where the airflow is brought
completely to rest on the leading edge.

Question :4 The correct answer is b If an aircraft

oscillates in pitch without the oscillations increasing or
decreasing it is longitudinally neutrally stable.

Question :5 The correct answer is b To make the nose pitch-

up, the tailplane down load must be increased. This is done
by decreasing its incidence (or increasing its negative
incidence).

Question :6 The correct answer is b The stall position of

an aerofoil is determined by its angle of attack only.

Question :7 The correct answer is a The vertical stabiliser

gives the aircraft directional stability.

Question :8 The correct answer is c The turbo fan is the

most fuel efficient engine.

Question :9 The correct answer is c The turbo fan is the

quietest engine.

Question :10 The correct answer is b The weight provides

forward motion of a glider.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 24

1. Profile drag consists of what drag types?

a) Form, skin friction and interference

b) Form, induced and skin friction
c) Form, induced and interference

2. An aircraft in straight and level flight is subject to

a) zero load factor

b) a load factor of 1
c) a load factor of ½

3. Aspect ratio is given by the formula

a) Mean Chord Span

b) Span 2 Area
c) Span 2 Mean Chord

4. On a high wing aircraft in a turn

a) the up going wing loses lift which has a de-

stabilizing effect
b) the down going wing gains lift causing a
stabilizing effect
c) the down going wing loses lift causing a de-
stabilizing effect

5. Which condition is the actual amount of water vapor in

a mixture of air and water?

a) Relative humidity
b) Dew point
c) Absolute humidity

1
6. An aspect ratio of 8 means

a) the span is 8 times the mean chord

b) the mean chord is 8 times the span
c) the area is 8 times the span

7. In a turn, if your centrifugal force is greater than

the horizontal component of lift

a) You are slipping

b) You are skidding
c) You are in a coordinated turn

8. Which will weigh the least?

a) 98 parts of dry air and 2 parts of water

vapor
b) 35 parts of dry air and 65 parts of water
vapor
c) 50 parts of dry air and 50 parts of water
vapor

9. A high aspect ratio wing

a) is stiffer than a low aspect ratio wing

b) has less induced drag than a low aspect
ratio wing
c) has a higher stall angle than a low aspect
ratio wing

10. The thrust line of an engine may be set slightly to

the right on aircraft manufacture to

a) counteract the turning tendency due to

propeller torque
b) assist in a climbing turn
c) prevent horizontal oscillation

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 24

Question :1 The correct answer is a Profile drag (known as

Parasite drag in the USA) consists of Form Drag, Skin
Friction Drag and Interference Drag.

Question :2 The correct answer is b An aircraft in straight

and level flight is subject to a load factor of 1 (i.e.
1g).

Question :3 The correct answer is b Aspect Ratio is span /

mean chord. Multiply top and bottom by span and you get
span squared / area.

Question :4 The correct answer is b When an aircraft roles,

the down going wing gains lift (due to the up flow of air
causing an increased angle of attack). This opposes the
role.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Absolute humidity is

the 'actual' amount of water in a mixture of air and water.

Question :6 The correct answer is a An Aspect Ratio of 8

means the span is 8 times the chord.

Question :7 The correct answer is b You will skid out of

the turn because these two forces must be equal for a
coordinated turn

Question :8 The correct answer is b Water vapour is 62% the

weight of dry air.

Question :9 The correct answer is b A long slender wing

(high aspect ratio) has less induced drag than a short
stubby wing.

Question :10 The correct answer is a Answer a is the only

logical one, but can anyone find a reference to support
this?
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 25

1. Induced downwash

a) reduces the effective angle of attack of the

wing
b) increases the effective angle of attack of
the wing
c) has no effect on the angle of attack of the
wing

2. During a turn, the stalling angle

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same

3. Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present

in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if
the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and
pressure?

a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity
c) Dew point

4. A straight rectangular wing, without any twist, will

a) have greater angle of attack at the tip

b) have the same angle of attack at all points
along the span
c) have less angle of attack at the tip

1
5. Given 2 wings, the first with a span of 12m and a chord
of 2 m. The second has a span of 6m and a chord of 1m. How
do their Aspect Ratios compare?

a) The first is higher

b) The second is higher
c) They are the same

6. The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of

this is

a) movement of passengers
b) movement of cargo
c) consumption of fuel and oils

7. The speed of sound in the atmosphere

a) varies according to the frequency of the

sound
b) changes with a change in temperature
c) changes with a change in pressure

8. A straight rectangular wing, without any twist, will

a) stall first at the tip

b) stall first at the root
c) stall equally along the span of the wing

9. What is sea level pressure?

a) 1013.2 mb
b) 1012.3 mb
c) 1032.2 mb

10. Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true

landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?

a) Low temperature with low humidity

b) High temperature with low humidity
c) High temperature with high humidity

2
3
 Module 8

Answers for exam 25

Question :1 The correct answer is a Induced downwash

reduces the effective angle of attack of the wing.

Question :2 The correct answer is c The stalling ANGLE does

not change. Only the stall speed changes.

Question :3 The correct answer is b Relative humidity is

the ratio of the water vapour actually present to the water
vapour that the air would hold if it were saturated.

Question :4 The correct answer is c Due to wingtip

vortices, there is more downwash at the tip, and therefore
there is less angle of attack at the tip.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Aspect ratio =

Span/Chord

Question :6 The correct answer is c Consumption of fuel and

oil causes the C of G to move in flight.

Question :7 The correct answer is b Speed of sound is

affected by air temperature only.

Question :8 The correct answer is b A straight rectangular

wing will stall first at the root. This is because the
effective angle of attack is reduced at the tips because of
the greater downwash at the tips.

Question :9 The correct answer is a Sea level pressure is

1013.2 mb.

Question :10 The correct answer is c High temperature and

high humidity are the worst conditions for aircraft
performance.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 26

1. In flight if your aircraft nose gets an upward gust of wind,

what characteristic will have the greatest effect to counteract
it?

a) Horizontal stabiliser and fuselage length

b) Wing Sweep
c) Position of the centre of pressure relative
to the centre of gravity

2. When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag

speed

a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains the same

3. Which statement concerning heat and/or temperature is true?

a) There is an inverse relationship between

temperature and heat.
b) Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of
the molecules of any substance
c) Temperature is a measure of the potential energy
of the molecules of any substance

4. To correct dutch roll you must damp oscillation around:

a) The vertical axis

b) The lateral axis
c) The longitudinal axis

5. When an aircraft experiences induced drag

a) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the tip

and on top of the wing spanwise towards the root
b) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the
root and on top of the wing spanwise towards the
tip
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not
cause spanwise flow

1
6. What is absolute humidity?

a) The temperature to which humid air must be cooled

at constant pressure to become saturated.
b) The actual amount of the water vapour in a
mixture of air and water
c) The ratio of the water vapour actually present in
the atmosphere to the amount that would be
present if the air were saturated at the
prevailing temperature and pressure

7. If the load factor on an aircraft is 2, the stall speed is

a) increased
b) decreased
c) stays the same

8. An elevator trim tab is used to

a) prevent the control surface from stalling the

airflow
b) reduce control column forces on the pilot
c) counteract propeller torque

9. On a power curve graph the intersection of available power

and required power against speed gives the

a) most efficient cruise speed

b) minimum drag speed
c) the aircraft's maximum speed

10. An aeroplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from

relatively

a) positive air pressure below and above the wing's

surface
b) negative air pressure below the wing's surface
and positive air pressure above the wing's
surface
c) positive air pressure below the wing's surface
and negative air pressure above the wing's
surface

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 26

Question :1 The correct answer is a Longitudinal stability

is effected mainly by the stabiliser and length of fuselage
behind the C of G

Question :2 The correct answer is b Vmd is where the

induced drag curve intersects with the profile drag curve.
Increasing the weight elevates the induced drag (lift
dependant drag) and therefore the intersection is shifted
to the right (greater Vmd).

