RENAISSANCE REVIEWER c.

Climate
Refer to Romanesque and Gothic

Introduction: d. Religion
Italy
-Down of the new Medieval Age Girolamo Savonarola
-Age of Humanism Dominican preacher divided the
city for Christian reformation.
-Rinasciemento: “ri” again “nascere” be
born= REBIRTH France

-Time of great revival of art and literature Reformation maintained

practically no hold to France.
Stages of the renaissance
Germany
A. Renaissance (14th – 15th)
Early renaissance Quattrocento Martin Luther – practical abuses
B. High renaissance (1500-1525) of certain doctrines of the church thus
Proto-Baroque, Cinquecento starting practical Reformation.
C. Late Renaissance (1520-1600) Spain
Age of mannerism
D. Baroque (1630-1660) Ignatus De Loyola – reformation
Bizarre, fantastic or irregular obtain no hold, with counter.
E. Rocco (1700 until neoclassical)
British Isles
Lightness, swirling forms, flowing
lines, ornate stucco work John Wycliffe – authority of the
F. Russia popes was increasingly felt to be irksome
causing to the church.
INFLUENCES
e. Socio Political
a. Geographical
Literature – renaissance manifested
British Isles, France Germany itself in written art. Cause revolt
Refer to Romanesque medieval art.
architecture.
Francesco Petrarca
Italy
Birthplace of the Renaissance Dante Alighieri
period
Florence as its epicenter Giovanni Boccaccio
Spain Revival of classical literature that
New world produced a desire for revival of
Leading nation in Europe. roman architecture.
b. Geological
Vitruvian Literature – translated to
British Isles, France, Germany, Italian.
Italy
First to be affected, because of the
Renaissance architecture
gothic style had never been taken a
Spain
firm hold on the Italians.
Gothic Architecture
 f. Historical Stained glass was little used.
Three great historical inventions Color obtained by means of opaque
which influenced both society and decoration as fresco or mosaic.
architecture. Great efficiency in the crafts is
Gunpowder noticeable in the work of the early
Mariner’s compass renaissance architects who were
Printing Process often painters and sculptors.
Structural System: Gothic Dome Italian Renaissance Architecture
a. Plan Local architecture character
Symmetry and proportion
a. Plan
Simplicity
Uses the features of cortile.
Domes are predominantly used.
Interiors of churches planned on
b. Wall
roman principles.
Straight facades varied by
orders, arcades or window
b. Wall
dressing.
Ashlar Masonry
Brickwork with ashlar facing.
Simplicity of treatment and breath of
mass
c. Openings
Detail concentrated on the
c. Openings
openings.
Usually, semicircular
Classical system of molded
d. Roofs
architrave.
Flat or low pitch roof
Domes used in churches.
d. Roofs
Vaults are of simple roman form
e. Columns
without ribs.
Carved or plain pilaster
Dome over a large space was
Single order prevails.
generally constructed with an inner
and outer covering.
f. Mouldings
Heavy cornices
e. Columns
Usually, large
Revival of the classical and orders
were used decoratively in facades.
g. Ornaments
Fresco and molded plaster
f. Mouldings
Great extravagance in sculptures
Principal cornice plays important
part in the style. Examples
Cornice, balconies, string bands,
and horizontal features generally are a. Florentine School
strongly pronounced and by their The golden age of the arts began ion
frequency and importance produce 14th century.
and effect of horizontality. Growing secularism and interest in
the classical roman civilization
g. Ornaments
 Patronized by aristocratic families:
Medici, Strozzi and Rucellai

FLIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
First architect renaissance
Dome of the Florence cathedral

LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI

Art theorist communist, ten books of
architecture
Rucellai palace
First renaissance showcase
superimposed pilasters.

b. Roman school (rome )

