PROJECT REPORT

On

“Automatic Irrigation System ”

Submitted To
RAJEEV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWA VIDYALAYA
BHOPAL
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

“Diploma in Electronics & Instrumentation”

Submitted By

AJAY SAINI (21061E04003) A TUL KORI (21061E04006

AJAY DHAKAD (21061E04002) A RUN LODHA
(21061E04005)

KARAN VANSHKAR (21061E04013)

V ISHAL LODHA (21061E04038)

Department of Electronics & Instrumentation

GOVT.POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE RAGHOGARH
2023-2024
 GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLAGE, RAGHOGARH

PROJECT REPORT

on
“Automatic Irrigation system ”
For The Partial Fulfillment Of

DIPLOMA IN

“ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION”

Year 2023- 24

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY

MR. MONU KUMAR SAINI
(LECTURER) AJAY SAINI (21061E04003)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION AJAY DHAKAD (21061E04002)
GOVT.POLY. COLLAGE, RAGHOGARH ARUN LODHA (21061E04005)
ATUL KORI (21061E04006
KARAN VANSHKAR (21061E04013)
VISHAL LODHA (21061E04038)
 GOVT. POLYTECHNIC COLLAGE, RAGHOGARH
AFFILIATED TO
(RAJEEV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWA VIDYALAYA, BHOPAL, M.P.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Automatic Irrigation System
”was Carried out in the session 2023-24 by the of final year “ Ajay saini, Ajay
Dhakad, Arun Lodha, Atul kori, Karan Vanshkar, Vishal lodha” under my
supervision and guidance as a partial fulfillment for the award of Diploma Year
2023- 24

COUNTER SIGNED BY

Mr. Monu Kumar Saini Mr. K. R. Dehariya

(LECTURER) (PRINCIPAL)
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION) Govt. Polytechnic College,Raghogarh
Guna,M.P.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project report is on the bonafide work done by us as a partial fulfillment for the award of
Diploma in “Electronics & Instrumentation” during the session 2024 within the four walls of
the institution under the supervision and guidance of our teacher “Mr. Monu kumar Saini” if
any short comings or mistakes are there, they are due to us while any good work or excellence
achieved are due to our learned guide. We acknowledge our heartiest gratitude to him.

(HOD & Other helping hands)

 Dr.R K Dixit
 Dr.Veervrat singh
 Mrs. Manju Saini
 Mr. Sunil Parihaar

(Signature & name of the student)

AJAY SAINI (21061E04003) …….……………………..

AJAY DHAKAD (21061E04002) ............................

ATUL KORI (21061E04006) .............................

ARUN LODHA (21061E04005) .............................

KARAN VANSHKAR (21061E04013) .............................

VISHAL LODHA (21061E04038) .............................

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Major Project entitled “AUTOMATIC

IRRIGATION SYSTEM " is the result of our seam work. The project has not
been accepted for any Diploma and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of
any other diploma

NAME OF STUDENTS ROLL NO. MOBILE NO.

1. AJAY DHAKAD 21061E04002 9617679724

2. AJAY SAINI 21061E04003 6265056573

3. ARUN LODHA 21061E04005 7477275028

4. ATUL KORI 21061E04006 7879961513

5. KARAN VANSHKAR 21061E04013 9479814286

6. VISHAL LODHA 21061E04038 6268335820

 ABSTRACT

Automation in irrigation or an Automatic Irrigation System refers to operating

irrigation with little or no manual intervention apart from surveillance. You
can automate almost every Drip Irrigation System with the help of sensors,
Timers, Or computers. Automatic Drip Irrigation System proves more efficient
and timelier. It allows farmers to focus on the more important tasks requiring
expertise, experience, and wisdom.
An automation of irrigation systems has several positive effects. Once
installed, the water distribution on fields or small-scale gardens is easier and
does not have to be permanently controlled by an operator. There are several
solutions to design automated irrigation systems. Modern big-scale systems
allow big areas to be managed by one operator only. Sprinkler, drip or
subsurface drip irrigation systems require pumps and some high tech-
components and if used for large surfaces skilled operators are also required.
Extremely high-tech solutions also exist using GIS and satellites to
automatically measure the water needs content of each crop parcel and
optimise the irrigation system. But automation of irrigation can sometimes
also be done with simple, mechanical appliances.
 Contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………...….1
1.2 Motivation……………………………………………………………………3
1.3 Theoretical background…………………………………………..…....3
1.3.1 Irrigation System……............................................................4
1.3.2 Automatic Irrigation System……………………………….4
1.4 Literature Review…………………………………………………………5
1.5 Statement of the problem………………………………………………..6
1.6 Aims and Objective ……………………………………………………….7
1.7 Significance Of the Study……………………………………………….8
1.8 Methodology…………………………………………………………………9
1.9 Organization………………………………………………………………...10

