Neutrosophic Systems with Applications, Vol.

11, 2023
https://doi.org/10.61356/j.nswa.2023.81

Similarity Measure of Plithogenic Cubic Vague Sets: Examples

and Possibilities

S. Anitha 1,* and A. Francina Shalini 2

1 Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore 641018, India;
[email protected].
2 Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore 641018, India;
[email protected].

* Correspondence: [email protected].

Abstract: The crisp, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy and neutrosophic sets are the extension of the
plithogenic set, in which elements are characterized by the number of attributes and each attribute
can assume many values. To achieve more accuracy and precise exclusion, a contradiction or
dissimilarity degree is specified between each attribute and the values of the dominating attribute. A
plithogenic cubic vague set is a combination of a plithogenic cubic set and a vague set. The key tool
for resolving problems with pattern recognition and clustering analysis is the similarity measure. In
this research, we characterize and investigate the similarities between two Plithogenic Cubic Vague
sets (PCVSs) for (𝑧 ≡ 𝐹), (𝑧 ≡ 𝐼𝐹) and (𝑧 ≡ 𝑁). Also, examples are given to examine similarities in the
pattern recognition application problems.

Keywords: Plithogenic Set, Plithogenic Cubic Vague Set, Pattern Recognition, Similarity Measure.

1. Introduction
Zadeh introduced fuzzy set a mathematical theory to deal with uncertainties [1]. It is
characterized by the membership value and sometimes it is difficult to assign the value for a fuzzy
set. Interval-valued fuzzy set was introduced by Zadeh to overcome this problem. Intuitionistic fuzzy
sets (IF) and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets introduced by Atanassov et al. [2,3] are
appropriate to handle this situation. However, it is not enough to handle the unreliable information
existing in the belief system. Zulkifli et al. [4] proposed the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy vague
sets (IVIFVS). Florentin Smarandache [5] introduced a neutrosophic set and provided a mathematical
tool to handle difficulties involving inconsistent and indeterminate data. New ideas on neutrosophic
sets are introduced by Anitha et al. [6-8]. The interval-valued neutrosophic set was introduced by Jun
Ye [9]. Hazwani Hashimcet et al. [10] proposed Interval Neutrosophic Vague Sets. Banik et al. [11,12]
studied the MCGDM problem in a pentagonal neutrosophic environment and a novel integrated
neutrosophic cosine operator-based linear programming. Haque et al. [13-15] elevated decision-
making ideas in interval neutrosophic environment, generalized spherical fuzzy environment, and
linguistic generalized spherical fuzzy environment.
The vague set was developed by Gau and Buehrer [16]. The idea of similarity measure of fuzzy
sets was introduced by Wang [17] and gave a computational formula. Since then it has attracted many
researchers. Fei et al. [18] introduced the similarity between two intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Similarity
measures of neutrosophic sets were given by Broumi et al. [19]. Ali et al. [20] introduced neutrosophic
cubic set-based decision-making. Shawkat Alkhazaleh [21] studied neutrosophic vague set in 2015.
Similarities between vague sets were introduced by Chen S.M [22]. The idea of a cubic set was
introduced by Jun [23]. The idea of a cubic vague set was introduced by Khaleed et al. [24] by

S. Anitha and A. Francina Shalini, Similarity Measure of Plithogenic Cubic Vague Sets: Examples and Possibilities
Neutrosophic Systems with Applications , Vol. 11, 2023 40
An International Journal on Informatics, Decision Science, Intelligent Systems Applications

