Research Article

THE INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(TIJOBR) ISSN Online:
2618-1444
Vol. 3(4) Oct-Dec. 2020., 01-07; 2020
http://www.rndjournals.com

Extraction of Curcumin and Evaluation of Its Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Naila Mukhtar
Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara-Pakistan.
Corresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
The medicinal plant plays a key role in curing diseases as it has wide use in Ayurvedic medicines. Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), a common spice,
is well known for its medicinal values. The basic purpose, due to the extent of academic literature, was focused on the main benefits associated
with common health. It is an enriched source of curcumin, significantly aids during inflammatory conditions, depression, diabetes, arthritis,
antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, discomfort, and many others. Moreover, it proves to be a reliable source for many vitamins like riboflavin, niacin
and pyridoxine. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is proved to be a very effective tool for the optimization extraction of the constituents
especially curcuminoids by the Soxhlet extraction technique. This technique proved quite helpful for the characterization and isolation of
curcumin. However, its therapeutic significance has limited effects, but this leads the investigators to check the complexity of curcuminoids and
other chemical substances that aids to increase the bioavailability of systematic compounds. Different clinical trials could also help in understanding
the other related mechanisms regarding anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties.

Key words: Curcumin, Soxhlet extraction, anti-inflammatory, turmeric

INTRODUCTION
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a significant plant among cultivated spice crops in Pakistan. It belongs to a ginger family
(Zingiberaceae). Turmeric cultivation was studied in many areas of Punjab (Kasur, Okara, Sahiwal). It is also cultivated in subtropical and
tropical parts of the land. Plants body consists of leaves, rhizome, and flowers. It also has medicinal properties for the cure of many chronic
diseases. The most active ingredients of turmeric plants are Curcumin and its derivatives desmethoxycurcumin and Bis-
desmethoxycurcumin. These active constituents are used as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties in many ways.
Brief History
As long as historical aspects of turmeric Yadav and Tarun (2017) studied the use of turmeric in Vedic culture in India about 4000
years ago. Turmeric is significantly used as a food additive, preservative in South-East Asia and India. It has been known as a folk medicine
for many skin diseases, diabetes, inflammation, anorexia, cough, anticancer, hepatic disorder, and many more (Parshad et al. 2014).
Curcumin which is the most active ingredient in turmeric, was discovered about two centuries ago by Vogel and Pelletier. In 1842 pure
curcumin was prepared by Vogel. Furthermore, Giordano and Tommonaro (2019) analyzed that Curcumin, a polyphenol compound
extracted from C. longa L. Researchers worldwide are considering it for its organic properties (e.g., Cancer preventative, pain reliever,
antimicrobial, antiviral). This polyphenol compound, alone or with several benefits, could speak of a powerful drug for the treatment of
malignant growth (Yadav and Tarun, 2017).
Curcumin is insoluble in water at neutral and acidic pH but is soluble in ethanol, methanol, acetone, and dimethylsulfoxide
(Aggarwal et al. 2013). Turmeric is the plant from which curcumin is being extracted, which has the element of being a yellow or orange
shade. Lab contemplates introduced some positive outcomes regarding curcumin's cell reinforcement, calming, and anticancer properties
(Jurenka, 2009). Moreover, Elumalai and Revathy (2013) discussed curcumin and its derivatives bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and
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demethoxycurcumin (DMC). These derivatives and curcumin are collectively called curcuminoids. Curcuminoids are used for a variety of
chronic diseases. The Health benefits of curcuminoids in the disease treatment of diabetes, arthritis and metabolic syndrome are very
significant (Singletary, 2010).
The main emphasis of this data collection was to highlight the significant and related anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric. The
inflammatory process has been one of the most investigated topics of experimental medicine (Adami, 1909). Nathan (2002) studied that
Among soluble factors, inflammation includes a major and complex set in a cell that can happen in any tissue as a result of traumatic response,
post-ischemic, autoimmune or toxic injury along with infections. Normally the infections lead to healing; moreover, if assisted repair and
targeted destruction are not managed and phased properly, tissue damage can be persistent by the lymphocytes and leukocytes collagen.
Inflammation includes a wide range and variety of pathological and physiological processes. No doubt that most of the studies well appreciated
the pathological aspects of different types of inflammation but the issue is that their functions related to physiology are unknown (Medzhitov,
2018).
But if we look at the history, almost from the past few decades, it becomes evident that much larger forms of diseases have evidence
concerning their molecular level. It includes lethal venous and chronic arterial diseases, an acute stroke of cerebral bones, myocardial ischemia
and chronic Alzheimer’s disease; as far as the recent data, it also covers cancer and arterial hypertension. (Philip et al. 2004). Among human
diseases, Inflammation has become another popular and common aspect for detailed study of different diseases. Treatments including anti-
inflammatory procedures, are very significant not only for one disease but may be efficient for another one, hence providing us a vital and
significant wide range for the intervention of new opportunities (Simon and Gree, 2020).