2 Designing Of Switching Based Circuit 12

2. 1Introduction
2.2 List of Components………………………………………
2.2.1 Arduino
2.2.2 LCD Display
2.2.3 I2C Module
2.2.4 Single Channel Relay
2.2.5 Moisture Sensor
2.2.6 Solenoid Valve
2.3 Results And Discussions
2.4 Summary

3 Automatic Irrigation System using Arduino

3.1 Introduction
3.2 block diagram off automatic irrigation
3.3 Irrigation system control using by Arduino UNO
3.4 Arduino Uno Programming Code ………
3.5 Result
4 Conclusion
4.1 Advantage......................................................................................................
4.2 Limitation Of The Study………………………………………
4.3 Conclusion……………………………..……………….……
4.4 Future Scope..........................................................................................

5 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................................
Introduction

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Contents

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………...….1
1.2 Motivation……………………………………………………………………3
1.3 Theoretical background…………………………………………..…....3
1.3.1 Irrigation System……...............................................................4
1.3.2 Automatic Irrigation System………………………..…….4
1.4 Literature Review…………………………………………………...……5
1.5 Statement of the problem……………………………………….……..6
1.6 Aims and Objective ………………………………………………...…….7
1.7 Significance Of the Study………………………………………...…….8
1.8 Methodology………………………………………………………..………9
1.9 Organization………………………………………………………..……...10

1.1 Introduction

An irrigation system is a method of delivering water to crops, lawns, gardens,

or landscapes to help them grow and thrive, especially in areas where rainfall
is insufficient or unreliable. These systems are designed to efficiently
distribute water to plants, minimizing water wastage and labor.

1.1. Introduction
An automatic irrigation system is designed to water plants and crops
efficiently without the need for manual intervention. This system consists of
several key components: a controller, sensors, valves, pipes, and watering
devices such as sprinklers or drip emitters.

The controller acts as the system's brain, scheduling and managing watering
times based on programmed data or real-time information. Sensors monitor
various environmental factors, such as soil moisture, temperature, and
weather conditions. These sensors feed data back to the controller, which then
decides when and how much to water the plants.

Valves play a crucial role in controlling the water flow. They open and close
based on signals from the controller, directing water through a network of
pipes to the sprinklers or drip emitters. Sprinklers are typically used for lawns
and larger areas, while drip emitters provide precise water delivery to
individual plants or garden beds.

This automated process ensures that plants receive the right amount of water
at the right time, reducing water waste and promoting healthier plant growth.
It also significantly cuts down on labor, as there is no need for manual
watering. Additionally, the system can make real-time adjustments based on
changing weather conditions, ensuring optimal watering even during
unexpected weather changes.

Automatic irrigation systems are beneficial in various settings, including

agriculture, residential gardens, commercial landscapes, and greenhouses. In
1.2. Motivation

agriculture, they enhance crop yields and conserve water. For residential and
commercial landscapes, they maintain healthy lawns and gardens with
minimal effort. In greenhouses, they provide precise control over water and
humidity levels, essential for optimal plant growth.

Overall, automatic irrigation systems offer a practical and efficient solution for
managing water resources and maintaining plant health across different
environments.

1.2 Motivation
Automatic irrigation systems are motivated by the need to conserve water,
save labor, and improve plant health. They use sensors to deliver precise
water amounts, reducing waste and ensuring plants get the right hydration.
These systems automate watering, saving time and effort, especially in large
areas. Technological advancements allow for remote control and monitoring,
making them even more efficient and user-friendly. Overall, they offer a
sustainable, practical solution for modern irrigation needs.
Automatic irrigation systems save water, time, and effort by delivering the
right amount of water to plants at the right time. They use sensors to monitor
soil moisture and weather conditions, ensuring efficient watering. These
systems automate the process, making it easier for users to maintain healthy
plants without manual intervention.
1.3. Theoretical Background