incorporating a cubic set and a vague set. He also presented a decision-making method based on the
similarity measure of cubic vague set.
Smarandache introduced plithogenic set and it may have elements characterized by four or more
attributes [25]. A plithogenic multi-criteria decision-making approach to estimate the sustainable
supply chain risk management based on order preference and criteria importance through the
correlation method is proposed by Abdel and Rehab [26]. Alkhazaleh introduced plithogenic soft set
and measured the similarity between two plithogenic soft sets using a set-theoretic approach [27].
Anitha et al. [28] introduced the idea of plithogenic cubic vague set.
In this paper, we introduce the concept of similarity measure between two Plithogenic Cubic
Vague sets (PCVSs) ((𝑧 ≡ 𝐹), (𝑧 ≡ 𝐼𝐹), (𝑧 ≡ 𝑁)). It has the novelty to precisely characterize and model
data for real-life occurrences. Since cubic set fails to capture the false membership part to measure
the alternative in the decision making method. PCVS has the ability to handle uncertainties and vague
information considering the truth and false membership values as the elements are characterized by
one or more attributes therefore it is possible to describe the problem. One of the best tool to solve it
is similarity measure. Similarity measure of PCVS is a vital concept for measuring entropy in the data.
The flow of this paper is as follows. An algorithm to determine the similarities between two PCVS
((𝑧 ≡ 𝐹), (𝑧 ≡ 𝐼𝐹), (𝑧 ≡ 𝑁)) for a pattern recognition problem is proposed. To illuminate the proposed
measure numerical examples are provided.
The organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 provides some preliminaries for the
proposed concept. Section 3 covers the application of the plithogenic cubic vague set and it is divided
into three subsections. In 3.1 algorithm and examples of the plithogenic fuzzy cubic vague set, in 3.2
plithogenic intuitionistic fuzzy cubic vague set and in 3.3 plithogenic neutrosophic cubic vague set
were presented. In Section 4 discussion is made for the proposed measure. Finally, Section 5
concludes this paper and provides the direction for future studies.

2. Preliminaries
Definition 2.1: [23] A neutrosophic vague set 𝐴𝑁𝑉 (NVS in short) on the universe of discourse X
written as 𝐴𝑁𝑉 = {〈𝑥, 𝑇̂𝐴𝑁𝑉 , 𝐼̂𝐴𝑁𝑉 , , 𝐹̂𝐴𝑁𝑉 〉 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} whose truth membership, indeterminacy membership
and falsity membership functions are defined as 𝑇̂𝐴𝑁𝑉 (𝑥) = [𝑇 − , 𝑇 + ], 𝐼̂𝐴𝑁𝑉 (𝑥) = [𝐼 − , 𝐼 + ], 𝐹̂𝐴𝑁𝑉 (𝑥) =
[𝐹 − , 𝐹 + ], where 𝑇 + = 1 − 𝐹 − , 𝐹 + = 1 − 𝑇 − and 0− ≤ 𝑇 − + 𝐼 − + 𝐹 − ≤ 2+ .

Definition 2.2: [16] An interval valued neutrosophic vague set 𝐴𝐼𝑁𝑉 also known as INVS in the
universe of discourse E. An IVNVS is characterized by truth membership, indeterminacy
membership and falsity membership functions is defined as:
𝐴𝐼𝑁𝑉 = {< 𝑒, [𝑉̂𝐴𝐿 (𝑒), 𝑉̂𝐴𝑈 (𝑒)], [𝑊
̂𝐴𝐿 (𝑒), 𝑊
̂𝐴𝑈 (𝑒)], [𝑋̂𝐴𝐿 (𝑒), 𝑋̂𝐴𝑈 (𝑒)] > |𝑒 ∈ 𝐸},
− + − +
𝑉̂𝐴 (𝑒) = [𝑉 , 𝑉 ] , 𝑉̂𝐴 (𝑒) = [𝑉 , 𝑉 𝑈 ] , 𝑊
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑈 𝑈 ̂𝐴𝐿 (𝑒) = [𝑊 𝐿− , 𝑊 𝐿+ ] , 𝑊 ̂𝐴𝐿 (𝑒) = [𝑊 𝑈 − , 𝑊 𝑈 + ] , 𝑋̂𝐴𝐿 (𝑒) =
− + − +
[𝑋 𝐿 , 𝑋 𝐿 ], ̂𝑋𝐴𝑈 (𝑒) = [𝑋 𝑈 , 𝑋 𝑈 ] where
+ − + − + − + −
𝑉 𝐿 = 1 − 𝑋 𝐿 , 𝑋 𝐿 = 1 − 𝑉 𝐿 , 𝑉 𝑈 = 1 − 𝑋 𝑈 , 𝑋 𝑈 = 1 − 𝑉 𝑈 and
− − − − − − + + + + + +
0− ≤ 𝑉 𝐿 + 𝑉 𝑈 + 𝑊 𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑈 + 𝑋 𝐿 + 𝑋 𝑈 ≤ 4 + , 0 − ≤ 𝑉 𝐿 + 𝑉 𝑈 + 𝑊 𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑈 + 𝑋 𝐿 + 𝑋 𝑈 ≤ 4+ .