There are a lot of studies regarding the use of turmeric in many ways. Lal. (2012) discussed that turmeric powder had been used as a
food colorant, natural food preservative, and for many other purposes. It has been used in preparations of salad dressing, making soups, and
many applications in the food industry. It is also used in bakery products, canned beverages, ice cream, yogurt, dairy products, cereals.
Turmeric is a good source of vitamins like pyridoxine (vitamin B6), niacin, riboflavin, choline etc. Pyridoxine is used to treat homocystinuria,
sideroblastic anemia, and sickness due to radiation (Matok et al. 2014). However (C. longa L.) turmeric has therapeutic effects including anti-
septic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant qualities. The active constituents of turmeric could also be helpful and used as a therapy in
inflammatory, phytotherapy and other disorders, including bowl diseases, arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis and different other types of skin
diseases.
Many properties are associated with curcuminoids like anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, anti-diabetic,
anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-venom, anti-fibrotic, cholesterol regulation activities either hyper or hypotensive (Verma et al. 2018). After this
Parveen et al., (2017) studied the significance of turmeric use in reducing pain. Inflammation, discomfort, and wound healing after using
turmeric. The study was held in the department of maxillofacial and oral surgery of dental college 178 patients were selected. The diagnosis
of dry socked was made clinically. Two groups were made A and B. Turmeric dressing with mustard oil was given to group A and group B
with ZOE (Zinc oxided Eugnal). Turmeric has significant value and capability for health-promoting procedures and also has significant effects
on the expansions of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals or any other food ingredients.
The use of turmeric in the treatment of Alzheimer’s patients has also been studied. Alzheimer’s disease that causes patients to have
problems with their memory and behavior is one of the leading causes of death in the UK. Adding turmeric spice into a human diet can prevent
many infectious diseases, especially curing Alzheimer’s disease (Voulgaropoulou et al., 2019). Curcuminoids act on various targets, lower
the production of inflammation cytokines ad chemokines, reduce oxidative stress and prevent pro-anti-inflammatory enzymes. Among
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a major form. Turmeric and Asafoetida (ASF) have been used traditionally for
the cure of a range of diseases, including UC, as ASF has a large number of sulfur compounds and curcumin (CUR) is rich in turmeric. By
encapsulating ASF and CUR complex, a new and important gut health product (GHP) was formulated. He summarized recorded that treatment
with GHP lessened the disease significantly and also reduced its activity index, histopathological changes, colitis score, and myeloperoxidase
activity.
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 Positive effects of GHP against DSS-induced colitis were also recorded (Gopi et al. 2019). Singh et al, 2019, discussed the
development of cancer cells from inflammation had been highlighted in research for many years. There was evidence in the 19th century
that acute inflammation may prevent cancer growth. Somehow chronic inflammation affects the development of disease. Nowadays, it is
known that cancer and inflammation use the same mechanism for growth, such as severe cell proliferation. Barbara et al. (2017) discussed
the activity of the active compound of turmeric (curcumin and their derivatives by creating complexes with different types of metals such
as vanadium, iron, copper or gallium. In the research field importance of curcumin with metals is increasing significantly.
Active compounds of turmeric affect chronic diseases related to inflammation and other diseases. Health settlement of turmeric in
the cure of diabetes and metabolic syndrome is also discussed in recent studies. Based on human trials, curcuminoids extract helps to cure
symptoms of arthritis. Due to incomplete understanding, it is untimely to recommend its supplemental use for improving health as daily use
(Singletary, 2020). Moreover, Giordano and Tommonaro, (2019) discussed that researchers worldwide are considering curcumin for its
organic exercises (e.g., Cancer preventative, pain reliever, antimicrobial, antiviral), among which the anti-cancer potential was most
represented and there are still parts. Curcumin is also used in balancing the growth factors, catalysts, registration factors, kinase, fiery
cytokines and pro-apoptotic (upregulated) and anti-apoptotic (downregulated) proteins.
Studies have been showing that turmeric also has been used in the treatment of cancer caused by inflammation. The development
of cancer cells from inflammation has been highlighted in research for many years. There was evidence in the 19 th century that acute
inflammation may not develop cancer growth. But somehow, chronic inflammation affects the development of disease. Nowadays, it is
known that cancer and inflammation use the same mechanism for growth, such as severe cell proliferation (Singh et al.2019). Furthermore,
Korniluk et al. (2017) elaborated that cancer progression is associated with inflammation. Tumor-extrinsic inflammation caused by factors
such as viral and bacterial infections, obesity, tobacco smoking, asbestos exposure, alcohol consumption all raise cancer risk and help in
malignant growth. Cancer-intrinsic inflammation is caused by cancer-initiating mutations and contributes to malignant growth by activation
of inflammatory cells.