Automatic irrigation systems use knowledge from different areas like soil
science, plant needs, and engineering to work well. They make sure plants get
the right amount of water at the right times. By understanding how water
moves in the soil and what plants need, these systems can water plants
efficiently. Engineers design the parts of the system, like pipes and valves,
while sensors and timers control when and how much water gets used.
Considering things like weather and plant growth helps make the system work
better. Overall, automatic irrigation systems help plants grow well while using
water wisely.
1.3.1 Irrigation System
An irrigation system efficiently delivers water to plants through a network of
pipes, valves, and sprinklers or drip lines. It can be controlled manually or
automatically with timers and sensors to ensure precise watering. This
system provides consistent moisture to plants, promoting healthy growth
while conserving water. It's commonly used in gardens, lawns, and
agricultural fields to maintain optimal soil moisture.Automatic irrigation
systems use knowledge from different areas like soil science, plant needs, and
engineering to work well. They make sure plants get the right.
An irrigation system is designed to deliver water to plants efficiently. It
typically includes a network of pipes, valves, and sprinklers or drip lines that
distribute water directly to the roots of the plants. The system can be
manually operated or automated with timers and sensors that control when
and how much water is applied. This ensures that plants receive consistent
moisture, promoting healthy growth while conserving water. Irrigation
systems are used in gardens, lawns, and agricultural fields to maintain optimal
soil moisture levels.
1.3.2 Automatic Irrigation System

Automatic irrigation systems work by using what we know about soil, plants,
and engineering to water plants automatically. They make sure plants get just
the right amount of water they need, without wasting any. Engineers design
the parts of the system, like pipes and sensors, to work together smoothly. By
considering things like weather and how plants grow, these systems can water
plants efficiently. They help plants stay healthy and save water at the same
time.
Automatic irrigation systems use knowledge from different areas like soil
science, plant needs, and engineering to work well. They make sure plants get
the right amount of water at the right times. By understanding how water
moves in the soil and what plants need, these systems can water plants
efficiently. Engineers design the parts of the system, like pipes and valves,
while sensors and timers control when and how much water gets used.
Considering things like weather and plant growth helps make the system work
better. Overall, automatic irrigation systems help plants grow well while using
water wisely.
1.4. Literature Review

1.4 Literature Review

Automatic irrigation systems are a crucial innovation in agricultural and
landscape management, aimed at optimizing water use, reducing labor, and
enhancing crop productivity. These systems leverage advancements in
technology to automate the irrigation process, ensuring precise and efficient
water distribution. Historically, irrigation methods were manual and labor-
intensive, but the mid-20th century saw the emergence of mechanized and
automated systems driven by the need for better water management and
agricultural efficiency. There are various types of automatic irrigation
systems, including surface irrigation, which uses gravity-fed methods
controlled by automated gates and valves, and sprinkler irrigation, where
water is dispersed through a network of pipes and emitters controlled by
timers or sensors. These systems represent a significant leap in agricultural
technology, providing sustainable solutions to water scarcity and helping to
meet the growing global demand for food.
Automatic irrigation systems help farmers and gardeners water their crops
and plants more efficiently. These systems use technology to automatically
control when and how much water is used, saving time and resources. In the
past, people had to water plants by hand or use simple tools, which took a lot
of effort and wasn't very efficient. Today, automatic systems can include
sprinklers and drip irrigation, which use timers and sensors to make sure
plants get the right amount of water at the right time. This not only saves
water but also helps plants grow better and reduces the amount of work
needed to maintain them.
1.5. Statement of the problem

Gardening has become effortless with automatic irrigation systems. These

systems intelligently water plants using sensors and weather data, conserving
water and ensuring optimal growth. With IoT integration, controlling your
garden from your smartphone is convenient and efficient.