Definition 2.3: [2] Let U be a universal set. The set 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = {〈𝑥, 𝐴𝑉 (𝑥), 𝜆𝑉 (𝑥)〉: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} is called
plithogenic fuzzy cubic vague set in which 𝐴𝑉 is an interval valued plithogenic fuzzy vague set in X
and 𝜆𝑉 is the fuzzy vague set in X.

Definition 2.4: [2] Let U be a universal set. The set 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = {〈𝑥, 𝐴𝑉 (𝑥), 𝜆𝑉 (𝑥)〉: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} is called
plithogenic intuitionistic fuzzy cubic vague set in which 𝐴𝑉 is an interval valued plithogenic
intuitionistic fuzzy vague set in X and 𝜆𝑉 is the intuitionistic fuzzy vague set in X.

S. Anitha and A. Francina Shalini, Similarity Measure of Plithogenic Cubic Vague Sets: Examples and Possibilities
Neutrosophic Systems with Applications , Vol. 11, 2023 41
An International Journal on Informatics, Decision Science, Intelligent Systems Applications

Definition 2.5: [2] Let U be a universal set. The set 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = {〈𝑥, 𝐴𝑉 (𝑥), 𝜆𝑉 (𝑥)〉: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} is called
plithogenic neutrosophic cubic vague set in which 𝐴𝑉 is an interval valued plithogenic
neutrosophic vague set in X and 𝜆𝑉 is the neutrosophic vague set in X.

3. Application of Plithogenic Cubic Vague sets in Pattern Recognition Problem

This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description
of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be
drawn.
Here, we introduce the concept of similarity measure between two Plithogenic Cubic Vague sets
(PFCVSs) (𝑧 ≡ 𝐹), PIFCVSs (𝑧 ≡ 𝐼𝐹), (PNCVSs (𝑧 ≡ 𝑁) and further results on similarity measure. An
example is given to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed method.

3.1 Plithogenic Fuzzy Cubic Vague Set

Definition 3.1.1: Let 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 be any two Plithogenic Fuzzy Cubic Vague sets (PFCVSs). Then,
(1) 0 ≤ |𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 )| ≤ 1,
(2) 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝2 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ),
(3) 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 1 ⇔ 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ,
(4) 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ⊆ 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ⊆ 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ⟹ 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) ≤ 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝2 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 )

Definition 3.1.2: Let X = {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 }, 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = 〈𝐴1𝑉 , 𝜆1𝑉 〉 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 = 〈𝐴2𝑉 , 𝜆2𝑉 〉 be two Plithogenic Fuzzy
Cubic Vague Sets (PFCVSs) in X. The similarity measure between 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 is given by
𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ), where
1 − − − − + +
𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = ∑𝑛 (|𝑇𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝐿2 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝑈1 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝑈2 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝐿2 (𝑥𝑖 )| +
6𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝑈+ + − − + +
|𝑇𝐴1 𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴2 𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝜆1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝜆2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝜆1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝜆2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )|)

Algorithm:
Step 1. Construct PFCVS 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 as ideal pattern.
𝑗 𝑗
Step 2. Then construct PFCVSs 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉, 𝑗 = 1,2 … 𝑛 for sample patterns which are to be
known.
Step 3. Compute the similarities between ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 and the sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 =
〈𝐴𝑉𝑗 , 𝜆𝑗𝑉 〉 using definition 3.1.2.
Step 4. The sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 is considered to belong to ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 if 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) ≤ 0.5 and
sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 is not to be known for an ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 if 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) > 0.5.

Example 3.1.3: Consider a simple pattern recognition problem involving three sample patterns and
an ideal pattern. Let X = {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 }. The patterns indicated as pattern 1, pattern 2 and pattern 3 are
the selected three sample patterns, whereas pattern 4 is the selected ideal pattern. Also, let 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 be
𝑗 𝑗
PFCVS set of ideal pattern and pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 be the PFCVSs of three sample patterns.
Step 1. Create an ideal PFCVS 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 on X as,
〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5])〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6])〉 〈[0.2,0.6],[0.3,0.6])〉 [0.2,0.5] [0.4,0.7] [0.3,0.6]
𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = <{ , , },{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑗 𝑗
Step 2. Construct PFCVSs 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉, 𝑗 = 1,2,3 for the sample patterns as;
〈[0.2,0.6],[0.3,0.6])〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5])〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6])〉 [0.1,0.7] [0.3,0.7] [0.1,0.9]
𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = <{ , , },{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
〈[0.1,0.7],[0.2,0.4])〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.1,0.2])〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6])〉 [0.5,0.6] [0.1,0.7] [0.1,0.5]
𝔸𝑣𝑝2 = <{ , , },{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6])〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.1,0.2])〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5])〉 [0.1,0.9] [0.1,0.7] [0.3,0.7]
𝔸𝑣𝑝3 = <{ , , },{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