Cuture center of europe in the 16th
century
Vatican City as the center of the c. Venetian School (venicce)
roman catholic
Secular
DONATO BRAMANTE Court of the doge’s palace
Student of rewayty
Santa maria delle grazies, milan. Ecclesiastical architecture
Santa maria dei miraoli
GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA
Villa giola d. Vicenza
Birthplace of Andrea Palldio
MICHAELANGELO DI LODOVICO Palazzo Barbarano da porto
BUONARROTI SIMONI
Artistic ,100 years, most important e. Verona
largest ,13 architecture Architect: Michele Sanmicheli
Dome of St peter’s cathedral Palazzi Pompeii
French Renaissance Architecture
Local Architectural Character
a. Plan
Chateaux – Half Castle, Half Palace
- Composed of a main block with
two lower wings inclosing a
courtyard
- Italian houses feature the Cortile.
 Chateau De Chambord- Partially a
hunting Lodge for King Francis I
Palace of Versailles – built for Louis
XIV
- Architect Louis Le Vau and Jules
Hardouin Mansart
- Center of political power in
France from 1682- 1789
-
b. Wall B. Secular Architecture
Pediment and Balustraded Elevation Saint Eutaxhe, paris
Saint Paul Saint Louis
Sorbonne Chapel
Germany Renaissance Architecture
Local Architecture Character
a. Plan
Stones and red brick used for walls.
French Method of an internal
Courtyard was adopted.
c. Openings
Vertical coupling of windows, orders
b. Wall
come increasingly in to use, the
Columnar features as ornament
horizontal lines of their entablatures
Brick and stone were used in
prevailed.
combination.
d. Roofs
c. Openings
High roofs
Oriel windows
Domer windows and chimneys
Were large and mullioned.
Mansard Form
d. Roofs
e. Columns
Predominantly large roofs
Pilasters were used decorative
adjuncts.
e. Columns
Order varies every storey.
Employed in free manner (classical
columns)
f. Mouldings
Supported by corbels.
gothic influences
f. Mouldings
g. Ornaments
Boldness and vigor
Carved wood paneling
Lack or refinement and purity in
Sculpture was of great importance.
detail.
Examples
g. Ornaments
A. Secular Architecture Statues in native grotesque (gothic
Chateau de blois – build by King XII style)
and Francis I
Famous for its “Staircase tower” Examples:
 a. Secular Architecture Tilework is excellent in southern
Heidelberg Castle Spain.
Cologne city hall Elaborate with metalwork.
Lemgo Town Hall Pulipito, space where pulpit pope
give lesson to the person.
Examples:
b. Ecclesiastical Architecture
St. Michael’s church a. Secular architecture
Frauenkirche Munich University of Alcala – hospital
Heidelberg Castle Archbishop’s Palace, Alcala
Alcazar of toledo – two towers
Spanish Renaissance Architecture
El Escorial – royal Palace in Spain
Local Architectural Character
b. Ecclesiastical Architecture
A. Plan Santo Domingo, Salamanca
Churches – wide naves without Burgos Cathedral
aisles are usual. Granada Cathedral
Lanterns/ domes at crossing
Houses – Patio- Spanish Version of English Renaissance Architecture
the Cortile
Local Architectural Character
Large staircase
Largeness of scale a. Plan
E or H shaped Plan
B. Wall Regular and symmetrical
Brickwork
Arabesques pierced b. Wall
parapets/cresting. Classical order being used in very
free manner in the façade.
C. Opening Parapets are pierced.
Doorways are emphasized.
Window treated with grilles(rejas) c. Openings
Bay windows Oriel window
D. Roofs
Flat or low pitch roof
Tower with spires

E. Columns ‘
Orders Were used in slight and d. Roofs
fanciful decorative forms. High, flat, or low roofs with
balustrades
F. Mouldings Arcaded, pierced or battlemented
Given to forms due to Gothic and balustrades.
Moorish Influences (moro-worth e. Columns
antartica) Rarely employed with purity
Bracket Capital Square columns with strap
G. Ornaments ornaments
Sculpture varies quality. f. Mouldings
 High, flat, or low roofs with Onion domes
balustrades
Examples:
Arcaded, pierced or battlemented
balustrades. a. Secular architecture
g. Ornaments Winter Palace – purian Tar
Strap ornamentations Kiev Imperial Palace
Prismatic rustication Pskov Kremlin
Plasterwork for ceiling
Tapestries Ecclesiastical Architecture
Old cathedral, monastery of the
Examples
virgin of the don, Moscow
A. Elizabethan Style Cathedral of St Andrew, Kiev
Transition style from Tudor (gothic) Smolny Cathedral
to renaissance
Attribute to queen Elizabeth I
Mansions
Charlecote, Warwickshire
Kirby Northants
Colleges
The gate of honors, callus College

B. Jacobean Style
Development of the Elizabethan
style
Attribute to king James I
Mansions
Holland house, Kensington
Charlton House, Wills