1.5. Statement of the problem

An automatic irrigation system aims to address several critical issues related

to traditional watering methods. Water wastage is a primary concern, as
inefficient irrigation can lead to significant loss of this vital resource,
especially in regions prone to drought. Additionally, manual irrigation is labor-
intensive, demanding considerable time and effort, which is impractical for
large-scale gardens or agricultural fields. Inconsistencies in watering
schedules due to human error can harm plant health, either through under-
watering, causing drought stress, or over-watering, leading to root rot.
Moreover, traditional methods often fail to adapt to changing environmental
conditions such as rainfall and temperature fluctuations, resulting in further
inefficiencies. Scalability also poses a challenge; as the size of the area needing
irrigation grows, so does the complexity and labor required to maintain an
effective watering system. Therefore, the primary objective of an automatic
irrigation system is to optimize water usage, reduce manual labor, and ensure
consistent, environmentally responsive watering, ultimately promoting
healthier plant growth and more sustainable water management.
An automatic irrigation system is designed to solve several problems with
traditional watering methods. First, it reduces water wastage by delivering the
right amount of water directly to plants. This is crucial in areas with water
1.6. Aims and Objective

shortages. Second, it cuts down on the time and effort needed for manual
watering, making it easier for people to manage their gardens or farms. Third,
it provides consistent watering, which helps plants grow better by avoiding
over-watering or under-watering. Additionally, it can adapt to weather
changes, ensuring plants get the right amount of water based on current
conditions. This system is especially useful for large areas, as it makes
irrigation more manageable and efficient. Overall, an automatic irrigation
system helps save water, reduce labor, and improve plant health.
An automatic irrigation system addresses key problems with traditional
watering. It saves water by giving plants the exact amount they need, reduces
manual labor, provides consistent watering, and adapts to weather changes.
This makes it ideal for both small and large areas, ensuring efficient water use
and healthier plants.

1.6 Aims and Objective

#### Aim
To enhance water management efficiency and promote healthy plant growth
by automating the irrigation process.

#### Objectives

1. *Efficient Water Usage*

- Minimize water wastage by delivering precise amounts of water needed by
the plants.
- Optimize irrigation schedules using sensor data.

2. *Labor Reduction*
- Automate the watering process to reduce the need for manual labor.
- Enable remote monitoring and control.

1. *Consistent and Precise Watering*

1.7. Significance Of the Study

- Ensure plants receive the right amount of water, avoiding over-watering

and under-watering.
- Distribute water evenly across the area.

4. *Adaptability to Environmental Conditions*

- Adjust watering schedules based on real-time weather conditions.
- Adapt to seasonal changes for optimal watering.

5. *Scalability and Flexibility*

- Design a system that can scale for different sizes of gardens or fields.
- Use modular components for flexibility.

6. *Improved Plant Health*

- Promote healthy plant growth with consistent watering.
- Monitor soil conditions continuously.

7. *Sustainability*
- Conserve water resources with efficient irrigation practices.
- Incorporate energy-efficient components and renewable energy sources.

1.7. Significance Of the Study

- *Water Conservation*: Efficiently uses water by delivering precise amounts

needed by plants, reducing wastage.
- *Labor Savings*: Reduces manual watering and allows remote control and
monitoring.
- *Enhanced Plant Health*: Provides consistent and uniform watering,
preventing overwatering and underwatering.
- *Increased Crop Yields*: Promotes optimal growth conditions, leading to
higher yields.
- *Environmental Benefits*: Supports sustainable practices by reducing
runoff and protecting ecosystems.
- *Economic Advantages*: Offers long-term savings in water and labor costs,
and increased productivity.
- *Technological Integration*: Utilizes smart technologies for data-driven
irrigation management.
1.8. Methodology

Creating an automatic irrigation system involves a few key steps to ensure

your garden gets the right amount of water efficiently. Start by assessing your
garden's needs: measure the area, identify the types of plants, and understand
your soil type and water source.

Next, design the system by dividing the garden into zones based on similar
watering needs. Choose a smart controller with enough zones, electric
solenoid valves to control water flow, durable pipes, and suitable emitters like
sprinklers for lawns and drip emitters for beds.

Install the system by marking where pipes, valves, and emitters will go. Dig
trenches for the pipes, connect them to the valves, and secure the valves in
protective boxes. Attach the emitters to the pipes, ensuring they cover the
intended areas.

Mount the controller in a safe location, connect it to a power source, and link it
to the valves with low-voltage wires. Program the controller with watering
schedules tailored to your plants' needs and local weather conditions. Test the
system to check for leaks and ensure even water coverage, making any
necessary adjustments.