S. Anitha and A. Francina Shalini, Similarity Measure of Plithogenic Cubic Vague Sets: Examples and Possibilities
Neutrosophic Systems with Applications , Vol. 11, 2023 42
An International Journal on Informatics, Decision Science, Intelligent Systems Applications

Step 3. Compute S the degree of similarity between ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 and the sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ,
then the results obtained are:
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ) = 0.13
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 0.19
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) = 0.17

Step 4. 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ) ≤ 0.5 , 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) ≤ 0.5 and 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) ≤ 0.5 , the sample pattern whose
corresponding PFCVS sets are denoted as 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 are known as similar patterns of the
family of ideal pattern whose PFCVS is represented by 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 .

3.2 Plithogenic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cubic Vague Set

Definition 3.2.1: Let 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 be two Plithogenic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cubic Vague Set (PIFCVSs).
Then,
(1) 0 ≤ |𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 )| ≤ 1,
(2) 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝2 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ),
(3) 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 1 ⇔ 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ,
(4) 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ⊆ 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ⊆ 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ⟹ 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) ≤ 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝2 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 )

Definition 3.2.2: Let X = {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 } , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = 〈𝐴1𝑉 , 𝜆1𝑉 〉 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 = 〈𝐴2𝑉 , 𝜆2𝑉 〉 be two Plithogenic
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cubic Vague Sets (PIFCVSs) in X. The similarities between 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 is given
as 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ), where
1 − − − − − −
𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 (|𝑇𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝐿2 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝑈1 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝑈2 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝐿2 (𝑥𝑖 )| +
12𝑛 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

− − + + + + +
|𝐹𝐴𝑈1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝑈2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝐿2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝑈1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴+2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝐿2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| +

+ +
|𝐹𝐴𝑈1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝑈2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝜆−1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝜆−2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝜆−1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝜆−2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝜆+1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝜆+2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| +

|𝐹𝜆+1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝜆+2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )|)

Algorithm:
Step 1. Construct an ideal PIFCVS 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉.
𝑗 𝑗
Step 2. Then construct PIFCVSs 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉, 𝑗 = 1,2 … 𝑛 for sample patterns.
Step 3. Calculate the similarities between ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 and sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 =
〈𝐴𝑉𝑗 , 𝜆𝑗𝑉 〉 using definition 3.2.2.
Step 4. The sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 is considered to belong to ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 if 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) ≤ 0.5 and
sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 is not to be known for ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 if 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) > 0.5.

Example 3.3.3: Let us consider three simple pattern which are to be known. Let X = {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 }.
𝑗 𝑗
Similarly let 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 be PIFCVS set of ideal pattern and pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 be the PIFCVSs of
sample patterns.
Step 1. Create ideal PIFCVS 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 on X as,
〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5]),([0.4,0.6],[0.5.0.5]〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉 〈[0.2,0.6],[0.3,0.6]),([0.4,0.8],[0.4.0.7]〉
𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = <{ , , },
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

[0.2,0.5],[0.5,0.8] [0.4,0.7],[0.3,0.6] [0.3,0.6],[0.4,0.7]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

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Neutrosophic Systems with Applications , Vol. 11, 2023 43
An International Journal on Informatics, Decision Science, Intelligent Systems Applications

𝑗 𝑗
Step 2. Construct PIFCVSs 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉

〈[0.2,0.6],[0.3,0.6]),([0.4,0.8],[0.4.0.7]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5]),([0.4,0.6],[0.5.0.5]〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉

𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = <{ , , },
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

[0.1,0.7],[0.2,0.8] [0.3,0.7],[0.3,0.6] [0.1,0.9],[0.1,0.6]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

〈[0.1,0.7],[0.2,0.4]),([0.3,0.9],[0.6.0.8]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.1,0.2]),([0.4,0.6],[0.8.0.9]〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉

𝔸𝑣𝑝2 = <{ , , },
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

[0.5,0.6],[0.4,0.5] [0.1,0.7],[0.2,0.8] [0.1,0.5],[0.2,0.5]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.1,0.2]),([0.4,0.6],[0.8.0.9]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5]),([0.4,0.6],[0.5.0.5]〉

𝔸𝑣𝑝3 = <{ , , },
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

[0.1,0.9],[0.1,0.6] [0.1,0.7],[0.2,0.8] [0.3,0.7],[0.3,0.6]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

Step 3. Calculate the degree of similarity S between the ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 and the sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ,
then the results obtained are
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ) = 0.13
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 0.19
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) = 0.17

Step 4. 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ) ≤ 0.5 , 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) ≤ 0.5 and 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) ≤ 0.5 , the sample pattern whose
corresponding PIFCVS sets are denoted as 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 are known as similar patterns of the
family of ideal pattern whose PIFCVS is denoted as 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 .