Question :3 The correct answer is b Temperature is a

measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of a
substance. Heat is a form of energy exchange.

Question :4 The correct answer is a Dutch Roll is a figure

of eight oscillation around the vertical axis

Question :5 The correct answer is a Induced drag causes air

to flow under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top
of the wing spanwise towards the root.

Question :6 The correct answer is b The actual amount of

the water vapor in a mixture of air and water.

Question :7 The correct answer is a Twice as much lift is

need to oppose weight with 2 g applied. Increase speed is
the only option

Question :8 The correct answer is b See AC Kermode Chapter

9

Question :9 The correct answer is a See AC Kermode Chapter

7 page 221- power curves

Question :10 The correct answer is c The wing is designed

to produce lift resulting from relatively positive air
pressure below the wing surface and negative air pressure
above the wing surface.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 27

1. Aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the ratio of the

a) wingspan to the wing root

b) square of the chord to the wingspan
c) wingspan to the mean chord

2. Which of the following is true?

a) Lift acts at right angles to the wing chord

line and weight acts vertically down
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative
airflow and weight acts vertically down
c) Lift acts at right angles to the relative
air flow and weight acts at right angles to
the aircraft centre line

3. The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at

constant pressure to become saturated is called

a) dewpoint
b) absolute humidity
c) relative humidity

4. The airflow over the upper surface of a cambered wing

a) increases in velocity and pressure

b) increases in velocity and reduces in
pressure
c) reduces in velocity and increases in
pressure

5. Which type of flap increases the area of the wing?

a) Plain Flap
b) Fowler Flap
c) All flaps

1
6. If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is
missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be

a) increased lift in the area of installation

on the opposite wing at high angles of
attack
b) asymmetrical aileron control at low angles
of attack
c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near
stall angles of attack

7. With increased speed in level flight

a) induced drag increases

b) profile drag increases
c) profile drag remains constant

8. Deployment of flaps will result in

a) a decrease in stall angle

b) an increase in stall angle
c) a decrease in angle of attack

9. An aeroplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting

from relatively

a) positive air pressure below and above the

wing's surface.
b) negative air pressure below the wing's
surface and positive air pressure above the
wing's surface.
c) positive air pressure below the wing's
surface and negative air pressure above the
wing's surface.

10. The angle of attack of an aerofoil section is the

angle between the

a) chord line and the relative airflow

b) underside of the wing surface and the mean
airflow
c) chord line and the centre line of the
fuselage

2
3
 Module 8

Answers for exam 27

Question :1 The correct answer is c Aspect ratio is defined

as the ratio of the wing span to mean chord.

Question :2 The correct answer is b Lift acts at right

angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically
down.

Question :3 The correct answer is a The temperature to

which humid air must be cooled to become saturated is
called the 'due point'.

Question :4 The correct answer is b Airflow flowing over

the upper surface of an aerofoil increases in velocity and
decreases in pressure.

Question :5 The correct answer is b A fowler flap increases

the wing area as well as increasing the wing camber.

Question :6 The correct answer is c The stall strip is to

make the root of the wing stall before the tip so at the
stall point, full aileron control is maintained.

Question :7 The correct answer is b With increased speed in

level flight, the profile drag increases and the induced
drag decreases.

Question :8 The correct answer is a Deployment of flaps

increases camber and A of A and decreases stall angle. See
Page 116 Mechanics of Flight (Kermode) 10th Edition. Basic
flap assumed, not slotted or Fowler flap

Question :9 The correct answer is c The wing is designed to

produce lift resulting from relatively positive air
pressure below the wing surface and negative air pressure
above the wing surface.

Question :10 The correct answer is a Angle of attack of an

aerofoil is the angle between the chord line and the
relative air flow.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 28

1. A swept wing tends to stall first at the

a) root
b) tip
c) centre section

2. Kreuger Flaps are normally fitted to

a) the trailing edge of the wings

b) the tips of the wings
c) the leading edge of the wings

3. Given an aircraft with positive dihedral in a left

turn, what wing will have the bigger angle of attack?

a) Left
b) Right
c) Neither

4. The trailing vortex on a pointed wing (taper ratio = 0)

is

a) at the root
b) at the tip
c) equally all along the wing span

5. A high wing aircraft will be more

a) laterally stable than a low wing aircraft

b) longitudinally stable than a low wing
aircraft
c) directionally stable than a low wing
aircraft

1
6. A wing with a very high aspect ratio (in comparison
with a low aspect ratio wing) will have

a) increased drag at high angles of attack

b) a high stall speed
c) poor control qualities at low airspeeds

7. The lift curve for a delta wing is

a) more steep than that of a high aspect ratio

wing
b) less steep than that of a high aspect ratio
wing
c) the same as that of a high aspect ratio wing

8. After an aircraft has been disturbed from its straight

and level flight, it returns to its original attitude with
a small amount of decreasing oscillation. The aircraft is

a) statically stable but dynamically unstable

b) statically unstable but dynamically stable
c) statically stable and dynamically stable

9. An increase in the speed at which an aerofoil passes

through the air increases lift because

a) the increased speed of the airflow creates a

greater pressure differential between the
upper and lower surfaces.
b) the increased speed of the airflow creates a
lesser pressure differential between the
upper and lower surfaces.
c) the increased velocity of the relative wind
increases the angle of attack

10. A delta wing has

a) a higher stall angle than a straight wing

b) a lower stall angle than a straight wing
c) the same stall angle than a straight wing

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 28

Question :1 The correct answer is b A swept wing tends to

stall first at the tip.

Question :2 The correct answer is c Kreuger Flaps are

normally fitted to the leading edge of the wings (ref: 737-
100,200 etc.).

Question :3 The correct answer is a See page 261 AC Kermode

Mechanics of Flight

Question :4 The correct answer is a The vortex of a pointed

wing concentrated at the root of the wing – exactly
opposite to straight wings.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Due to pendulum effect

of the fuselage, a high wing aircraft will be more
laterally stable than a low wing aircraft.

Question :6 The correct answer is b A very high aspect

ratio wing will have less induced drag and greater lift,
therefore can fly slower at a given AoA. Mechanics of
Flight AC Kermode 10th Edition Page 109.

Question :7 The correct answer is b A delta wing produces

less lift for any given angle of attack than any other type
of wing.

Question :8 The correct answer is c Static stability is the

ability of the aircraft to return to its untrimmed
position. Dynamic stability is the ability of the aircraft
to not oscillate about the trimmed position.

Question :9 The correct answer is a Increasing the speed of

an aerofoil increases the pressure differential between the
upper and lower surface.