Maintain the system by regularly checking for clogs and leaks, and clean or
replace parts as needed. For added efficiency, consider using sensors that
adjust watering based on rain and soil moisture. This straightforward
approach will help you create a reliable and efficient automatic irrigation
system that keeps your garden healthy and thriving.
1.9. Organization

Creating an automatic irrigation system involves careful planning, selecting

appropriate components, and setting up and programming the system. Begin
by assessing the garden's area, soil type, plant varieties, and water source to
design a layout with zones that have similar water requirements. Choose a
smart controller, electric solenoid valves, durable pipes, and suitable emitters
like sprinklers for lawns and drip emitters for beds. Install the system by
trenching for pipes, connecting valves, and positioning emitters. Program the
controller with optimal watering schedules, considering weather conditions
and soil moisture. Test and adjust the system to ensure even coverage and
address any issues. Regular maintenance, such as checking for leaks and clogs,
ensures the system's efficiency and longevity. For advanced functionality,
integrate smart features and analyze water usage to optimize the system
further, ensuring a reliable and water-efficient irrigation solution.

1.9 Organization
An automatic irrigation system requires careful organization to ensure
efficiency. Start by assessing your garden's needs, including its size, soil type,
plant varieties, and available water source. Design the system by dividing the
garden into zones with similar watering requirements and planning the layout
of pipes, valves, and emitters. Select appropriate components, such as a smart
controller, electric solenoid valves, durable pipes, and suitable emitters like
sprinklers for lawns and drip emitters for beds. Install the system by laying
pipes in trenches, connecting them to valves, and positioning emitters
correctly. Mount the controller in a protected location, connect it to the valves,
and program it with watering schedules tailored to your plants' needs. Test
the system for leaks and coverage, making adjustments as necessary. Regular
maintenance, including checking for clogs and leaks, is essential for long-term
1.9. Organization

efficiency. Integrating sensors can further optimize watering by adjusting

schedules based on rain and soil moisture levels.
Organizing an automatic irrigation system begins with understanding your
garden's unique requirements. Assess the size, soil type, plant varieties, and
water source availability. Design the system by dividing the garden into zones
with similar watering needs and planning the layout of pipes, valves, and
emitters accordingly. Choose the right components, including a smart
controller, solenoid valves, durable pipes, and appropriate emitters. Install the
system methodically, ensuring proper placement of pipes, valves, and
emitters, and connect everything to the controller. Program the controller
with customized watering schedules tailored to your plants' needs and local
climate conditions. Test the system thoroughly for leaks, coverage, and
functionality, and make any necessary adjustments. Regular maintenance and
monitoring are essential to keep the system running efficiently, ensuring your
garden stays healthy and well-watered with minimal effort.
 2.2 List Of Component

CHAPTER 2
Designing Of Switching Based Circuit

Contents

2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………...….1
2.2 List of Components…………………………………
2.2.1 Arduino
2.2.2 LCD Display
2.2.3 I2C Module
2.2.4 Single Channel Relay
2.2.5 Moisture Sensor
2.2.6 Solenoid Valve
2.3 Results And Discussions
2.4 Summary

2.1 Introduction

An automatic irrigation system waters plants on its own, using timers or

sensors to control when and how much water is applied. This system ensures
plants receive the right amount of water at the right times, saving water and
reducing the need for manual watering.
2.2 List Of Component

2.2 List of component

Component Specification Quantity
Arduino Microcontroller 1
LCD Display Resolution 1
I2C Module Address 1
Relay Voltage 1
Moisture Sensor Sensitivity 1
Solenoid valve Flow rate 1

2.2.1 Arduino UNO

Fig. 2.2.1:
ARDUINO
UNO

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the

Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc
and initially released in 2010.[2][3] The microcontroller board is equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced
to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14
digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
2.2 List Of Component

Environment), via a type B USB cable.[4] It can be powered by a USB cable or a

barrel connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts, such as a
rectangular 9-volt battery. It has the same microcontroller as the Arduino
Nano board, and the same headers as the Leonardo board.[5][6] The hardware
reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-

Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website.

Fig. 2.2.2 LCD Display

2.2.2 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid
crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use
cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in
smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels.
LCDs were a big leap in terms of the technology they replaced, which include
light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma displays. LCDs allowed displays to be
much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less
power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of
blocking light rather than emitting it. Where an LED emits light, the liquid crystals
in an LCD produces an image using a backlight.
As LCDs have replaced older display technologies, LCDs have begun being
replaced by new display technologies such as OLEDs.
2.2 List Of Component