3.3 Plithogenic Neutrosophic Fuzzy Cubic Vague Set

In this part, we will observe the similarities of two Plithogenic Neutrosophic Cubic Vague Set
(PNCVSs) of pattern recognition problem.
Definition 3.3.1: Let 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 be any two Plithogenic Neutrosophic Cubic Vague Set (PNCVSs).
Then,
(1) 0 ≤ |𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 )| ≤ 1,
(2) 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝2 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ),
(3) 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 1 ⇔ 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ,
(4) 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ⊆ 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ⊆ 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ⟹ 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) ≤ 𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝2 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 )

Definition: 3.3.2 Let X = {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 } , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 = 〈𝐴1𝑉 , 𝜆1𝑉 〉 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 = 〈𝐴2𝑉 , 𝜆2𝑉 〉 be two Plithogenic
Neutrosophic Cubic Vague Set (PNCVSs). The similarity measure between 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 is given by
𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ), where
1 − − − − − −
𝑆(𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 (|𝑇𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝐿2 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝑈1 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝑈2 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼𝐴𝐿2 (𝑥𝑖 )| +
18𝑛 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

− − − − − − + +
|𝐼𝐴𝑈1 𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼𝐴𝑈2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝐿2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝐴𝑈1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝑈2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴𝐿2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| +

+ + + + + + +
|𝑇𝐴𝑈1 𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝐴+2 𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼𝐴𝐿2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼𝐴𝑈1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼𝐴𝑈2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝐴𝐿1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝐿2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| +

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Neutrosophic Systems with Applications , Vol. 11, 2023 44
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+ +
|𝐹𝐴𝑈1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝐴𝑈2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝑇𝜆−1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝜆−2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼𝜆−1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼𝜆−2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝜆−1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝜆−2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| +

|𝑇𝜆+1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑇𝜆+2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐼𝜆+1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐼𝜆+2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )| + |𝐹𝜆+1𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝐹𝜆+2𝑉 (𝑥𝑖 )|)

Algorithm:
Step 1. Construct the ideal PNCVS 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉.
𝑗 𝑗
Step 2. Then construct PNCVSs 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉
Step 3. Calculate the similarities between ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 and the sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 =
〈𝐴𝑉𝑗 , 𝜆𝑗𝑉 〉 using definition 3.3.2.
Step 4. The sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 is considered to belong to the ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 if 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) ≤
0.5 and sample pattern 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 is not to be known for an ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 if 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) > 0.5.

Example 3.3.3: Here we consider the example (3.1.3) for PNCVSs.

Step 1. Construct an ideal PNCVS 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉 on X as,
𝔸𝑝 𝑣 =
〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5]),([0.1,0.8],[0.2,0.6]),([0.4,0.6],[0.5.0.5]〉 〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.3,0.5],[0.4,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉
<{ , ,
𝑥1 𝑥2

〈[0.2,0.6],[0.3,0.6]),([0.4,0.8],[0.2,0.5]),([0.4,0.8],[0.4.0.7]〉
},
𝑥3

[0.2,0.5],[0.3,0.4],[0.5,0.8] [0.4,0.7],[0.2,0.3],[0.3,0.6] [0.3,0.6],[0.4,0.5],[0.4,0.7]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝑗 𝑗
Step 2. Construct PNCVSs 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 = 〈𝐴𝑉 , 𝜆𝑉 〉
𝔸𝑣𝑝1 =
〈[0.2,0.6],[0.3,0.6]),([0.4,0.8],[0.2,0.5]),([0.4,0.8],[0.4.0.7]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5]),([0.3,0.8],[0.2,0.6]),([0.4,0.6],[0.5.0.5]〉
<{ , ,
𝑥1 𝑥2

〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.3,0.5],[0.4,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉
},
𝑥3

