6.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Column This chapter will discuss the following topics:
Definition of R.C. columns. Classification of short / slender (long) columns. Determination of short/slender columns by using simplified method. Design of axially loaded (subject to axial load mainly) columns by design formulae. Design of columns subject to uniaxial bending (axial load + one bending moment) by using the column design charts. Design of columns subject to biaxial bending (axial load + two bending moments).
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 6-1

6.1 Definition of R.C. Columns In accordance with HK Code, R.C. column is defined as a vertical member whose the greater g cross-sectional dimension does not exceed four ( ) times the smaller dimension (i.e. h 4b). The requirements for design of columns are treated in HK Code: Section 6.2.1 and Section 9.5.
x

y x h
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6.2 Classification of Column

A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered as unbraced. A braced column is considered as short if both the slenderness ratio lex/h and ley/b are l l d ti d less th 15 If either than 15. ith ratio is greater than 15, the column is considered as slender ( g) (long). An unbraced column is considered short if both the slenderness ratio lex/h and ley/b are less than 10. If either ratio is greater than 10, the column is considered as slender (long). (long)
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6.2 Classification of Column

Where,
h is the column depth perpendicular to the x-x axis. b is the column width perpendicular to the y-y axis. p p yy lex is the effective height of column when bending is g g about x-x axis. ley is the effective height of column when bending is about y-y axis.

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6.2.1 Effective Height of Column The effective height (le) of a column depends on:
the actual height between floor beams; the column sectional dimensions h * b; the end conditions; whether the column is braced or unbraced unbraced.

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6.2.2 - Effective Height Estimation Cl. 6.2.1.1 gives the following general equation for obtaining effective heights: le = lo where lo is the clear height between end restraints and is a coefficient from tables 6.11 and 6.12 of the Code for braced and unbraced columns respectively. N Normally lex i NOT equal to ley since and lo ll is lt i d have different values when column bends about x-x and y-y axes. d
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6.2.2 - Effective Height Estimation Most of the R.C. structures are monolithic construction and therefore the end condition is either condition 1 or condition 2. The diagram below provides a better understanding of the condition 1 & 2.
d1 Floor Fl Beam d2 col

Floor
6-7

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

6.2.2 - Effective Height Estimation If (d1) (d2) condition 1 If (d1) < (d2) condition 2

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6.3 Design Provision Minimum % of Reinforcement

The min. % of reinforcement for both grade 250 and g grade 460 reinforcement is 100 Asc/Acc = 0.8 Asc - Area of steel reinforcement in compression. Acc - Area of concrete concrete.

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6.3 Design Provision Maximum Area of Reinforcement

The max. % of reinforcement 6% of the gross crossy sectional area of a vertically casted column. The max. % of reinforcement 8% of the gross cross crosssectional area of a horizontally casted column. The max. % of reinforcement at laps 10% of the gross cross-sectional area of column. (see cl.9.5.1)

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6.3 Design Provision Requirements for Links / Binders / Transverse Reinforcement (see figure 9.5)
The link of links 6mm or 1/4 max,M.B. of the largest longitudinal bars. bars The max. spacing 12 min,M.B. of the smallest longitudinal bar. The links should pass through every corner bar and each alternate bar in an outer layer. The links passing round the bar shall have an included angle of not more than 135o. No bar is to be further than 150mm from a restrained bar.
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Fig. 6.1 - Requirements for Links /Binders Link size 1/4*32 = 8mm 12 20 Link spacing 12*20 = 240 mm Use R8-links-240 c/c alt.
Corner Bar T32 T20 T32 alt. bar T20 T32 Corner Bar T20 alt. T32 bar b T20 < 135 o T20 T32 bar T20 Corner Bar T32 T20 alt. T32 bar T20 T32 Corner Bar

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Fig. 6.2 Part Plan of a Braced Structure

C1
B1-1 (250 X 450)

C2
B1-2 (250 X 450)

C3

B4-2 (250 X 450) 2

B5-2 (250 X 450)