2.2.3. 12C Module

Fig.2.2.3: 12C Module

I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit. It is a bus interface connection protocol

incorporated into devices for serial communication. It was originally designed by
Philips Semiconductor in 1982.
Working of I2C Communication Protocol :
It uses only 2 bi-directional open-drain lines for data communication called SDA
and SCL. Both these lines are pulled high.
Serial Data (SDA) – Transfer of data takes place through this pin.
Serial Clock (SCL) – It carries the clock signal.
I2C operates in 2 modes –Master mode Slave mode
Each data bit transferred on SDA line is synchronized by a high to the low pulse of
each clock on the SCL line.
According to I2C protocols, the data line can not change when the clock line is
high, it can change only when the clock line is low. The 2 lines are open drain,
hence a pull-up resistor is required so that the lines are high since the devices on
the I2C bus are active low. The data is transmitted in the form of packets which
comprises 9 bits.

2.2.4. Single Channel Relay

The Single Channel Relay Module is a convenient board which can be used to
control high voltage, high current load such as motor, solenoid valves, lamps and
AC load. It is designed to interface with microcontroller such as Arduino,
NodeMCU, etc. The relay's terminal (COM, NO and NC) is being brought out with
screw terminal It also comes with a LED to indicate the status of relay.

2.2 List Of Component

The relay's terminal (COM, NO and NC) is

being brought
out with screw
terminal It
also comes
with a LED to
indicate the
status of relay.

Fig.2.2.4:single
channel relay

2.2.5. Moisture
Sensor

Fig .2.2.5: Moisture Sensor

The soil moisture sensor (SMS) is a sensor connected to an irrigation system

controller that measures soil moisture content in the active root zone before each
scheduled irrigation event and bypasses the cycle if soil moisture is above a user-

defined set point.

The moisture of the soil plays an essential role in the irrigation field as well as in

gardens for plants. As nutrients in the soil provide the food to the plants for their

growth. Supplying water to the plants is also essential to change the temperature of

2.2 List Of Component

the plants. The temperature of

the plant can be changed with

water using the method like

transpiration. And plant root

systems are also developed

better when rising within

moist soil. Extreme soil

moisture levels can guide to anaerobic situations that can encourage the plant’s

growth as well as soil pathogens.

2.2.6. Solenoid Valve

Fig.2.2.6: solenoid valve

The definition of a solenoid valve is an electro-mechanical valve that is
commonly employed to control the flow of liquid or gas. There are various
solenoid valve types, but the main variants are either pilot operated or direct
acting.
Pilot operated valves, the most widely used, utilise system line pressure to
open and close the main orifice in the valve body.
While Direct operated solenoid valves directly open or close the main valve
orifice, which is the only flow path in the valve. They are used in systems
requiring low flow capacities or applications with low pressure differential
across the valve orifice.
How a solenoid valve works is by controlling the flow of liquids or gases in a
positive, fully-closed or fully-open mode. They are often used to replace
2.3. Results And Discussions

manual valves or for remote control. Solenoid valve function involves either
opening or closing an orifice in a valve body, which either allows or prevents
flow through the valve. A plunger opens or closes the orifice by raising or
lowering within a sleeve tube by energising the coil.

2.3. Results And Discussions

An automatic irrigation system was implemented to assess its effectiveness in

conserving water and promoting plant health compared to manual watering
methods. Results indicate significant water savings, with the system using
water more efficiently by delivering precise amounts at optimal times. Plant
health and growth under the automatic irrigation system showed
improvement, attributed to consistent moisture levels and reduced risk of
over or under-watering. Soil moisture measurements confirmed the system's
ability to maintain optimal conditions for plant growth. Despite minor issues
such as uneven water distribution in certain areas, overall reliability was
satisfactory. Discussion points include the system's contribution to water
conservation efforts, time and labor savings, potential improvements,
environmental impact, scalability, cost-effectiveness, user experience, and
future directions for enhancement.
2.3. Summary

An automatic irrigation system is designed to optimize water usage for

agricultural or landscaping needs by automatically providing the right amount
of water to plants at appropriate times. Key components include controllers,
which act as the system's brain by managing irrigation schedules based on set
parameters or real-time data. Sensors, such as soil moisture sensors, weather
sensors, and flow meters, provide crucial data to prevent overwatering and
adjust watering schedules according to environmental conditions. Valves
control the distribution of water to various zones. Together, these components
work seamlessly to ensure efficient and effective irrigation, promoting healthy
plant growth while conserving water resources.