C. Anglo-classical Style
Chilham castle, Kent
Banqueting, Whitehall
Sir Chirstopher wren
St. Paul London – biggest cathedral
in London
St. Stephen Walbrook
Russian Renaissance Architecture
Local Architectural Character
Italian Architects contributed to
applying Italian motifs.
Chaotic skylines
Vvidly colored surface
PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAN -rectangular and Square Plan
ARCHITECTURE shapes
- Most are Unrecognizable since
INFLUENCES:
majority of them were destroyed.
a. Geographical - Pueblo-Native tribes
Pre-colonial American Civilization Mesa Verde
-Maya Pueblo Bonito
-Aztec Chaco Canyon
-Mixtec - Monumental Structures
-Inca Empire Monks Mound, Cahokia
Abundant Rainfall
High humidity b. Mesoamerica
Vigorous plant Life -Monumental Ceremonial
architecture
b. Geological - Terraces, Stairs, Insets and
North America – Earth and Timber Outsets, and Sculptural Panels
Mesoamerica – Stone and clay
- Wood-ornaments
South America – Stone and Clay
c. Religion
Hereditary elites – contact to gods
-Gods Controlled Natural
Phenomena
-Supernatural Beings reside in
ceremonial Buildings
d. Historical - LA CIUDADELA, TEITIHUACAN
Periods: Largest Pre-colonial temple
Preclassical Period in the Americas
-Development of city states - TEMPLE OF THE SEVEN
Classical Period DOLLS
-Monumental Architecture
and Urbanism c. South America
Post-Classical Period - Rubble and field stone were
-Domination of the Inca primaily used.
Empire and Aztecs - Carved stone and stucco for
Colonial America decoration
-Spain and Portugal Divides - Temple of the Sun, Moche’s
south and central America from the Colonial And Post Colonial American
treaty of Tordesillas Architecture
-France and England
establishes the first settlements in Influence
North America
A. Geographical
Architectural Character and Examples Colonial Territories in America
Spain
A. North America Portugal
 France Portuguese: Pao do Saldanha.
Britain
English: parson Capen house
Netherlands
Russia : Bacon’s castle

B. Religion French: Villeneuve House

Spain, Portugal and France :Parlange plantation House
Catholic Kingdoms
Colonies are focused on the Dutch: Abraham Ackerman House
church as the center of the
Post Colonial Period
community.
Britain and Netherlands - North and south America saw no
Protestant Kingdom attempt to dispense European
More concentrated in models of architecture, but there
community building and civic was a strong interest in Neo
activities. Classicisim which was then
trending in Europe.
C. Historical - Neoclassical = New Classica
Pre-Columbian America - The revival of the classical
Colonial America styles: Greek and Roman
1504- arrival of Hernan
cortes Colonial Period
1534- Arrival of Alvares Secular Structures
Cabral – Portuguese Empire
“Treaty of Tordesillas “– North America
limited Portugal to Brazil
State Capitol, VA
1534 – Jacques Cartier sent
by Francis I of France State House, MA
1607 – Arrival of the Virginia
Company sent by King James I of US Capitol, Washington D.C
England University of Virginia, VA
Dutch west India Company
was responsible for the Netherlands South America
Colonization of the Americas Parliament Building,
Post Colonial Independent Nation Colombia
Examples: National congress Building,
Colonial Period – Architectural character Chile
depended on the style brought upon by Parliament Building,
settlers and colonizes from their Paraguay
Homelands.
Religious Structures
Domestic Structures: North America
Spanish: Alcazar de colon Christ Church, Washington
D.C
: Engombe House South America
 Buenos Aires Cathedral, - “Age of revivals” eclecticism
Argentina taste of exotic forms, combining
native and foreign style
REVIVALIST ARCHITECTURE
- “age of innovation” use of newly
INFLUENCES available materials