B6-2 (250 X 450) 2

B7-2 (250 X 450) (

S1
(125)

S1 (125)

S1
(125)

S1 (125)

C4
B4-1 (250 X 450)

B2-1 (300 X 500)

C5
B2-2 (300 X 500)

B8-2 (2 X 450) 250

C6

B6-1 (250 X 45 50)

B7-1 (250 X 45 50)

S1 (125)

S1 (125)

S1 (125)

S1
(125)

C7

B3-1 (250 X 450) ( )

B3 2 B3-2 (250 X 450)

C8

C9

B8-1 (250 X 450)

B5-1 (250 X 450)

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6.4 Short Braced Axially Loaded Columns

The Code gives the following expression for the ultimate load N that a short braced axially loaded column can support. (i.e. col. C5 in Fig. 6.2 supporting a symmetrical arrangement of fl ti l t f floor b beams: B Beam B2 1 B2-1 and B2-2 have equal span, and beam B6-1 and B6-2 have equal span.) N = 0 4fcuAc + 0 75Ascfy 0.4f 0.75A (1)

where Ac is the net cross-sectional area of conc in conc. column. Asc is the area of vertical reinforcement.
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6.4 Short Braced Axially Loaded Columns

Design Formula (1) allows for eccentricity due to construction tolerances and moment induced due to t ti t l d ti d dd t pattern load (i.e. one span of beam 2B-1 is loaded with max. load (1.4*D.L. + 1.6* L.L.) and the other span of (1.4 D.L. 1.6 beam 2B-2 loaded with min. load (1.0*D.L.))

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6.4 Short Braced Axially Loaded Columns

Short braced columns supporting an approximately symmetrical arrangement of beams These beams must be designed for uniformly distributed loads. The span must not differ by more than 15% of the longer span. The ultimate load is given by the expression: N = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67fyAsc (2)

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Example 6.1
A short braced axially loaded column supporting a symmetrical arrangement of beams is reinforced with 4T25 bars. Th column is 325 mm square in section as shown in b The l h Fig. 6.3. Find the ultimate axial load that the column can carry and the spacing and the diameter of the links required required. The materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 f reinforcement.

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Solution : Ex. 6.1

Steel area Asc = 4*491 = 1964 mm2 Concrete area Ac = 3252 - 1964 = 103661 mm2 N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.75fyAsc = 0.4*35*103661 + 0.75*460*1964 = 2129 kN Links size shall not be less than 6mm or 1/4 * largest longitudinal bars = 1/4*25 = 6.25 mm.

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Solution : Ex. 6.1

The spacing of binders 12 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars = 12*25 = 300 mm. PROVIDE R8-300 c/c links
325

4T25 Fig. 6 3 Fi 6.3

R8 - 300c/c

325 5

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Example 6.2
A short braced axially loaded column supporting a symmetrical arrangement of beams carries an ultimate axial load f l d of 2300 kN Th column size is 325 * 325 mm. F d the kN. The l Find h area of the longitudinal reinforcement required and select suitable bars The materials are grade 30 concrete and bars. grade 460 reinforcement.

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Solution: Ex. 6.2

N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.75fyAsc 2300*103 = 0 4*30*(3252 - Asc) + 0 75*460*Asc 0.4*30*(325 0.75*460*A Asc = 3101 mm2 Provide 4T32 bars (Asc = 4*804 = 3216 mm2)

100A sc 100 * 3216 = = 3.0 > 0 8 0.8 bh 325 * 325 < 6.0

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6.5 Uniaxial Bending (N + Mx or + My) Code Provisions

In a monolithically constructed braced frame, the axial y g force in column can be calculated by assuming that beams are simply supported (i.e. by tributary area). If the arrangement of beam is symmetrical, the column g y can be designed for axial load only as discussed in 6.4. The column may also be designed for axial load and a moment due to the nominal eccentricity.