[0.1,0.7],[0.3,0.8],[0.2,0.8] [0.3,0.7],[0.2,0.9],[0.3,0.6] [0.1,0.9],[0.2,0.7],[0.1,0.6]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝔸𝑣𝑝2 =
〈[0.1,0.7],[0.2,0.4]),([0.4,0.5],[0.3,0.6]),([0.3,0.9],[0.6.0.8]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.1,0.2]),([0.4,0.5],[0.3,0.6]),([0.4,0.6],[0.8.0.9]〉
<{ ,
𝑥1 𝑥2

〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.3,0.5],[0.4,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉
},
𝑥3

[0.5,0.6],[0.5,0.6],[0.4,0.5] [0.1,0.7],[0.3,0.8],[0.2,0.8] [0.1,0.5],[0.2,0.8],[0.2,0.5]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

𝔸𝑣𝑝3 =
〈[0.3,0.8],[0.5,0.6]),([0.3,0.5],[0.4,0.6]),([0.2,0.7],[0.4.0.5]〉 〈[0.4,0.6],[0.1,0.2]),([0.4,0.5],[0.3,0.6]),([0.4,0.6],[0.8.0.9]〉
<{ , ,
𝑥1 𝑥2

〈[0.4,0.6],[0.5,0.5]),([0.3,0.8],[0.2,0.6]),([0.4,0.6],[0.5.0.5]〉
},
𝑥3

[0.1,0.9],[0.2,0.7],[0.1,0.6] [0.1,0.7],[0.3,0.8],[0.2,0.8] [0.3,0.7],[0.2,0.9],[0.3,0.6]

{ , , }>
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3

S. Anitha and A. Francina Shalini, Similarity Measure of Plithogenic Cubic Vague Sets: Examples and Possibilities
Neutrosophic Systems with Applications , Vol. 11, 2023 45
An International Journal on Informatics, Decision Science, Intelligent Systems Applications

Step 3. Calculate S, the degree of similarity between the ideal pattern 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 and the sample pattern
𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 , then the results obtained are
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ) = 0.14
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) = 0.19
𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) = 0.16

Step 4. 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 ) ≤ 0.5 , 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 ) ≤ 0.5 and 𝑆(𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 ) ≤ 0.5 , the sample pattern whose
corresponding PNCVS sets are denoted by 𝔸𝑣𝑝1 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝2 and 𝔸𝑣𝑝3 are known as the similar patterns of the
family of ideal pattern whose PNCVS is denoted by 𝔸𝑝 𝑣 .

4. Discussion
Consider the problem given above to demonstrate the advantage of our projected method of
Plithogenic Cubic Vague Set (PCVs) comparing to the set proposed by Jun et al. [17]. Cubic set fails
to capture the false membership part to measure the alternative in the decision making method,
therefore it is not possible to describe the problem. The elements of PCVS are characterized by one or
more attributes and it has the ability to handle uncertainties and vague information considering the
truth and false membership values. We have considered a simple pattern recognition problem with
three sample patterns and an ideal pattern. We assume that 𝑆 (𝔸𝑝 𝑣 , 𝔸𝑣𝑝𝑗 ) ≥ 0.5 is the ideal pattern and
the aim is to find which one among the three sample belongs to the ideal pattern. All three sample
pattern of Plithogenic Cubic Vague sets (PFCVSs) (𝑧 ≡ 𝐹), PIFCVSs (𝑧 ≡ 𝐼𝐹), (PNCVSs (𝑧 ≡ 𝑁) is
recognized as similar patterns of the family of ideal pattern in the above examples.

5. Conclusion
In this paper, we projected a method to measure the similarities between two PCVSs (z≡F, z≡IF,
z≡N) and studied some of its properties. Examples are provided to prove the application of similarity
measure of Plithogenic Fuzzy Cubic Vague Set (PFCVS), Plithogenic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Cubic Vague
Set (PIFCVS) and Plithogenic Neutrosophic Cubic Vague Set (PNCVS) separately in pattern
recognition problem. In consecutive research, investigation of AND and OR operations, PCVS to
groups, rings and its application in other fields will be carried out.

Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the editorial and reviewers, as well as the correspondent author, who offered
assistance in the form of advice, assessment, and checking during the study period.
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available
due to the privacy-preserving nature of the data but are available from the corresponding author
upon reasonable request.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in the research.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the
authors.

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Received: 05 Jun 2023, Revised: 24 Sep 2023,

Accepted: 16 Oct 2023, Available online: 21 Oct 2023.

© 2023 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions
of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

S. Anitha and A. Francina Shalini, Similarity Measure of Plithogenic Cubic Vague Sets: Examples and Possibilities