a. Industrial Revolution Styles and examples

-started in Britain, new machines
Neoclassicism
and innovative processes that
helped changed nations from -Revival of using Greek and
agricultural to industrial Ones Roman orders as decorative motifs
-Spread to continental Europe and to
-simple, strongly geometric
North America
composition
-New type of worker – The Wage
Laborer or Proletarian -Shallow reliefs on facades
-Home Based Cottage Industries
were rendered obsolete by the -Style of US Government
invention of the stream engine by Building
Watt 1785 Examples:
-Factories sprouted all over Britain
where coal was available to fuel the St Martine in the fields,
engines other countries followed London
suit.
Radcliffe camera, oxford
b. Democratic Institutions
-Centuries old monarchies gave way Gothic Revival
to democratic institution American
declaration of independence (1776) - Inspired from the remnants of
and French revolution (1789) gothic architecture.
-Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle - Styles commonly practice in U.S
class churches.
-Professionals and Businessmen Examples
c. Transportation and Logistics
-Railway to easily transport Strawberry Hill, England
-Coal gas and Gas Lamps
Houses of Parliament,
-Lift Or Elevator
London
-Growth of communications
-Ship Building and the Suez Canal Beaux Arts Eclecticism
-International Exhibitions of science
and industry - Symmetrical plans and eclectic
use of architectural features
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - Often gives a massive, elaborate
and ostentatious effect.
- Need to create an imposing
- Known as Beaux Arts
effect- research into old style.
Classicism, Academic Classicism
- Conservation of historic relics or
or Classical Revival Beaux Arts
monuments had begun.
Architecture, characterized by
order, symmetry formal design,
 grandiosity and elaborate Antoni Guimard
ornamentation.
Victor Horta
City Beautiful Movement
Hector Guimard
- Initiated by Daniel Burnham
Joseph Maria Olbrich
- Approach in urban planning
Characterized by monumentally Charles Mackintosh
placed building, grand
promenades spacious plazas Guiseppe Breaa
and classical sculptures. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Examples: - Rejecting ornament and
Paris Opera House embracing minimalism
- Analytical approach to the
Grand Central Station NY function of building
- Strictly rational use of materials
ART DECO
an Openness to structural
- also called Style Moderne innovation and the elimination of
ornaments
- based on Geometric Motifs,
Streamlined and curvilinear form, The style is characterized by
sharply defined outline
- Asymmetrical composition
-bold colors and synthetic materials - General cube or cylindrical
(plastics) shapes
- Flat roofs
Influences:
- Reinforced concrete
Cubism, Futurism - Metal and glass frameworks
often resulting in large windows
Pre Columbian and Egyptian in horizontal bands.
Art, Mesopotamian Art - Absence of ornaments or
ART NOVEAU mouldings
- Tendency for white or cream
- Decorative style of architecture render often emphasized by
characterized by flowing lines black and white photography.
and abstract floral motifs, which
was closely associated with the Movements in Modern
arts and crafts movement. Architecture
- New art Expressionism
- Return to craftsmanship.
- Natural and Undulating forms De stijl
- Germany: Jugendstil
Organic Architecture
- Spain: Modernism
- Italy; Stile Liberty Bauhaus
- Austria: Sezession
International Style
- France: Le Style Metro
Brutalism
Architects:
 Expressionism - School in Germany founded by
Walter Gropius
-distortion, fragmentation or
- Synthesis of technology craft and
the communication of violet or
design aesthetics
overstressed emotion
- Functional Design
-expressionist architects ARCHITECTS
rebelled against the functionalist Walter Gropius
industrial-style structures of Lazlo Moholy- Nagy
modernist architecture, preferring Hannes Meyer
more sinuous or highly articulated Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
forms
International Style
-includes curves, spirals and
- Devoid of regional characteristics
non-symmetrical elements as well as
- Also called CIAM or congres
structures in which the expressive
internatiomaux d’architecture
values of certain materials are
moderne
emphasized
ARCHITECTS
ARCHITECT
Walter Gropius
Erich Mendelsohn
Ludwig Mies van der rohe
Max Berg
Le Corbusier
Rudolf Steiner
Philip Johnson
De Stijl
Brutalism
- Establish a compositional
methodology applicable to both - Beton brut raw concrete
fine and decorative art. - Massive modern architecture
- De Stijl are characterized by built of reinforced concrete with
austere geometrical shapes, the concrete’s rough abrasive
right angles and primary colors. surface left exposed.
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTS
Robert Van’s Hoff
Gerrit Rietveld Moshe Safdie
Organic Architecture Tadao Ando
building should be functional,
harmonizes with its natural environment and Louise Kahn
forms an integrated whole. Post Modern Architecture
Architects: - Renewed appreciation for the
Frank Lloyd Wright rich traditions of architecture past
- Enlivening facades with color
Alvar Aalto pattern and ornaments
Bauhaus Movements in modern architecture
- Bau (building) Haus (house) High-tech architecture
 Deconstructivism
Green Architecture
Blobitecture
High-Tech Architecture
Based on the expressive qualities of
cutting-edge technologies and materials
Traditional constructions methods
like brickwork are abandoned in favour of
the materials and techniques such as steel,
light metal panels, glass, and plastic
derivatives, new buildings shapes
determined by the shape of the components
used.
Renzo Piano architect
Deconstructivism
- Bent, angled and exploded forms
to represent that uncertainly of
our times.
- Frank Gehry
Green Architecture
- Sustainable design, land use,
transporting issues, energy
efficiency, indoor ecology and
waste reduction when designing
Building.
Blobitecture
- Style of postmodernist
architecture characterized by
organic, rounded, bulging
shapes, blobitecture (aka
blobism or blobismus )