1.3.3.

Leader Lines and Arrowheads

Thin lines used to connect a specific note with a function are the lead lines. It is also used in a
drawing for the dimensions, marks, number of objects and number of the components. Drawn at
45°, 30° and 60° are typically used. A leader has a shorter foot shoulder (3–6 mm) on one end that
starts at the vertical height of the texts and on the other end has a regular flash that touches the
feature (Fig. 1.4).

The following points must be observed when drawing the leading lines:

 There should be no crossing of the leader lines between them.

 Not too long should be leader lines

 The leader lines should not be vertical or horizontal.

 The lines of the leader are not to be conducted in parallel to the line of dimensions.

Fig. 1.4 Lines for Leaders

1.3.4. Arrowheads
Arrowheads are used to indicate the end of a dimension line or leader
Fig shows the arrows. 1.5 The lines of lengths, leading lines is used to finish, plane lines are cut
and plane lines are shown. Three times as long as they are big, they should be. They should be of
the same size during the entire drawing. The full arrowhead is typically preferred because of its
clarity. The size of an arrowhead should be proportional to the thickness of the outline.
 Fig. 1.5 Arrowheads

1.3.5. Folding of Drawing Sheets

For general, there are two different ways to treat large-format drawings: roll or fold them.
Folding has many benefits: Folding

 It is simpler to archive a folded drawing and less space.

 A folded sketch set is put in a ring binder or file folder, easily sliding into a meeting
briefcase.

 A number of folded sketches can be viewed without unfolding in the folder / binding row, as
the headers are always visible in the right bottom corner.

 When you flip through the sketches and pick the one (or present) you want to see, a folded
picture is easily unfolded into its entire size without first removing it from the binder / tab.
 It is easier to submit a folded drawing, inserted into a cover (by post), than a drawing roll-up
in a carton.

 The drawings have to be folded properly. The folding method I present here is in compliance
with the standard DIN 824 on the basis of the "A" paper size. I'm just presenting how to fold
A3 (now in our drawings we do not have larger paper sizes).

 DIN 824 only defines dimensions, some of which exist. The advantage of my step-by - step
technology is that only three dimensions have to be noted: the height of the form of A4, 210 /
297 mm and several folded parts, 190 mm. These are not very important values, which are
good when you remember A4 as 21 by 30 cm. The values in drawings are doubled: I measure
380 mm to create a folded section of 190 mm, but I think it is self-explaining.

 The actual paper for technical drawing is normally white on both sides, but I also use white
paper on the top and yellow on the edges to display better folding.

 The purpose of folding large design drawings is to make the lowest part of the title block visible
without opening the entire sheet. The stack of the drawings can be stored, and the number of
the sheet and title of the drawing can be easily determined. (Or) Put a piece of A3 paper in half
lengthways and open it. Fold the same A3 piece in half the width, then leave it folded. Fold it
in the same direction again in half, then reveal the last. Cut the middle of the pin to the center
of the board.
Fig 1.6. Method of folding
1.3.6. Typical Drawing Layout

Title box- Every drawing sheet must have an important purpose. The title box is drawn in the
lower right corner of each drawing pad, providing technical and administrative information to the
drawing / component. The title box has different dimensions and is best used for engineering
students in a title box of 170 mm x 60 mm.

The heading box is divided into two areas: a) part ID area, and b) an additional area of detail. The
description of the design identity region, the part name, the legal owner of the drawings in the
product identification area (i.e. the name of the firm or the item etc.) are indicated, where technical
data such as symbols of the projection method, size, indication of the surface texture, geometric
tolerances, etc. are highlighted, as is done in the additional information field.

The drawing of a block of titles is obligatory in each drawing sheet of engineering graphics. Title
block is a rectangular block which is a significant drawing feature. The drawing board will be
placed in the bottom right corner.
1.4. Dimensioning
the process of specifying part' s information by using of lines, number, symbols and notes
In order to be exact, to make the designer the entity shown in the drawing as expected, two stories
have to be told. This is indicated by views that describe the shape of the object and by
measurements and notes that contain sizes and other details required to create the object.

And the next step is to understand the basic elements of dimensioning. In this way you can not
only learn how to interpret a drawing in order to obtain the necessary detail, but also how to scale
your drawings so that details of the size can be conveyed to other people.

 Numerals
 Dimensions
 Extension Lines
 Arrowheads
 Dimension Figures
 Isometric Dimensioning
 Orthographic Dimensioning

1.4.1. Numerals

It may seem a little simple, but a few numerical exercises appear before measurements. The reason
for this review is simply because someone on the job can misinterpret a drawing or a sketch, which
can be very costly, incorrectly or carefully. Therefore, it is appropriate to research quantitative
types.