CHAPTER 3
Automatic Irrigation System Using Arduino

Contents

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Block Diagram Off Automatic Irrigation
3.3 Irrigation System Control Using By Arduino Uno
3.4 Arduino Uno Programming Code

3.1. Introduction
An automatic irrigation system using Arduino leverages the flexibility and
programmability of Arduino microcontrollers to automate the watering
process for gardens, lawns, or agricultural fields. This system integrates
various sensors, such as soil moisture sensors and weather sensors, to gather
real-time data on soil conditions and environmental factors. The Arduino
processes this data to control water valves, ensuring that plants receive the
optimal amount of water. By automating irrigation, this system not only
conserves water but also promotes healthier plant growth and reduces
manual labor. Its customizable and scalable nature makes it suitable for both
small-scale home gardens and larger agricultural operations.

3.2. Block Diagram Off Automatic Irrigation

3.2. Block Diagram Off Automatic Irrigation

3.3. Irrigation System Control Using By Arduino Uno

3.3 Irrigation System Control Using By Arduino Uno
An automatic irrigation system controlled by an Arduino Uno automates the
watering process for gardens and agricultural fields. The Arduino Uno, a
versatile and easy-to-use microcontroller, collects data from various sensors
like soil moisture sensors and weather sensors to assess the watering needs of
the plants. Based on this real-time data, the Arduino Uno activates water
valves to deliver the precise amount of water required, ensuring efficient
water usage and promoting healthy plant growth. This system significantly
reduces the need for manual watering, conserves water, and can be
customized to suit different types and sizes of gardens. Its simplicity and
effectiveness make it an ideal choice for both small home gardens and larger
agricultural operations.
An automatic irrigation system controlled by an Arduino Uno makes watering
gardens and farms simple and efficient. The Arduino Uno collects data from
sensors that measure soil moisture and weather conditions. Based on this
information, it opens and closes water valves to provide the right amount of
water to plants. This system saves water, ensures plants get the moisture they
need, and reduces the need for manual watering. It's easy to set up and
customize, making it perfect for both small home gardens and larger farms.

3.4 Arduino Uno Programming Code

Here's a basic example of an Arduino program for an automatic irrigation
system using an Arduino Uno. This program uses a soil moisture sensor to
check the soil moisture level and a relay module to control a water pump or
solenoid valve.

### Components Needed

- Arduino Uno
- Soil Moisture Sensor
- Relay Module
- Water Pump or Solenoid Valve
- Jumper Wires
- Breadboard

### Wiring
3.4. Arduino Uno Programming Code
1. Connect the VCC of the soil moisture sensor to the 5V pin on the Arduino.
2. Connect the GND of the soil moisture sensor to the GND pin on the Arduino.
3. Connect the analog output (A0) of the soil moisture sensor to the A0 pin on
the Arduino.
4. Connect the VCC of the relay module to the 5V pin on the Arduino.
5. Connect the GND of the relay module to the GND pin on the Arduino.
6. Connect the input (IN) of the relay module to digital pin 7 on the Arduino.
7. Connect the relay's COM (common) to the power supply for the water pump
or solenoid valve.
8. Connect the relay's NO (normally open) to one terminal of the water pump
or solenoid valve.
9. Connect the other terminal of the water pump or solenoid valve to the
ground of the power supply.

/*How to make an Irrigation system.

* This code creates by the SriTu Hobby team.
* https://srituhobby.com
*/

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C dis(0x27, 16, 2);

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
dis.init();
dis.backlight();
dis.clear();
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
delay(1000);
dis.setCursor(0, 0);
dis.print("IRRIGATION");
dis.setCursor(0, 1);
dis.print("SYSTEM IS ON ");
for (int a = 12; a <= 15; a++) {
dis.setCursor(a, 1);
dis.print(".");
delay(1500);
}
dis.clear();
}

void loop() {
 int value = analogRead(A0);
Serial.println(value);
if (value > 950) {
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
dis.setCursor(0, 0);
dis.print("MOTOR IS ON ");
} else {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
dis.setCursor(0, 0);
dis.print("MOTOR IS OFF");
}

if (value < 300) {

dis.setCursor(0, 1);
dis.print("MOISTURE : HIGH");
} else if (value > 300 && value < 950) {
dis.setCursor(0, 1);
dis.print("MOISTURE : MID ");
} else if (value > 950) {
dis.setCursor(0, 1);
dis.print("MOISTURE : LOW ");
}
}

### How It Works

1. The soil moisture sensor reads the moisture level of the soil.
2. If the moisture level is below the set threshold, the relay module is
activated, turning on the water pump or solenoid valve to water the plants.
3. If the moisture level is above the threshold, the relay is deactivated, turning
off the water supply.
4. The system checks the soil moisture level every 2 seconds and updates the
relay status accordingly.