Question :10 The correct answer is a A delta wing has a

much higher stall angle than a normal wing (some as much as
40 degrees)
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 29

1. The Lift/Drag ratio of a wing at the stalling angle is

a) of a negative value
b) low
c) high

2. The airflow over the upper surface of a cambered wing

a) increases in velocity and pressure

b) increases in velocity and reduces in
pressure
c) reduces in velocity and increases in
pressure

3. The speed of air over a swept wing which contributes to

the lift is

a) less than the aircraft speed

b) more than the aircraft speed
c) the same as the aircraft speed

4. For a given angle of attack induced drag is

a) greater on a high aspect ratio wing

b) greater towards the wing root
c) greater on a low aspect ratio wing

5. In straight and level flight, the angle of attack of a

swept wing is

a) the same as the aircraft angle to the

horizontal
b) more than the aircraft angle to the
horizontal
c) less than the aircraft angle to the
horizontal

1
6. Induced drag

a) is never equal to the profile drag

b) is equal to the profile drag at the stalling
speed
c) is equal to the profile drag at Vmd

7. A delta wing aircraft flying at the same speed

(subsonic) and angle of attack as a swept wing aircraft of
similar wing area will produce

a) the same lift

b) more lift
c) less lift

8. The stagnation point is

a) static pressure plus dynamic pressure

b) static pressure minus dynamic pressure
c) dynamic pressure only

9. On a swept wing aircraft, due to the adverse pressure

gradient, the boundary layer on the upper surface of the
wing tends to flow

a) directly from leading edge to trailing edge

b) towards the tip
c) towards the root

10. With increased speed in level flight

a) induced drag increases

b) profile drag increases
c) profile drag remains constant

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 29

Question :1 The correct answer is b At stall the lift drops

rapidly and the drag increases rapidly. Lift/Drag ratio
therefore decreases.

Question :2 The correct answer is b Airflow over the upper

surface of a cambered surface of the wing increases in
velocity and decreases in pressure.

Question :3 The correct answer is a If aircraft speed is V,

speed of airflow over wing which contributes to lift is
Vcos(sweepangle). Cos (sweepangle) <1. See AC Kermode,
Mechanics of Flight (10th edition). Pg 359 Fig 11.16.

Question :4 The correct answer is c A low aspect ratio wing

(short-stubby wing) has a greater induced drag.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Since the 'effective'

velocity vector over a swept wing is not parallel with the
forward direction of the aircraft, a change in pitch of the
aircraft has lesser effect upon the AofA of the wing.

Question :6 The correct answer is c Induced drag is equal

to profile drag at Vmd.

Question :7 The correct answer is c A delta wing aircraft

at any given angle of attack and speed will produce less
lift than any other type of wing.

Question :8 The correct answer is a At stagnation, the

pressure is total (static plus dynamic).

Question :9 The correct answer is b Due to adverse pressure

gradient on a swept wing, the boundary layer slides towards
the tip and thickens at the tip. This is why swept wings
stall first at the tips.

Question :10 The correct answer is b Profile drag increases

with speed, induced drag decreases with speed.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 30

1. If a swept wing stalls at the tips first, the aircraft

will

a) pitch nose up
b) pitch nose down
c) roll

2. The thickness/chord ratio of the wing is also known as

a) aspect ratio
b) mean chord ratio
c) fineness ratio

3. Flexure of a rearward swept wing will

a) increase the lift and hence increase the

flexure
b) decrease the lift and hence decrease the
flexure
c) increase the lift and hence decrease the
flexure

4. A High Aspect Ratio wing is a wing with

a) long span, long chord

b) long span, short chord
c) short span, long chord

5. Stall commencing at the root is preferred because

a) the ailerons become ineffective

b) it provides the pilot with a warning of
complete loss of lift
c) it will cause the aircraft to pitch nose up

1
6. An aircraft flying in “ground effect” will produce

a) more lift than a similar aircraft outside of

ground effect
b) less lift than a similar aircraft outside of
ground effect
c) the same lift as a similar aircraft outside
of ground effect

7. If the angle of attack of a wing is increased in

flight, the

a) C of P will move forward

b) C of G will move aft
c) C of P will move aft

8. The Rams Horn Vortex on a forward swept wing will be

a) the same as a rearward swept wing

b) more than a rearward swept wing
c) less than a rearward swept wing

9. When maintaining level flight an increase in speed will

a) cause the C of P to move aft

b) cause the C of P to move forward
c) have no affect on the position of the C of P

10. For a cambered wing section the zero lift angle of

attack will be

a) zero
b) 4 degrees
c) negative

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 30

Question :1 The correct answer is a Since the tips are

behind the Centre of Gravity, losing the lift at the tips
will cause the nose to rise.

Question :2 The correct answer is c The thickness/chord

ratio of the wing is also known as the fineness ratio.
(Technically, thickness/chord ratio = 1/fineness ratio).

Question :3 The correct answer is b Flexure of a rearward

swept wing will decrease the lift (since the wing presents
its upper surface to the airflow and the angle of attack
reduces) and so the wing flexes back.

Question :4 The correct answer is b Aspect ratio is the

ratio of span to chord

Question :5 The correct answer is b Stall commencing at the

root causes turbulent air to hit the tailplane. The
resulting 'buffet' warns the pilot just before complete
stall.

Question :6 The correct answer is a An aircraft flying in

ground effect will have more lift than an aircraft not
flying in ground effect (which is why seagulls glide close
to the water surface).

Question :7 The correct answer is a Increasing the AofA

moves the CofP foreword.

Question :8 The correct answer is c A forward swept wing

does not suffer from the Rams Horn Vortex.

Question :9 The correct answer is a If the aircraft is to

remain in level flight whilst increasing speed, then the
AofA must decrease to keep lift the same. This will cause
the CofP to move aft.

Question :10 The correct answer is c A non symmetrical wing

will produce some lift at zero degrees. Therefore it must
have a negative angle of attack to produce zero lift.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 31

1. Density changes with altitude at a rate

a) of 2kg/m3 per 1000ft

b) which changes with altitude
c) which is constant until 11km

2. Airflow at subsonic speed is taken to be

a) compressible
b) incompressible
c) either a or b depending on altitude

3. Bernoulli's equation shows that

a) at constant velocity the kinetic energy of

the air changes with a change of height
b) with a change in speed at constant height
both kinetic and potential energies change
c) with a change in velocity at constant height
the static pressure will change

4. If fluid flow through a venturi is said to be

incompressible, the speed of the flow increases at the
throat to

a) maintain a constant volume flow rate

b) allow for a reduction in static pressure
c) allow for an increase in static pressure

5. To produce lift, an aerofoil must be

a) asymmetrical
b) symmetrical
c) either a or b above

1
6. Lift is dependent on

a) the area of the wing, the density of the

fluid medium, and the square of the velocity
b) the net area of the wing ,the density of the
fluid medium and the velocity
c) the frontal area of the wing, the density of
the fluid medium and the velocity

7. The maximum lift/drag ratio of a wing occurs

a) at the angle of attack where the wing

develops its maximum lift
b) during take off
c) at an angle below which the wing develops
max lift

8. A wing develops 10,000N of lift at 100knots. Assuming

the wing remains at the same angle of attack and remains at
the same altitude, how much lift will it develop at
300knots?

a) 900,000 N
b) 90,000 N
c) 30,000 N

9. The angle of attack is

a) related to angle of incidence

b) always kept below 15 degrees
c) not related to the angle of incidence

10. The difference between the mean camber line and the
chord line of an aerofoil is

a) one is always straight and the other may be

straight
b) neither are straight
c) they both may be curved

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 31

Question :1 The correct answer is b The rate of change of

density is not constant - it diminishes with altitude. So
no single figure for lapse rate can be quoted.

