Nervous System

ANAT 1053 | UNIT 2: NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART II

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 The Nervous System
Part 2
“The Autonomic Nervous System”
 Learning Objectives
WEEK 4: ▪ Functional anatomy
▪ Autonomic nervous and structure of
system sympathetic and
parasympathetic
▪ Differentiate between
nervous system
autonomic and
somatic nervous ▪ Effects in the body
system produced by
sympathetic and
▪ Differentiate between
parasympathetic
sympathetic and
nervous system
parasympathetic
division

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 Figure 7.2 Organization of the Central Nervous System
nervous system.
(brain and spinal cord)

Peripheral Nervous System

(cranial and spinal nerves)

Sensory Motor
(afferent) (efferent)

Sense Somatic Autonomic

organs (voluntary) (involuntary)

Skeletal Cardiac and

muscles smooth muscle,
glands

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

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 Autonomic Nervous System

▪ Autonomic Nervous System is part of the motor

division in the peripheral nervous system

▪ Also known as the involuntary nervous system

▪ Carries information through visceral motor fibers
▪ Regulates activities of cardiac muscles, smooth
muscles and glands

▪ Two subdivisions:
1. Sympathetic division
2. Parasympathetic division
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 Sympathetic Division

▪ Sympathetic—“fight or flight” response

▪ Activates when we need to respond to an unusual
stimulus
▪ Takes over to mobilize energy and prepare the body
to respond
▪ Remember as the “E” division:
▪ Exercise
▪ Excitement
▪ Emergency
▪ Embarrassment

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 Parasympathetic division

▪ Parasympathetic—“housekeeping” or “rest and

digest” response
▪ Conserves energy
▪ Maintains daily necessary body functions
▪ Remember as the “D” division
▪ Digestion
▪ Defecation
▪ Diuresis

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 Differences Between Somatic
and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Somatic Nervous Autonomic Nervous
System (voluntary) System (involuntary)

Nerves One-neuron system; it Two-neuron system

originates in the CNS, consisting of a
and the axon extends to preganglionic and
the skeletal muscle postganglionic neuron

Effector organ Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle
Glands
Subdivisions No subdivisions Sympathetic and
parasympathetic

Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine Acetylcholine

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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Figure 7.27 Comparison of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Central
nervous
system Peripheral nervous system Effector organs

Acetylcholine
Somatic nervous Skeletal
system muscle

Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Smooth muscle

(e.g., in stomach)

Sympathetic Ganglion
division Acetylcholine Epinephrine and
Autonomic norepinephrine
nervous Blood Glands
system vessel

Acetylcholine
Para- Cardiac
sympathetic muscle
division
Ganglion

KEY:
Preganglionic Postganglionic Myelination Preganglionic Postganglionic
axons axons axons axons
(sympathetic) (sympathetic) (parasympathetic) (parasympathetic)

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 Parasympathetic Division

▪ Preganglionic neurons originate from the

craniosacral regions:
▪ The cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)
▪ S2 through S4 regions of the spinal cord (S2, S3, S4)

▪ Ganglia are close to the effector organs

▪ Preganglionic fibers are long
▪ Postganglionic fibers are short

▪ Preganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

▪ Postganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
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 Parasympathetic Division

Long Acetylcholine Short Acetylcholine

preganglionic (Ach) at postganglionic (Ach) at
fibers ganglion fibers effector organ

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 Sympathetic Division

▪ Preganglionic neurons originate from T1 through L2

(thoracolumbar division)

▪ Ganglia are near the spinal cord

▪ Preganglionic fibers are short
▪ Postganglionic fibers are long

▪ Preganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

▪ Postganglionic neurotransmitter: norepinephrine and
epinephrine (adrenal gland)

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 Sympathetic Division

Epinephrine
Short Acetylcholine Long and
preganglionic (Ach) at postganglionic Norepinephrine
fibers ganglion fibers at effector
organ

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 Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Note: Eye
Brain stem
Eye

Salivary Skin
Most structures have glands Cranial
a dual innervation, Sympathetic Salivary
glands
from both Heart Cervical
ganglia
sympathetic &
parasympathetic Lungs Lungs

divisions. T1 Heart

Stomach
Parasympathetic has Thoracic
Stomach Pancreas
almost no
innervation to body Pancreas
Liver
and gall-
wall structures L1 bladder
(cutaneous blood Liver and Adrenal
vessels, arector pili gall- Lumbar gland
bladder
muscles, sweat
glands)
Bladder Bladder
Sacral
Genitals nerves Genitals
(S2–S4)
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 Note:

Ganglia, both
paraverterbral and
collateral

Paravertebral extend
farther than spinal
nerves that initially
form them, so extend
into cervical and
sacral regions

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 Bodies in lateral
horn, axons through
ventral root (somatic
from ventral horn &
also pass through
ventral root

Sympatetic fibers
can all turn into
ganglion, then can do
1 of 3 things

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 Adrenal Gland: bit of a special case
Two parts:
• Adrenal cortex & Adrenal medulla
• from different embryonic tissue, & have different functions;

• Cortex: secretes steroid hormones (later);

• Medulla: really a sympathetic ganglion:

• modified postganglionic neurons
(no axon or dendrites);
• secrete:
• epinephrine (adrenaline),
• norepinephrine (noradrenaline),
• dopamine;
• Preganglionic neurons extend from
sympathetic chain, pass through
collateral ganglion, & penetrate
cortex to reach medulla.

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 Cranial part of parasympathetic:
fibers part of oculomotor, facial,
glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves;

1st 3: innervate head structures;

vagus: thoracic & abdominopelvic
structures;

Sacral: more inferior structures;

Long preganglionic fibers;

Most just pass through ganglia and
plexuses;

Most reach or nearly reach target

organ before synapsing, so ganglia
are very near or even in target organ.

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 Summary
▪ The autonomic nervous system is a PNS subdivision consisting of
visceral motor fibres controlling involuntary activities of
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

▪ Two subdivisions of ANS: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Points of origin Craniosacral (CN III, Thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

VII, IX, X and S2-S4)
Location of ganglia Near effector organ Near spinal cord

Length of pre-and Long pre-ganglionic Short pre-ganglionic

post- ganglionic Short post-ganglionic Long post-ganglionic
fiber
Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (pre- and Acetylcholine (pre-ganglionic)
post-ganglionic) Norepinephrine (post-ganglionic
neuron)
Norepinephrine / Epinephrine
(post-ganglionic adrenal)
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 How do sympathetic and parasympathetic
systems act on different systems?
System/Organ Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects

Increases activity Decreases activity

Digestive system
(salivary glands / peristalsis)

Energy conservation Energy mobilization

Liver
Store glucose Release glucose
(the liver can store and
(increase glucose uptake from (causes glucose to be released
release glucose)
the blood to synthesize from the liver into the blood via
glycogen) breakdown of glycogen)

Increases diameter of airways

Lungs Decreases diameter of airways
(dilates bronchioles)
(constricts bronchioles)
Increases respiratory rate

Decrease heart rate Increase heart rate

Heart
Decrease force of contraction Increase force of contraction

Urinary system
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Increases urine production Decreases urine production