Malignancy is the next leading cause of death on the planet and one of the leading general medical conditions. Despite the extraordinary
advances in the treatment of malignant growth, the rate at which the disease starts and dies remains high. He discussed that Curcumin, the dynamic
element in the C. longa L. plant, has attained much regard in current years as a specialist in cell strengthening, calmness and cancer control. This
study summarized the restorative science and pharmacology of curcumin and its subsidiaries concerning the anti-cancer movement (Tomeh et al.
2019). Furthermore, Rosa et al. (2020) discussed the effect of oral supplementation of turmeric in treating chronic inflammatory disease. Evidence
examination was done by using robust utensils to appraise the risk of bias (RoB 2.0), methodological quality (GRADE) and (ROBINS-I) of the
included studies. About eleven studies were conducted.
The skin condition was examined include oral, psoriasis, lichens planus, redness on the face and other types of skin cancer. By the
qualitative analysis of results showed that there is a constructive association between improvement of disease and oral turmeric administration
signs and symptoms without producing any toxicity in the body. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), an emerging bio-medical technique, also has
enormous potential for cancer treatment. Therefore, the mutual effect of both CUR and CAP on inducing cell death (apoptosis) and cytotoxicity
of melanoma cancer cells proved to be very significant. Many techniques were followed for the optimization and extraction of curcumin from the
turmeric plant. This research uses the Soxhlet extraction technique (conventional method) optimized by response surface methodology.
Experimental design plays a very important role in many fields of science and industry. It is necessary to observe the operation and process of the
system as well.
The final result for the experiments was the plan and also designed to find the results. One of the most common and significantly worn
experimental designs for optimizing the extraction process is the response surface methodology (RSM). It is used to assess the effects of more than
one factor and their interactions on response variables (Valter et al. 2018). Response surface methodology (RSM), popular and significant
optimization, was used in the extraction process and other processes. Many works have been done on the use of response surface Methodology in
the chemical and biochemical process. Response surface methodology (RSM) has progressed into a functional, statistical system within the sensory
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assessment field. It uses quantitative statistics from experimental designs to find and concurrently solve multivariate equations used for graphical
representation of response surface. This methodology explains how the test variables can significantly affect the response.
It also provides information about the inter-relationships within the test variables and describes the collective effect of all variables on the
response (Giovanni, 1983). Furthermore, Myers et al. (2004) studied that Response surface methodology (RSM) is a compilation of tools for
optimizing extraction in chemical industries. It was developed in the 1950s and most widely used recently. The development of RSM in the broad
areas of investigational design and analysis has been very important. It indicates the variation in the roles of other fields with the advancements of
applied statistics. RSM is used to optimize food processes such as drying, blanching, extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, manufacture of microbial
metabolites and formulation. The important principle of RSM is the following, its different designs, implementation steps, Box-Behnken design
(BBD), Full factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) are used according to the several processes.
It is resolved that the selection of accurate RSM design, variables that may be independent (screening), and level of the factors reportedly
affect the successful application of RSM. Validity and evaluation of the most favorable conditions predict through RSM are also crucial (Yolmeh
et al. 2017). Response Surface Methods (RSM) are designs and models for working with treatments when the goal is to identify the optimal
response or to describe the response. The initial purpose of a Response Surface Method is to find the optimal response (Oehlert 2010). Response
surface experiments are experiments used to fit a predictive model with several continuous variables. Finding variable configurations for which
the mean response is optimal, as well as estimating the response in the region of this ideal location, are among the goals of the response surface
technique.
The experiment demonstrates the use of the responsible approach (Dean et al. 2017). When the function that characterizes a process is
unknown, RSM is used to optimize the parameters. The approach involves fitting a function to the data provided and then optim izing the
parameters using optimization techniques. This method is often challenging because finding the right model can be impossible or time-
consuming (Anjum et al. 2010). RSM also helps analyze the variance (ANOVA) process, which evaluates the degree of correctness of the resulting
model based on multiple replies. It helps in the selection of the most appropriate experimental design for determining the connection between
variables. In addition, RSM may be used to develop a model equation that can be used for response prediction and determining optimal
circumstances (Said et al. 2015).