Question :2 The correct answer is b Subsonic airflow is

always considered to be incompressible.

Question :3 The correct answer is c Bernoulli's theorem

states that if velocity increases, the static pressure
decreases, and vicer versa.

Question :4 The correct answer is a Volume flow rate is

constant at all parts of the flow (if fluid is
incompressible) regardless of cross sectional area.

Question :5 The correct answer is c To produce lift, the

aerofoil can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Question :6 The correct answer is a See the formula for

lift.

Question :7 The correct answer is c See a graph of lift and

drag and lift/drag ratio.

Question :8 The correct answer is b See the formula for

lift. Velocity is squared, so if you triple the velocity,
the lift is 9 times.

Question :9 The correct answer is c See definitions of

angle of attack and angle of incidence.

Question :10 The correct answer is a See the definitions of

mean camber and chord line.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 32

1. If the C of G is calculated after loading as within

limits for take off

a) no further calculation is required

b) a further calculation is required prior to
landing to allow for fuel and oil
consumption
c) a further calculation is required prior to
landing to allow for flap deployment

2. A stalled aerofoil has a lift/drag ratio

a) more than the lift/drag ratio prior to stall

b) zero
c) less than the lift/drag ratio prior to stall

3. At low forward speed

a) increased downwash reduces tailplane

effectiveness
b) increased downwash increases tailplane
effectiveness
c) excessive rudder movement may cause fin to
stall

4. Helicopter rotor blades create lift by

a) creating low pressure above the blades

b) pushing the air down
c) working like a screw

5. On some modern aircraft a stall warning will

automatically

a) increase thrust
b) extend outboard slats
c) cause a pitch nose down movement

1
6. Above 65,800 ft temperature

a) remains constant up to 115,000ft

b) decreases by 1.98oC up to 115000ft
c) increases by 0.303oC up to 115000ft

7. At sea level, ISA atmospheric pressure is

a) 14.7 PSI
b) 14.7 Kpa
c) 10 Bar

8. The spanwise component of the airflow is

a) greater at higher speeds

b) less at higher speeds
c) unaffected by speed

9. A wing fence

a) increases lateral control

b) acts as a lift dumping device
c) reduces spanwise flow on a swept wing thus
reducing induced drag

10. The highest lift/drag ratio is greatest at

a) low altitudes
b) the point just before the stalling angle
c) the optimum angle of attack

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 32

Question :1 The correct answer is b If the CG of the fuel

is not directly on the empty aircraft CG, the loaded
aircraft CG must be calculated twice (with and without
fuel).

Question :2 The correct answer is c See the graph of

lift/drag ratio. Highest at around 4 degrees, then downhill
from there with a rapid decrease after stall.

Question :3 The correct answer is b At low speed, the

aircraft must fly at high AofA and therefore the downwash
is great. This produces a high NEGATIVE angle of attack on
the tailplane and increase its downforce (and hence
effectiveness - assuming it is a downforce which is
required i.e. general case - CG forward of CP).

Question :4 The correct answer is a A pure aerodynamicist

would say all three are correct. But probably a) is
technically most correct.

Question :5 The correct answer is c Some aircraft have an

hydraulic 'stick pusher' which activates after the stall
warning. Also, if stall commences at the root, the
turbulent air hits the tailplane and causes buffet, and
reduces the download on the tail, which allows the aircraft
to pitch-down. Some aircraft have auto-slat extend prior to
stall but not as a 'stall-warning'

Question :6 The correct answer is c 65,800ft is the upper

stratosphere boundary. Temperature increases with altitude
in the stratosphere.

Question :7 The correct answer is a An alternative to

1013.2mb.

Question :8 The correct answer is b The tip vortices are

less at high speed (due to lower AofA at high speed). The
tip vortices cause the spanwise flow.

Question :9 The correct answer is c A wing fence reduces

spanwise flow. Refer: Barnard and Phillpott Page 78.

Question :10 The correct answer is c Normally 4-6 degrees.

 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 33

1. With all conditions remaining the same, if the aircraft

speed is halved, by what factor is the lift reduced?

a) Half
b) By a factor of 4
c) Remains the same

2. The boundary layer over an aerofoil is

a) a layer of air close to the aerofoil that is

stationary
b) a layer of air close to the aerofoil which
is moving at a velocity less than free
stream air
c) a layer of turbulent air close to the
aerofoil which is moving at a velocity less
than free stream air

3. On a swept wing aircraft, the fineness ratio of an

aerofoil is

a) highest at the root

b) highest at the tip
c) equal throughout the span

4. IAS for a stall will

a) increase with altitude

b) decrease with altitude
c) roughly remain the same for all altitude

5. If the radius of a turn is reduced the load factor will

a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same

1
6. Streamlining will reduce

a) form drag
b) induced drag
c) skin friction drag

7. If an aircraft has a gross weight of 3000 kg and is

then subjected to a total weight of 6000 kg
the load factor will be

a) 2G
b) 3G
c) 9G

8. A constant rate of climb is determined by

a) weight
b) wind speed
c) excess engine power

9. Ice formed on the leading edge will cause the aircraft

to

a) stall at the same stall speed and AoA

b) stall at a lower speed
c) stall at a higher speed

10. With an aircraft in bank, the upper wing produces more

drag. To compensate

a) the rudder is operated

b) when bank angle is achieved then the
ailerons are operated in the opposite
direction to cause the opposite effect
c) angle of attack is increased

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 33

Question :1 The correct answer is b Lift is proportional to

the square of aircraft speed

Question :2 The correct answer is b Boundary layer air

consists of turbulent and laminar airflow

Question :3 The correct answer is b Fineness ratio

(chord/thickness) is greatest at the root. Fineness ratio
is the inverse of thickness/chord ratio. Some textbooks
differ on the definition of 'fineness ratio' but most state
FR = chord/thickness. Worth a comment if you get this
question. Quote A&P Mechanics Airframe Handbook Page 32 'If
a wing has a high fineness ratio, it is a very thin wing. A
thick wing has low fineness ratio'.

Question :4 The correct answer is c IAS is not corrected

for density, therefore the aircraft will stall at a
constant IAS regardless of height (density). TAS at stall
however, increases with height.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Increased lift is

required as the turning radius is decreased therefore load
factor increases

Question :6 The correct answer is a Form drag is a function

of shape

Question :7 The correct answer is a Load factor is a

measure of how many times heavier the aircraft 'feels'
compared to how heavy it actually is.

Question :8 The correct answer is c Climb rate is a

function of available power minus required power (i.e.
excess power).

Question :9 The correct answer is c Ice changes the wing

section shape and hence lift (CL) is less and stall speed
is greater.