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6.5 Uniaxial Bending (Nominal eccentricity) Nominal Eccentricity

The min. design moment of a column should not be ( ) ( y ) less than the (ultimate load) * (min. eccentricity emin). The min. eccentricity emin equals to 0.05 times the overall dimension of the column in the plane of bending, but not more than 20mm, e.g.
When h 400 mm, emin = 20 mm. When h < 400 mm, emin = 0.05*h

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6.5 Uniaxial Bending

The design calculation of short column subject to uniaxial bending is normally done by using Column Design Charts of BS8110 P 3 (1985) D i Ch f BS8110: Part3 (1985). When using the column design charts, one has to observe the values of fcu, fy and the ratio of d/h and select th appropriate d i chart. l t the i t design h t A the d i i of column d i charts are b d on As h derviation f l design h based symmetrical arrangement of reinforcement, special attention should be paid in detailing or consult relevant textbook if you do not follow the arrangement of rebars.
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Modes of Failure
The relative magnitude of the moment (M) and axial load (N) govern the modes of failure. With large effective eccentricity (e = M/N) a tensile failure is likely, but with a small eccentricity a compression failure is more likely. Point b in Fig. 6.4 presents a balanced section. That is to say the concrete reaches the ultimate strain (strain = 0.0035 for fcu 60 MPa) and at the same time the reinforcement yields (strain 0.002).

No Compression Failure r Nb l bal 0 b Tension Failure M Mbal

Fig. 6.4 - Bending plus axial load chart with modes of failure
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Example 6.3
A short R.C. Column is subject to an ultimate axial load of 5000 kN and a major ultimate moment of 300 kNm. The column section is 400*600 l 400*600. Determine the area of D h f longitudinal reinforcement required. Given that fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2; Nominal cover = 40 mm; the link size is assumed to be 10 mm.

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Solution: Ex. 6.3

fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 d = 600 - 40 - 10 - 40/2 = 530 mm d/h = 0.88 0.85 N/bh = 5000*103/(400*600) = 20.8 ( M/bh2 = 300*106/(400*6002) = 2.08 From column design chart 33 g 100Asc/bh = 2.6 Asc = 2.6*400*600/100 = 6240 mm2 Provide 8T32 (Asc = 6432 mm2)
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Example 6.4 - Column Design Using Design Charts

Fig. 6.5a and 6.5b show a part plan and an elevation of an industrial building respectively, for which the centre column C2 is to be designed. The frames at 3.5 m centre, are braced against lateral forces, and support the following l d f ll loads: Dead load gk = 15 kN/m2, Imposed load qk= 25 kN/m2 Characteristic material strengths are fcu = 35 N/mm2 for the concrete and fy = 460 N/mm2 for the steel. Nominal cover to reinforcement = 40 mm.
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Example 6.4 - Fig. 6.5a (Part Plan)

3 3500

C2 (400 x 400) C1
B1 (300 x 700) B2 (300 x 700) ( )

C3

35 500

6500
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Example 6.4 - Fig. 6.5b (Elevation)

3/F 3B1 (300 x 700 dp) 3B2 (300 x 700 dp)
3500

2/F

2B1 (300 x 700 dp)

2B2 (300 x 700 dp)

3500

1/F

1B1 (300 x 700 dp)

1B2 (300 x 700 dp)

P
3500

G/F

C1 6500

C2 (400x400) 4500

C3

Section through the frame Fig. 6.5b - Columns in an industrial building

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 6-30

Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Load)

Maximum ultimate load at each floor per meter length of the beam. = 3.5*(1.4gk + 1.6qk) = 3.5*(1.4*15 + 1.6*25) = 213.5 kN/m Minimum ultimate load at each floor per meter length of the beam. = 3.5*(1.0gk) = 3.5*(1.0*15) = 52.5 kN/m

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Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Axial Load for C2)

The critical arrangement of load which will cause the maximum moment in column is shown in fig. 6.6a. Column loads 3/F & 2/F = 2*213.5*11/2 1/F = 213.5*6.5/2 + 52.5*4.5/2 Col. Self-weight, 0.42*24*3.5*3 Total N