However, Antonio et al. (2018) studied that response surface methodology (RSM) has been functional to optimize the extraction process
of curcuminoids (curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) by Soxhlet extraction technique from C. longa L. using ethyl lactate
(EL), water and ethanol under mild conditions. HPLC was also used to find the content of curcumin in the extract of turmeric. The response
surfaces are qualitatively comparable with the three curcuminoids. The greatest extraction competency was found with water-EL 30:70 v/v which
confirmed the recovery of the curcuminoids from turmeric. The above results showed that the EL is an optimistic solvent for the withdrawal of
curcuminoids from turmeric.
Furthermore, extraction of Piperine and curcumin by Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction by ethanol solvent has been
discussed. Extraction parameters for the extraction of piperine and curcumin were the following, extraction time of 8-21 hours, 10-90% of ethanol
concentration and drug to solvent ratio of 1:10-1:30. Response surface methodology was used as a gear to find the best condition for the extraction
of piperine and curcumin. The perfect parameters for both extractions were extraction time of 15 hours with an ethanol concentration of 70% (v/v)
and 1:20 drug to the solvent ratio (Baspinar et al. 2017). Moreover, the extraction of curcumin and turmeric's bioactive compounds by other
different extraction methods has been studied. Ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted, and enzyme extraction method have been used
as current extraction methods. Their results were compared with the traditional method that is the Soxhlet extraction method.
The presence of curcuminoids was complete by UV-vis spectroscopy and quantification of curcumin was done by HPLC analysis. Results
show that the curcumin yield by Soxhlet extraction was (6.10%) is significantly elevated than obtained from microwave-assisted technique
(3.72%), ultrasound-assisted (3.92%) and enzyme extraction (4.1%)(Sahne et al. 2016). Moreover, Vitasari et al. (2016) considered the isolation
and characterization of curcumin from a powder of turmeric rhizome with the help of the Soxhlet technique. Experiments were carried out with
the help of experimental design made by response surface methodology. The yield was calculated and different analytical techniques further
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analyzed turmeric extract. It is characterized by spectroscopy methods HPLC, UV-visible spectrophotometry and TLC analysis Results showed
that the Soxhlet extraction technique gives us more accurate results and higher yield.
The main benefit of using fluids extraction (compressed) is it gives the elevated quality of the final creation due to the use of green
solvents. Fluids, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) to obtain
anti-viral and anti-inflammatory compounds from plants. In addition, the identity and quantity of the compounds present in the extract are essential
to correlated activity (biologically) with chemical composition. Phytochemical profiling gears used for quantification and identification of these
natural compounds (bioactive) are also been elaborated (Poletto et al. 2020). Furthermore, to extract the essential oil from the turmeric rhizome
subcritical water extraction technique has been used. RSM was applied to set the most favorable conditions for the extraction procedure. A three-
factor experimental design was used under these conditions: water flow rate was (1,2.5 and 4 mL/mins (temperature was (90, 120, 150) and particle
size was ( 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mm).
This was the first time effects of mentioned variables were measured on the SWE of curcumin. The best condition for extraction was at
150 temperature, the water flow of 1mL/min and particle size was 0.5mm. The maximum obtained yield was 0.27%, which was the good agreement
with the predicted value of 92.0098 (Mottahedin et al. 2017). Revathy et al. (2011) studied the extraction, isolation and purification of curcuminoids
by solvent extraction methods and characterization by column chromatography and HPLC. Different solvents were used for the extraction process;
among them, acetone was the best solvent for the extraction and yield of curcumins. Chloroform: methanol at 95:5 showed good RF value of 0.76
( demethoxycurcumin ) , 0.55 ( bisdemethoxycurcumin) , 0.27 (Curcumin).The acetone extracted sample was then subjected to column
chromatography with methanol: chloroform at high polarity. After this yield of total curcuminoids was identified by UV spectrophotometry.
Crystallization of each extract was done by using chloroform: methanol (5:3) at 5◦C. The isolated curcuminoids (DMC, BDMC, C) show single
peaks at 10.82, 12.79, 13.03 minutes retention time on HPLC.
Furthermore, Pothitirat and Gritsanpan (2015) discussed that turmeric rhizomes were collected from 12 northern parts of Thailand. The
Soxhlet apparatus extracted the samples (in powder form) with 95% ethanol and hexane. Hexane was used to defeat the extract. Curcuminoids
were isolated by using ethanol through column chromatography. Yields of crude curcuminoids sample were found in 2.8-4.7% dry weight.
Furthermore, individual curcuminoids were identified by TLC (Ching et al. 2014).
Conclusion
The data presented in this article showed the extraction methods of Curcumin from C. longa L., and its different properties and
extraction methods were discussed. It is hence proved that the curcuminoids have anti-inflammatory properties as well as anti-cancerous, and are
used in the treatment of various types of diseases.
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