Question :10 The correct answer is a This is known as

Adverse Aileron Yaw. Rudder input is required to oppose it.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 34

1. If both wings lose lift the aircraft

a) pitches nose up
b) pitches nose down
c) glides on a horizontal plane

2. Under what conditions will an aircraft create best

lift?

a) Cold dry day at 200 ft

b) Hot damp day at 1200 ft
c) Cold wet day at 1200 ft

3. If there is an increase of density, what effect would

there be in aerodynamic dampening?

a) None
b) Decreased
c) Increased

4. As Mach number increases, what is the effect on

boundary layer?

a) Becomes more turbulent

b) Becomes less turbulent
c) Decreases in thickness

5. When a slat is retracted it moves

a) towards the upper leading edge of the wing

b) towards the lower leading edge of the wing
c) towards the center of the leading edge of
the wing

1
6. In a turn the up-going wing causes a

a) de-stabilising effect due to increased AoA

b) de-stabilising effect due to decreased AoA
c) stabilising effect due to decreased AoA

7. The stagnation point consists of

a) dynamic and static air pressure

b) static air pressure
c) dynamic air pressure

8. During a glide the following forces act on an aircraft

a) lift, weight, thrust

b) lift, drag, weight
c) lift and weight only

9. Yawing is a rotation around

a) the normal axis obtained by the elevator

b) the lateral axis obtained by the rudder
c) the normal axis obtained by the rudder

10. If an aileron is moved downward

a) the stalling angle of that wing is increased

b) the stalling angle of that wing is decreased
c) the stalling angle is not affected but the
stalling speed is decreased

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 34

Question :1 The correct answer is a Assuming it is a

conventional configuration (i.e. lift vector rearward of
CofG) then dropping the lift will cause the nose to rise
(thus speed increases and lift regained). Note: some
aircraft (rear engined) will behave the opposite.

Question :2 The correct answer is a Cold dry air at low

altitude provides maximum air density hence best lift

Question :3 The correct answer is c Flight forces (and

hence aerodynamic dampening) are all increased with
increasing density.

Question :4 The correct answer is a As speed increases

(speed here is measured in Mach) the transition point moves
forward, hence turbulent boundary layer increases.

Question :5 The correct answer is a A slat increases the

wing camber at the leading edge. When it retracts, it
retracts to the top of the leading edge. Unlike a Kreuger
Flap which retracts to the lower leading edge.

Question :6 The correct answer is c A variation of question

1 of this paper

Question :7 The correct answer is a Total air pressure is

felt at the stagnation point - this is dynamic plus static.

Question :8 The correct answer is b No thrust in a glide.

The weight provides the forward motion.

Question :9 The correct answer is c Yawing is rotation

around the normal axis obtained by the rudder

Question :10 The correct answer is b The aileron increases

the 'local' AofA and provides a greater camber. Both will
cause the stalling angle of the wing to decrease
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 35

1. If the wing loading of an aircraft were reduced the

stalling speed would

a) increase
b) decrease
c) not be affected

2. Density changes with altitude at a rate

a) of 2 kg/m3 per 1000ft

b) which changes with altitude
c) which is constant until 11000m

3. The lift on a wing is increased with

a) an increase in pressure
b) an increase in humidity
c) an increase in temperature

4. An aircraft entering a level turn will require more

lift

a) only if there is an increase in speed

b) only if there is an increase in angle of
attack
c) in all cases

5. Lateral stability is reduced by increasing

a) anhedral
b) dihedral
c) sweepback

1
6. Pulling the control column and rotating to the left
causes

a) elevator down, left aileron down

b) elevator up, left aileron up
c) elevator down, left aileron up

7. Azimuth stability is dependent on

a) dihedral
b) tailplane
c) keel and fin

8. If the aircraft is slipping in turn

a) the bank angle is too great

b) the bank angle is too small
c) the nose of the aircraft is too low

9. In normal flight conditions, an increase in aircraft

speed

a) causes the nose of the aircraft to drop

b) causes the nose of the aircraft to lift
c) the nose remains in the same position

10. An aircraft sideslips. What helps to restore the

aircraft?

a) Fin gives rolling movement

b) Dihedral causes the aircraft to roll
straight and the fin increases the yaw rate
c) Tailplane

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 35

Question :1 The correct answer is b An increase in wing

loading increases the stall speed. And vice versa.

Question :2 The correct answer is b The rate of change

increase with altitude

Question :3 The correct answer is a Lift depends on

density. Increases in humidity and temperature reduce
density. Increase in pressure increases density.

Question :4 The correct answer is c Some of the lift is

required to turn the aircraft, so lift must be increased in
all cases, to counter weight, and maintain level flight.

Question :5 The correct answer is a Anhedral is a downward

and outward inclination of the wing. It is opposite to
dihedral.

Question :6 The correct answer is b Know your controls and

their effects

Question :7 The correct answer is c Azimuth is a fancy word

for 'direction'

Question :8 The correct answer is a In a coordinated turn

the ac will neither slip or skid, however increase of bank
angle during this coordinated turn will cause the aircraft
to slip as the vertical component of lift will be too small
to oppose the weight of the aircraft

Question :9 The correct answer is b An aircraft cannot

increase in speed and stay level. It must climb.

Question :10 The correct answer is b If the aircraft rolls

then sideslips, the leading wing has more lift (due to
dihedral) so it rolls straight and the fin provides the
weathervane effect
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 36

1. For an aircraft climbing at a constant IAS the Mach

number will

a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain constant

2. The airflow behind a normal shockwave will

a) always be subsonic and in the same direction

as the original airflow
b) always be supersonic and in the same
direction as the original airflow
c) always be subsonic and deflected from the
direction of the original airflow

3. Sweepback of the wings will

a) not affect lateral stability

b) increase lateral stability at high speeds
only
c) increase lateral stability at all speeds

4. With the flaps lowered, the stalling speed will

a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same

5. When flying close to the stall speed a pilot applies

left rudder the aircraft will

a) pitch nose up
b) roll to the left
c) stall the left wing

1
6. When an aircraft is in a bank, the upper wing produces
more drag. To compensate

a) the rudder is operated

b) when bank angle is achieved then the
ailerons are operated in the opposite
direction to cause the opposite effect
c) angle of attack is increased (pitch up)

7. When flaps are down it will

a) increase AOA and increase slow speed

stability
b) decrease AOA and decrease slow speed
stability
c) the AOA remains the same on both wings

8. If you have an aircraft that is more laterally stable

then directionally stable it will tend to:

a) skid
b) slip
c) bank

9. On a very hot day with ambient temperature higher than

ISA, your pressure altitude is 20,000 ft. How much will the
density altitude be?

a) greater than 20000ft

b) less than 20000ft
c) the same

10. The atmospheric zone where the temperature remains

fairly constant is called the

a) Stratosphere
b) Troposphere
c) Ionosphere

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 36

Question: 1 The correct answer is a Speed of sound decreases with

altitude (due only to the drop in temperature). Mach number is
TAS/local speed of sound. So Mach number increases with altitude,
more so as TAS is increasingly greater than IAS

Question: 2 The correct answer is a The airflow behind a normal

shock is subsonic, and in the same direction. It is supersonic
behind an oblique shock (and slightly deflected).

Question: 3 The correct answer is c 10 degrees of sweepback

provides the same effect as 1 degree of dihedral

Question: 4 The correct answer is b Plain flaps stall at a lower

AOA than a basic aerofoil (AC Kermode Fig 3.32 refers). Thus
whilst they provide more lift at low speed, the stall will occur
earlier unless we increase the stalling speed. On a slotted flap
this does not happen

Question: 5 The correct answer is c The reduced speed of the left

wing will cause it to stall. Answer b is very close, but it is
believed that the roll would not be controlled hence we suggest c
is the answer

Question: 6 The correct answer is a This effect is known as

adverse aileron yaw.