= 2349 kN = 812 kN = 40 kN =3201 kN

As the difference in spans of beam B1 and B2 is greater than 15%, simplified d i f i lifi d design formulae of 6 4 cannot b used. Th column l f 6.4 be d The l shall be designed for axial load plus bending (i.e. using column design charts)
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Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Moment)

A simplified approach is used to determine the bending moment of column C2 (G/F - 1/F). The column moment is obtained b using the unbalanced moment and the relative b i d by i h b l d d h l i stiffness (4EI/L) of members meeting at a joint. The loading arrangement and the sub-frame for determining the column moments at the first floor is shown in fig 6.6b. fig. 6 6b Member stiffnesses are:1 0.3 * 0.7 3 K1 B1 1 bh3 = = = 6.596 * 10 4 2 2 12 L1 B1 2 12 * 6.5

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Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Moment)

K1 B 2 1 bh3 1 0.3 * 0.73 = = = 9.528 * 10 4 2 2 12 L1 B 2 2 12 * 4.5

Kcol

0.4 4 = = 6.095 * 10 4 12 * 3.5

K = (6.596 + 9.528 + 6.095*2)10-4 = 28.31*10-4 ( ) Distribution factor for the column

Kcol 6.095 = = 0.215 K 28.31

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Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Moment) Fixed end moments at joint P are: FEM1B1 = 213.5*6.52 / 12 = 752 kNm 213.5 6.5 FEM1B2 = 52.5*4.52 / 12 = 89 kNm the unbalanced moment = (752 - 89) = 663 kNm Column moment M = 0 215*663 = 143 kN 0.215*663 kNm.

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Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Reinforcement)

Design column C2 (G/F - 1/F) reinforcement by using design chart 33.

N 3201 * 10 3 = = 20.0 bh 400 * 400

M bh
2

143 * 10 6 400 * 400

2

= 2.23

fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 d = 400 - 40 -10 - 32/2 = 334 d/h = 334/400 = 0.835 0.85

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Solution: Ex. 6.4 (Design Reinforcement)

From column design chart no. 33,
100 Asc = 2.6 bh

Asc = 2.6*4002/100 = 4160 mm2 Provide 4T32 + 2T25 (Asc = 4198 mm2) (
100 Asc 100 * 4198 = = 2.62 > 0.8 bh 400 2 < 6.0

O.K.

* By adopting the similar procedures, students can design the rest of the columns.
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 6-37

Figure 6.6
3/F 1.4G k + 1.6Q k

2/F

1.4G k + 1.6Q k 1.4G k + 1.6Q k C1 C2 1.0G k

1/F
213.5*6.5=1388 kN 52.5*4.5=236 kN 1B1 P

1/F G/F

1B2

C3

C2 G/F (b) Sub-frame and load for max. col. moment

(a) Critical loading arrangement for col. C2 at 1/F

-752 kNm kN -752 2 kNm -89 kNm -89 kNm

1B1

1B2

C2 (c) Fixed End Moment

Fig. 6.6
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6.5 Biaxial Bending (N + Mx + My)

When a column is subjected to two moments plus axial load, the method as described in HK Code can be used. Basically, the design method converts biaxial bending moments t an unaxial b di moment b i t to i l bending t by increasing i moment about one axis. Hence column charts can be used. Which bending moment to be increased depends on the relative values of the moments and the column section p dimensions. The amount of increase depends on the ratio of the design axial load to the axial load capacity.

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6.5 Biaxial Bending (N + Mx + My) Mx -design ultimate moment about the x-x axis. M x ' -effective uniaxial design moment about the effective x-x axis. My - d i ultimate moment about th y-y axis. design lti t t b t the i M y ' - effective uniaxial design moment about the y-y axis. h - overall depth perpendicular to the x-x axis. xx h' - effective depth perpendicular to the x-x axis. b - overall width perpendicular t th y-y axis. ll idth di l to the i b' - effective width perpendicular to the y-y axis.
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6.5 Biaxial Bending (Increase Bending Moment about one-axis)

If f

Mx M y h' b'
Mx ' = Mx + h' My b'