Adjust the threshold value based on your specific soil moisture sensor and the
moisture level suitable for your plants.
 CHAPTER 4
Conclusion

Contents

4.1 Advantage…………………………………………………
4.2 Limiation Of The Study…………………………………
4.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………
4.4 Future Scope………………………………………………….
4.5 Result………………………………………………………….
4.6 Result

4.1. Advantage
In conclusion, an automatic irrigation system offers gardeners and farmers
easy and efficient water management, leading to healthier plants and saving
time. By using technology like Arduino Uno, these systems adjust watering
based on soil moisture, ensuring plants get just the right amount of water they
need. This saves water, reduces manual effort, and promotes environmental
sustainability. Overall, it's a simple yet effective way to maintain thriving
gardens and productive farms.

4.2 Limiation Of The Study

In summary, automatic irrigation systems, powered by technology such as
Arduino Uno, provide a straightforward solution for efficient watering in
4.3. Conclusion

gardens and farms. By constantly monitoring soil moisture levels and

adjusting watering schedules accordingly, these systems ensure plants receive
optimal hydration without wastage. This not only promotes healthier plant
growth but also saves time and effort for gardeners and farmers. Additionally,
the conservation of water resources contributes to environmental
sustainability. With their user-friendly setup and effectiveness in maintaining
plant health, automatic irrigation systems stand as an accessible and beneficial
tool for enhancing agricultural practices.

4.3. Conclusion
In conclusion, the implementation of an automatic irrigation system offers
significant benefits for both gardeners and farmers. By utilizing technologies like
Arduino Uno, these systems streamline the process of watering plants, leading to
improved efficiency, conservation of resources, and healthier crops.. Additionally,
the automation of watering tasks saves time and labor, allowing gardeners and
farmers to focus on other important aspects of their operations. Moreover, by
promoting water conservation and minimizing wastage, automatic irrigation
systems contribute to environmental sustainability. Overall, these systems represent
a valuable investment for enhancing productivity, reducing workload, and fostering
sustainable agricultural practices.

4.4. Future Scope

The future scope of automatic irrigation systems includes advancements in smart
technology, AI integration, precision agriculture, water management solutions,
energy efficiency, and sensor technology. These developments aim to optimize
water usage, enhance productivity, and promote sustainability in agriculture.

4.6. Summary
4.5. Result

Implementing an automatic irrigation system using Arduino Uno yields

numerous benefits for gardeners and farmers alike. By continuously monitoring
soil moisture levels and adjusting watering schedules accordingly, this system
ensures plants receive the optimal amount of water, promoting healthy growth
and maximizing yield potential. Moreover, the automation of the irrigation
process reduces the need for manual intervention, saving time and labor while
maintaining consistent watering routines. Additionally, by conserving water
and minimizing wastage through precise control, the system contributes to
environmental sustainability. Overall, the result is a well-maintained garden or
farm with thriving plants, facilitated by the seamless integration of technology
into the irrigation management process.
Implementing an automatic irrigation system with Arduino Uno makes
watering plants easy and efficient. By constantly checking soil moisture levels
and adjusting water supply accordingly, the system ensures plants get just the
right amount of water they need to thrive. This saves time and effort for
gardeners, promotes healthier plants, and conserves water by preventing
overwatering. With this setup, maintaining a lush garden or farm becomes a
breeze, thanks to the simple yet effective automation provided by Arduino
Uno.

4.6. Summary

An automatic irrigation system is designed to optimize water usage for

agricultural or landscaping needs by automatically providing the right amount
of water to plants at appropriate times. Key components include controllers,
which act as the system's brain by managing irrigation schedules based on set
parameters or real-time data. Sensors, such as soil moisture sensors, weather

4.6. Summary
sensors, and flow meters, provide crucial data to prevent overwatering and
adjust watering schedules according to environmental conditions. Valves
control the distribution of water to various zones. Together, these components
work seamlessly to ensure efficient and effective irrigation, promoting healthy
plant growth while conserving water resources.