Question: 7 The correct answer is b Flaps going down usually

cause a nose down pitching moment therefore if straight and level
flight is maintained the AOA will decrease... Any plain flap
deflection makes the wing liable to stall earlier, thus it is
also less stable with flaps down

Question: 8 The correct answer is a Skidding out of turns is

symptomatic of dutch roll, extra vertical stabilisers are often
added to correct this (Nimrod MR2)

Question: 9 The correct answer is a Density Altitude is pressure

altitude corrected for temperature and humidity. Assuming
constant humidity (we are told no different) ISA or above
temperature will further thin the air for a given pressure
altitude thus making the density altitude higher. Note: At ISA
Temp density and pressure altitude will be the same and for less
than ISA density altitude will be less- Got all that!!

Question: 10 The correct answer is a The stratosphere starts at

36000ft and rises to about 66000ft
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 37

1. Induced drag can be reduced by the use of

a) streamlining
b) high aspect ratio wings
c) fairings at junctions between fuselage and
wings

2. Interference drag can be reduced by the use of

a) streamlining
b) high aspect ratio wings
c) fairings at junctions between fuselage and
wings

3. A centre of gravity position close to its aft limit

will cause the aircraft to

a) pitch nose up and decrease it’s longitudinal

stability
b) pitch nose down and increase it’s
longitudinal stability
c) pitch nose up and increase it’s longitudinal
stability

4. The result of an aircraft flying into a rainstorm of

super cooled rain droplets would be an accretion of

a) rime ice
b) hoar ice
c) glaze ice

5. Ice accretion on an aircraft in flight that is opaque,

rough, with low shear strength is

a) rime ice
b) hoar ice
c) glaze ice

1
6. In a steady climb

a) thrust is greater than drag

b) thrust is equal to drag
c) thrust is less than drag

7. On a slender delta wing at low speed the lift/drag

ratio is

a) reduced
b) increased
c) constant

8. A high winged aircraft in a turn requires returning to

level flight.

a) Lift must decrease on the upper wing

b) Lift must increase on the upper wing
c) Lift must decrease on the lower wing

9. What happens to the load factor as you decrease the

turn radius?

a) Load factor increases

b) Load factor decreases
c) Load factor remains constant

10. A high wing aircraft in a banked turn increases it’s

angle of bank without increasing it’s angle of attack. The
aircraft will

a) side slip
b) side slip with a loss of altitude
c) come out of the turn early

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 37

Question :1 The correct answer is b High aspect ratio wings

have low induced drag(ie a glider wing)

Question :2 The correct answer is c Interference drag

occurs as a result of turbulence at wing body joints

Question :3 The correct answer is a AC Kermode page 145

states that a pitch up will increase AOA and further
destabilise the aircraft

Question :4 The correct answer is a The dictionary of

aeronautical terms defines rime ice as that which forms on
impacting surfaces when in supercooled moisture

Question :5 The correct answer is a Rime ice is opaque and

rough, thus disrupts airflow and reduces lift. Note that
Glaze ice is clear and smooth

Question :6 The correct answer is a The thrust must

overcome drag plus a component of the weight. See Kermode
page 216

Question :7 The correct answer is a At low speed to

maintain straight and level flight AOA must increase hence
L/D ratio decreases

Question :8 The correct answer is a A decrease in lift on

the raised wing will allow the wings to roll towards level

Question :9 The correct answer is a Load factor(g)is a

function of bank angle. g = 1/cos(bank angle)

Question :10 The correct answer is b Assuming constant TAS

the lift opposing weight decreases and slip occurs with
loss of altitude
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 38

1. If the ambient temperature at sea level decreases, the

operational ceiling height of the aircraft

a) increases
b) decreases
c) stays the same

2. A sharply swept wing will promote

a) excessive lateral instability

b) excessive lateral stability
c) excessive longitudinal stability

3. Which control surfaces provide directional and pitch

control?

a) Elevons
b) Ruddervators
c) Tailerons

4. Which control surfaces provide lateral control, also

longitudinal control and stability?

a) Flapperons
b) Ruddervators
c) Tailerons

5. Name the four fundamentals involved in maneuvering the

aircraft.

a) Aircraft power, pitch, bank and trim

b) Straight and level flight, turn and climb
and descent.
c) Take off, slow flight and stalls

1
6. Under the category system the design load factor for an
airplane in the normal category is

a) 4.4 g
b) 3.8 g
c) 5.7 g

7. For a given bank angle the load factor imposed on both

the aeroplane and pilot in a co-ordinated constant altitude
turn

a) is constant
b) is directly related to airplanes gross
weight
c) is varied with the ratio of turn

8. The degree of aeroplane wing loading during level

coordinated turn in smooth air depends upon

a) angle of bank
b) rate of turn
c) density altitude

9. The primary purpose of wing spoilers is to

a) decrease lift of the wing by disturbing the

airflow
b) decrease landing speed
c) increase drag

10. Wing flap is a

a) primary control surface

b) secondary control surface
c) high lift device

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 38

Question :1 The correct answer is a If temperature at sea

level decreases then it is colder at altitude. Therefore
density increases, and more lift is available

Question :2 The correct answer is b Swept wing fighter

aircraft often have anhedral to promote greater roll rate,
which is needed due to excessive stability

Question :3 The correct answer is b Ruddervators are the

moveable surfaces in a v tail empennage

Question :4 The correct answer is c Tailerons are all

moving tailplanes as fitted to the Tornado

Question :5 The correct answer is a Power and bank for

turns, pitch and trim for climb and dive

Question :6 The correct answer is b JAR 25.337 refers.

See
http://www.faatest.com/books/FLT/Chapter17/LoadFactorsinAir
planeDesign.htm

Question :7 The correct answer is a A coordinated turn is

one that all parameters are constant, without the aircraft
climbing or sideslipping

Question :8 The correct answer is a The more bank required

the more lift is required, hence wing loading (lift/wing
area) increases

Question :9 The correct answer is a We are going for 'a'

because spoilers are also known as lift dumpers, however if
you increase turbulence you also increase drag

Question :10 The correct answer is c Flaps are also known

as lift augmentation devices
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 39

1. Gliding angle is the angle between

a) ground and the glide path

b) aircraft and flight path
c) aircraft and airflow

2. Frise ailerons are used to minimize

a) giving stability
b) lateral stability
c) adverse yaw

3. During steep dive, the load factor will be

a) zero
b) 2g
c) -1g

4. Which statement is true regarding CofG location and

drag?

a) If loaded with CofG aft, but within limits,

the aeroplane will cruise at a slower
airspeed because of increased drag.
b) If loaded with CofG forward the aircraft
will cruise at a faster speed because of
reduced drag.
c) If loaded with CofG aft but within limit,
the aircraft will cruise at faster airspeed
because of reduced air drag.