If

Mx M y < h' b'

My'= My + b' Mx h'

Th coefficient i t k f The ffi i t is taken from T bl 6 14 of th Table 6.14 f the Code and as shown below.
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6.5 Biaxial Bending (Increase Bending Moment about one-axis)

Values of the coefficient N 0 0.1 bhf
cu

0.2 0.77

0.3 0.65

0.4 0.53

0.5 0.42

0.6 0.30

1.00

0.88

b b' Y Mx h h' X

Y
My
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 6-42

Example 6.5
The column section shown below is to be designed to resist an ultimate axial load of 1800 kN plus moments of Mxx = 85 kNm and Myy = 95 kN d kNm. Th characteristic material strengths are The h l h 2 and f = 460 N/mm2. fcu = 30 N/mm y
350 Y Mx = 85 kNm X

40 00 330

280

My = 95 kNm

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Solution: Ex. 6.5 (Increased Moment)

Mx 85 = = 0.258 h' 330 My 95 = = 0.339 b' 280

Mx M y < Increase the bending moment M y h' b' b' M y '= M y + Mx h'
N/bhfcu = 1800*103/(350*400*30) = 0.43 g , From design table 6.14, = 0.50 280 M y ' = 95 + 0.5 * * 85 = 131 kNm 330
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Solution: Ex. 6.5 (Increased Moment)

As bending is about y-y axis, d = 280 and d/h = 280/350 = 0.8 N/bh = 1800*103 / (350*400) = 11.4 My/bh2 = 131*106/(400*3502) = 2.7 From column design chart no. 27, 100Asc / bh = 1.7 Asc = 1.7*350*400/100 = 2380 mm2 Provide 6T25 (Asc = 2946 mm2)
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Table 2 Area of Steel Reinforcement

Steel Reinforcement Bar Size Area of one Bar (mm2) 8 50.3 10 78.5 78 5 12 113 16 201 20 314 25 491 32 804 40 1257

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Table 6.11 & 6.12 - Effective Height of a Column

Reproduced from HK Code

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Table 6.14 - Values of the Coefficient (Biaxial Bending)

Reproduced from HK Code

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Figure 9.5 : Column transverse reinforcement

Reproduced from HK Code

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Chart No. 27

11.4

2.7

Reproduced from BS8110 (1985)

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Chart No. 33

20.8 20.0

2.08

2.23

Reproduced from BS8110 (1985)

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Maximum Area of Reinforcement in Members

9.5.1 Longitudinal reinforcement The area of total longitudinal reinforcement based on the gross crosssectional area of a column should not b l ti l f l h ld t be less th 0 8% S clause than 0.8%. See l 9.9.2 for ductility requirement. Bars should have a diameter of not less than 12 mm. The minimum number of longitudinal bars in a column should be four in rectangular columns and six in circular columns. In columns having a polygonal cross-section, at least one bar should be placed at each p yg p corner. The longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed the following amounts, calculated as percentages of the gross cross-sectional area of cross sectional the concrete: vertically-cast columns - 6%; horizontally cast columns - 8%; and horizontally-cast laps in vertically-or horizontally-cast columns - 10%. At laps, the sum of the reinforcement sizes in a particular layer should not exceed 40% of th b dth of th section at th t l ti t d f the breadth f the ti t that location.
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Self-Assessment Questions
Q1. Give the definition of a short R.C. column in a braced structure.
x y

y x

Answers: (a) Both lex/h and ley/b 15. (b) Both lex/h and ley/b 10. y (c) Either lex/h or ley/b 15 (d) Either lex/h or ley/b 10 y

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q2. Give the definition of R.C. column in accordance with BS8110. Answers: (a) h/b > 4 (b) h/b 4 (c) h/b > 3 (d) h/b 3
h

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q3. A short braced column is supporting a symmetrical arrangement of main beams subject to dead and imposed l d i d loads. Which equation would be used for its ultimate axial load l l ti ? l d calculation? Answers: (a) N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.75Ascfy (b) N = 0.45fcuAc + 0 87fyAsc 0 45f 0.87f (c) N = 0.35fcuAc + 0.67fyAsc