The numbers presented here are the most legible and are used by industry nationwide. The United
States has a similar form of the same vertical figures 1/8"(3.175 mm):
1.4.2. Dimension Lines

The measuring line is a thin, flat, straight line, each with an arrowhead. It shows the course and
scale of a dimension. The dimensional line is usually broken near the middle in computer sketches
and drawings where fractional and decimal values are used for the measurements. In architectural
and structural designs and drawings, the numerals are generally unbroken.

The closest dimension line will be positioned in either case approximately.1/2′′ (12.7 mm) Many
measurements are roughly three hundred eight′′ (9.5250 mm) apart from the first measurement.
You should not always consider this; just try not to crowd your dimensional lines into a uniform
space.

The important aspect is that the design has to be "clear" and the dimensions have to be placed in
a space in which they are not intended to be confused with a surface.

This is how the lines can be drawn:

1.4.3. Extension Lines

Extension lines on a drawing are flat, straight, solid lines, which stretch from a certain point on a
map. The line of measurement usually crosses the line of extension at right angles. The length of
the extension line would be approximately 1/16 "(1.5875 mm) and the extension line would be
beyond the outermost arrowhead of about 1/8"(3.175 mm) The extension lines will also not collide.
Remember in this illustration that the largest dimensions are located appropriately above or above
the shortest dimensions and ideally the dimensions are not drawn on the object itself.

It is occasionally important to note that dimensions on views, where they are most easily
understood, are placed in a two or three-view drawing. Stop dimensioning to a hidden line to stop
dimensional duplication. Using common sense; keep the measurements as simple and
straightforward as possible. The reader of your drawing has to clearly understand how to go beyond
question. Otherwise, time and money would be wasted.

The dimensions are however important on the object.

Two simple methods are available to draw a diagram of dimensions. They can be placed to read
from either the bottom of the drawing (unidirectional dimensions) or the bottom and right
(aligned dimensions). The unidirectional system is usually preferable, since it is easier to read by
workers.

As usual, other methods are used to clearly dimension when dimensions do not fit into a space if
these crowded conditions exist.

1.4.4. Arrowheads

At each end of dimensional lines, Arrowheads are positioned on lead lines etc. Properly made, the
arrow length is approximately 1/8" (3.175 mm) and 3/16" (4.7625 mm) with a width about 3 times.
Usually, like a fishhook.

Using your drawing or sketch in the same style to clear up the look of your drawing.
1.4.5. Dimension numerals

The numbers used to measure an object are usually approximately 1/8 "(3.175 mm) high.

If a dimension is a fraction the fractional number is about 1/4′′ (6.35 mm), so that it is a slightly
smaller fractional number to spread over and under the fractional line.

Once more, it is especially important to read the numbers and fractions you may put on a sketch
or painting. Costly errors can be caused by sloppy numbers.

1.4.6. Oblique Dimensioning

Oblique dimensioning is also a reminder that the principle of common sense dimensioning
prevents measurement of the object itself (where possible). As seen here, measurements can also
be read unidirectionally from the edges.
1.4.7. Isometric Dimensioning

When dimensioning an isometric drawing, measurements must be kept separate from the object
itself and the dimension must be located on the same level as the surface. You will typically
consider that some practice in isometric measurements.
Comments are presented with an isometric drawing irrespective of whether they are put on the
same level as dimensions. It is more readable and easier to do.

The isometric marks must not be on the same point.

Note in the illustration below that a segment of each of the leading lines is built at an angle of
approximate 15, 30, 45, 60 or 75 degrees. This is done to prevent misunderstandings with other
lines. Never draw a leader's line completely horizontal or vertical.
1.4.8. Orthographic Dimensioning

Looking behind the dovetailed object some pages, we can easily see that the dimension of an
isometric drawing can be overloaded with quickly. This is why more complicated orthographic
sketches and drawings are dimensional. The easiest way to calculate quickly and reliably is
through this method.

Seven general rules have to be followed in this respect.

 Show sufficient dimensions to determine the expected dimensions without a worker

measuring or predicting distances.

 State clearly every aspect, and only in one way is understood.

 Show dimensions between points, lines or surfaces with the necessary relation or
positioning of other components or mating components. Display dimension.

 To avoid dimensional accumulations that can cause unsatisfactory part matching, pick or
arrange dimensions. (In other words, as in the example below, tolerances must be
established).
 Place each dimension only once. (Do not twice the size).

 Whenever possible, dimension function is presented in the view where it is most clearly
seen and its true form appears.

 Specify, where possible, measurements for the use of materials , components and
equipment readily available.

 Note, instead of around the outside edges of the drawing the dimensions are correctly
situated between views.
1.5. Drawing Scales

Scale is the linear dimension ratio of an element from an object shown in a real linear drawing.

The term SCALE comprises a Scale Classification The suggestion follows that their ratio is

Full size SCALE 1:1

SCALE X: 1 for scales of expanding (X > 1)

Level 1: X on scales of reduction (X > 1)

The dimensional numbers displayed in the drawing correspond to the object's "absolute size,"
regardless of the scale used for the drawing process.

(Note: Scale as given or you must choose the appropriate size.)