5. Propeller Solidity can be increased by

a) increasing the blade angle

b) increasing the number of blades
c) decreasing the length of the blades

1
6. In a steady climb at constant indicated airspeed, true
airspeed will

a) decrease
b) increase
c) remain constant

7. Density changes with altitude at a rate

a) of 2 kg/m3 per 1000ft

b) which changes with altitude
c) which is constant until 11km

8. In the ISA the height of the tropopause is

a) 11,000 metres
b) 11,000 feet
c) 36,000 metres

9. Lift is generated by a wing

a) equally on the top and bottom surfaces

b) mostly on the top surface
c) mostly on the bottom surface

10. Lift is dependent on

a) the area of the wing, the density of the

fluid medium and the square of the velocity
b) the net area of the wing, the density of the
fluid medium and the velocity
c) the frontal area of the wing, the density of
the fluid medium and the velocity

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 39

Question :1 The correct answer is a The greater the L/D

angle the less the glide angle is- therefore you can glide
further

Question :2 The correct answer is c When deflected up a

friese aileron inserts abeak into the airflow on the
underside of the wing, this balances the increased drag
created by the down going aileron on the other side

Question :3 The correct answer is a In a vertical dive lift

is zero, therefore the load factor is zero

Question :4 The correct answer is c Barnard and Phillips

Aircraft Flight Page 319 states that trim drag reduces as
the Cof G moves aft

Question :5 The correct answer is b A C Kermode Mechanics

of Flight CH 4 Page 138 shows methods of increasing
solidity

Question :6 The correct answer is b TAS is greater than IAS

at altitude because of the drop in density

Question :7 The correct answer is b Density decreases

exponentially with altitude

Question :8 The correct answer is a 11,000 metres or 36,000

feet approximately

Question :9 The correct answer is b 2/3 of lift is produced

by the top surface

Question :10 The correct answer is a

Lift = Lift Coefficient x 1/2 x density x velocity-squared
x wing area (Lift formula)
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 40

1. In the ISA the sea level pressure is taken to be

a) 1013.2 mb
b) 14 PSI
c) 1.013 mb

2. To produce lift an aerofoil must be

a) asymmetrical
b) symmetrical
c) either (a) or (b)

3. If fluid flow through a venturi is said to be

incompressible, the speed of the flow increases at the
throat to

a) maintain a constant volume flow rate

b) allow for a reduction in static pressure
c) allow for an increase in static pressure

4. Bernoulli's equation shows that

a) at constant velocity the total energy of the

air changes with a change in height
b) with a change in speed at constant height
both kinetic and potential energies change
c) with a change in velocity at constant height
the static pressure will change

5. Airflow at sub-sonic speed is taken to be

a) compressible
b) incompressible
c) either (a) or (b) depending on altitude

1
6. In the ISA the temperature lapse rate with altitude is
taken to be:

a) non linear
b) dependent on pressure and density changes
c) linear

7. A wing develops 10,000 N of lift at 100 Kts. Assuming

the wing remains at the same angle of
attack - how much lift will it develop at 300 Kts.

a) 900,000 Kts
b) 90,000 Kts
c) 30,000 Kts

8. With an aircraft in a 90 degree banked turn, holding

the longitudinal axis of the aircraft level

a) altitude can be maintained

b) altitude cannot be maintained
c) the pilot uses the elevators to maintain
height

9. During a correctly executed turn

a) the lift vector is held constant to equal

the weight vector
b) the lift vector must be increased
c) the centrifugal force must be greater than
the centripetal force

10. The lowering of a flap will

a) affect the mean camber line

b) not affect the mean camber line
c) affect the chord line of the aerofoil

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 40

Question :1 The correct answer is a

1013.2 millibars

Question :2 The correct answer is c

A symmetrical wing will produce lift if presented at a
suitable positive angle of attack

Question :3 The correct answer is a

Continuity of flow principle

Question :4 The correct answer is a

Question :5 The correct answer is b

Question :6 The correct answer is c

Question :7 The correct answer is b

Lift varies with velocity squared

Question :8 The correct answer is b

Question :9 The correct answer is b

The VERTICAL COMPONENT of the lift vector must be equal to
the weight vector

Question :10 The correct answer is a

This assumes that they are referring to the 'bending' of
the chord or camber line.
 Module 8

Aerodynamics
Exam number 41

1. The total drag of an aircraft

a) increases with the square of speed

b) increases with speed
c) changes with speed

2. Put in sequence from the ground

a) troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere

b) tropopause, stratosphere, troposphere
c) troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere

3. If, after a disturbance, an aeroplane initially returns

to its equilibrium state

a) it has neutral stability

b) it is neutrally unstable
c) it has static stability and may be
dynamically stable

4. A stick shaker is intended to come into operation

a) at the actual moment of aircraft stall

b) prior to the actual moment of aircraft stall
c) immediately after the aircraft is stalled

5. ------ angle of attack is known as optimum angle of

attack

a) 10 to 12 degrees
b) 3 to 4 degrees
c) 5 to 7 degrees

1
6. True stalling speed of an aircraft increases with
altitude

a) because reduced temperature causes

compressibility effect
b) because air density is reduced
c) because humidity is increased and this
increases drag

7. Yaw dampers are designed to

a) prevent dutch roll

b) assist the pilot to move the rudder
c) reduce the effect of crabbing due to cross
winds

8. Tuck under occurs when

a) a shock stall occurs on the outboard portion

of the swept wing
b) a shock stall warning occurs on the inboard
position of a straight wing
c) the aircraft reaches Mcrit

9. Induced drag is ------------ at root

a) greatest
b) lowest
c) neutral

10. Profile drag is --------- to speed

a) neutral
b) inversely proportional
c) proportional

2
 Module 8

Answers for exam 41

Question :1 The correct answer is c

The graph of TOTAL drag against airspeed is 'U' shaped. c
can be the only correct answer

Question :2 The correct answer is a

Question :3 The correct answer is c

Question says nothing about overshooting and oscillating,
so it could be dynamically unstable, even though it is
statically stable

Question :4 The correct answer is b

Question :5 The correct answer is b

Question :6 The correct answer is b

True airspeed is Indicated Airspeed corrected for density

Question :7 The correct answer is a

Question :8 The correct answer is c

Question :9 The correct answer is a

Since upwash and downwash is greater at the root than the
tip (for most planforms)
http://142.26.194.131/aerodynamics1/Drag/Page6.html

Question :10 The correct answer is c

 Module 8 Exam
Aerodynamics

Exam 42

1. The optimum angle of attack is the best angle of

attack

a) for take-off
b) in cruise
c) for landing

2. A shock stall occurs at

a) small angles of attack

b) large angles of attack
c) equally both large and small angles of attack

3. Vortex generators are fitted to aircraft to

a) move the transition point forward

b) move the stagnation point rearwards
c) move the transition point rearwards

4. A vortex generator is designed

a) to delay boundary layer separation

b) to increase flow separation at high speed
c) to enlarge the tip vortex thus reducing
parasitic drag

5. Aerodynamic balance of a control surface may be

achieved

a) by a horn at the extremity of the surface

forward of the hinge line
b) by weights added to the control surface aft of
the hinge line
c) by a trimming strip at the trailing edge of
the surface
6. In a reversed chambered stabiliser the yoke has
been moved such that the elevator is up. This

a) will increase tailplane download

b) will decrease tailplane download
c) may increase or decrease tailplane download
depending upon the aircraft's C of G position

7. Wing spoilers, when used asymmetrically, are

associated with

a) rudder
b) elevators
c) ailerons

8. Air brakes can be used to

a) dump the lift off the wings on landing

b) prevent turbulence during high speed flight
c) laterally trim the aircraft independent of the
aileron control system