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q4. A short braced column has a 300 mm square section and is made from grade 40 concrete and is reinforced with 6T32 b ih bars. The column supports a symmetrical Th l i l arrangement of beams carrying dead and imposed load. Calculate its ultimate axial load capacity. capacity Answers: (a) 2679 kN (b) 3027 kN (c) 3463 kN

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Self-Assessment Questions
Q5. A short braced column has a 300 mm square section and is made from grade 40 concrete and is reinforced with 6T32 b ih bars. The column supports an Th l approximately symmetrical arrangement of beams (i.e. difference in spans is less than 15%) carrying dead and imposed load. Calculate its ultimate axial load p y capacity. Answers: ( ) (a) 2679 kN (b) 3027 kN ( ) (c) 3463 kN

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Assignment No. 6
AQ1 A short column has a 300 x 500 mm section and is subjected to an ultimate axial load of 4000 kN and a design bending d i b di moment of 300 kN about i major f kNm b its j axis. Calculate the area of reinforcement required. Given that (i) Nominal cover = 35 mm; (ii) Links size = 10 mm; (iii) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2. Answer: As = 8100 mm2

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Assignment No. 6
AQ2 A short column has a 300 x 500 mm section, and is reinforced with 6T32 bars as shown in below. The column i subjected to an ultimate axial l d of 3250 l is bj d li i l load f kN and an ultimate moment about its major axis. Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the column column. Given that (i) Nominal cover = 35 mm; (ii) Links size = ( ) 10 mm; (iii) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2.
300

Answer: M = 203 kNm

3T32 5 500 3T32

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Assignment No. 6
AQ3 A short column has a 300 x 500 mm section, and is reinforced with 6T32 bars as shown in below. The column i subjected to an ultimate axial l d and an l is bj d li i l load d ultimate moment of 350 kNm about its major axis. Determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the column. Given that (i) Nominal cover = 35 mm; (ii) ( ) Links size = 10 mm; (iii) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 2. N/mm 300 Answer: N = 2250 kN
3T32 50 00 3T32

M=350 kNm

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Assignment No. 6
AQ4 A 350 x450 mm short column is subjected to an ultimate axial load of 3500 kN, and ultimate moments of 280 kN and 180 kN about i major and minor f kNm d kNm b its j d i axes respectively. Determine the area of reinforcement required. required Given that (i) Nominal cover = 40 mm; (ii) Links size = 10 mm; (iii) fcu = 40 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2. Answer: As = 7400 mm2

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Assignment No. 6
AQ5 A 350 x450 mm short column is subjected to an ultimate axial load of 3500 kN, and ultimate moments of 200 kN and 180 kN about i major and minor f kNm d kNm b its j d i axes respectively. Determine the area of reinforcement required. required Given that (i) Nominal cover = 40 mm; (ii) Links size = 10 mm; (iii) fcu = 40 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2. Answers: As = 6770 mm2

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Assignment No. 6
AQ6 Fig. AQ6 shows the general arrangement of a braced column in a frame. Determine whether the column shown i a short or slender f each fl h is h l d for h floor. I i given It is i that the floor to floor height is 4.5 m. Answers: (i) (ii) 2/F - 1/F 1/F - B Base (a) Short ( ) Sh (a) Short ( ) Sh

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Assignment No. 6
AQ7 If the column shown in Fig. AQ6 is an unbraced column in a frame. Determine whether the column is a short or slender f each fl h l d for h floor. I i given that the fl It is i h h floor to floor height is 4.5 m. Answers: (i) (ii) 2/F - 1/F 1/F - B Base (a) Slender ( ) Sl d (a) Slender ( ) Sl d

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Assignment No. 6
500 x y y x Beam A 2/F Beam A 200 x 350 Beam B 250 x 550 Floor to floor height = 4.5m Beam A 4500 Beam B 1/F Beam A 4500 Fixed Support Base 250

Figure AQ6

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

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