9. If the ailerons are moved from the neutral

position there is

a) higher induced drag on down going aileron

b) induced drag on both ailerons but more so on
downgoing one
c) induced drag is unaffected, only profile drag
changes

10. The International Standard Atmosphere can be

described as

a) the atmosphere which can be used Worldwide to

provide comparable performance results
b) the atmosphere at 45 degrees north latitude
c) the atmosphere at the equator with certain
conditions
 Answers for Exam 42

Question :1 The correct answer is b

Question :2 The correct answer is a An arguable point. Shock stall

is due to shock induced separation which can occur at any angle of
attack, but it would be difficult to achieve the high speed
necessary with a high angle of attack

Question :3 The correct answer is a

Question :4 The correct answer is a

Question :5 The correct answer is a

Question :6 The correct answer is a

Question :7 The correct answer is c

Question :8 The correct answer is a

Question :9 The correct answer is b

Question :10 The correct answer is a Please do not report this as

being the same question(but different answer)to a previous
question
 Module 8
Aerodynamics

Exam 43

1. The temperature Lapse rate below the tropopause

is

a) 1oC per 1000ft

b) 3oC per 1000ft
c) 2oC per 1000ft

2. When maintaining a constant IAS at high altitude

a) TAS will higher than when at a lower altitude

b) TAS will be the same as when at a lower
altitude
c) TAS will be higher than when at a lower
altitude

3. Above the tropopause air pressure

a) decreases at a constant rate

b) increases exponentially
c) decreases exponentially

4. Which of the following is correct?

a) Absolute pressure + Atmospheric pressure =

Gauge pressure
b) Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure +
Atmospheric pressure
c) Atmospheric pressure = Absolute pressure +
Gauge pressure

5. What happens to the wingtip stagnation point as

the AOA increases?

a) It moves down and under the leading edge

b) It moves up and over the leading edge
c) It remains unchanged
6. What does the term 'wing washout' mean?

a) The airflow moves toward the end of the wing

b) The design of the wing that gives the wing tip
a lower angle of incidence
c) The design of the wing that gives the wing tip
a much greater angle of incidence

7. The Point at which airflow ceases to be laminar

and becomes turbulent is the

a) boundary point
b) transition point
c) separation point

8. Which of the following is true about Profile

drag?

a) Profile drag = skin drag + induced drag

b) Profile drag = induced drag + Form drag
c) Profile drag + Skin Drag + Form Drag

9. Which statement is true?

a) Profile drag increases with the square of the

airspeed
b) Induced drag increases with the square of the
airspeed
c) Both Induced drag and profile drag increase
with the square of the airspeed

10. Which statement is true?

a) Tapered wings stall at the root first

b) Rectangular wings stall at the root first
c) Both tapered and rectangular wings will stall
at the tip first
 Answers for Exam 43

Question :1 The correct answer is c 1.98 degrees C per 1000ft to

be exact

Question :2 The correct answer is a TAS is indicated airspeed

corrected for density so TAS is always greater than IAS at higher
altitude

Question :3 The correct answer is c Air pressure continues to

decrease exponentially in the stratosphere

Question :4 The correct answer is b Absolute pressure=Gauge

pressure+Atmospheric pressure

Question :5 The correct answer is a It moves down and under the

leading edge

Question :6 The correct answer is b Wing is twisted such that

incidence is lower at the tip

Question :7 The correct answer is b transition point

Question :8 The correct answer is c Profile drag+Skin Drag+Form

Drag

Question :9 The correct answer is a Profile drag increases with

the square of the airspeed but induced drag decreases with the
square of the airspeed

Question :10 The correct answer is b Rectangular wings stall at

the root first
 Module 8
Aerodynamics

Exam 44

1. The lateral axis is

a) a straight line through the CG parallel to a line

joining the wingtips
b) a straight line through the CG from nose to tail
c) a straight line through the CG at right angles
to the longitudinal and lateral axis

2. The main factors which affect longitudinal

stability are

a) design of the tailplane and position of the CG

b) design of the mainplane and position of the CG
c) design of the fuselage and position of the CG

3. A yawing motion provides what kind of Stability?

a) Lateral
b) Longitudinal
c) Directional

4. During inverted level flight an aircraft

accelerometer shows

a) 0g
b) -2g
c) -1g

5. During straight and level flight an aircraft

accelerometer shows

a) 2g
b) 1g
c) 4g
6. When is the L/D (Lift to Drag) ratio at its
highest. When the AoA is

a) 0 degrees
b) 4 degrees
c) at stall

7. Which of the following is incorrect about induced

drag?

a) It will increase inversely to the square of the

airspeed
b) It will decrease in proportion to the square of
the airspeed
c) It will increase when the angle of attack is
reduced

8. Which of the following is true about forces

acting on an aircraft during climb?

a) Lift acts at right angles to the flight path and

the weight acts vertically downwards
b) Lift acts at right angles to the longitudinal axis
and weight act at right angles to the flight path
c) Both lift and weight act at right angles to the
flight path

9. Which of the following L/D ratio will enable one

to achieve maximum distance in a glide?

a) Maximum L/D
b) Minimum L/D
c) Zero L/D

10. If an aircraft is turned/controlled to the left,

what happens to the speed of the airflow over
the left wing?

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays the same
 Answers for Exam 44

Question :1 The correct answer is a A straight line through the CG

parallel to a line joining the wingtip

Question :2 The correct answer is a

Question :3 The correct answer is c Yawing is directional

stability

Question :4 The correct answer is c Inverted(level)flight is-1g

Question :5 The correct answer is b Straight and level flight is

1g

Question :6 The correct answer is b L/D ratio is highest at about

4 degrees AoA

Question :7 The correct answer is c Which is INcorrect

Question :8 The correct answer is a Lift acts at right angles to

the flight path

Question :9 The correct answer is a Maximum L/D gives max distance

Question :10 The correct answer is c Although once established in

the turn,it will be very slightly slower than the right wing.
 Module 8
Aerodynamics

Exam 45

1. As the altitude increases what happens of the

ratio of Nitrogen to Oxygen?

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays the same

2. What produces the most lift at low speeds?

a) High aspect ratio

b) High camber
c) Low aspect ratio

3. What happens to the density of air as altitude is

increased?

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays the same

4. What is the purpose of a slot?

a) The re-energise the boundary layer

b) Increase boundary layer
c) Decrease boundary layer

5. If the angle of attack is zero, but lift is

produced, the

a) wing is cambered
b) wing is symmetrical
c) wing has positive angle of incidence
6. When is the angle of incidence the same as the
angle of attack?

a) In descent
b) When relative airflow is parallel to
longitudinal axis
c) Never

7. If a plain flap is lowered or extended

a) camber increases
b) angle of attack increases
c) both camber and angle of attack increase

8.
a)
b)
c)

9.
a)
b)
c)

10.
a)
b)
c)
 Answers for Exam 45

Question :1 The correct answer is c

Question :2 The correct answer is a

Question :3 The correct answer is b

Question :4 The correct answer is a

Question :5 The correct answer is a

Question :6 The correct answer is b

Question :7 The correct answer is c

Question :8 The correct answer is

Question :9 The correct answer is

Question :10 The correct answer is Please do not report this as

being the same question(but different answer)to a previous
question