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Unit 1.1 - States of Matter and Mixtures - Student Notes

The document discusses states of matter and changes between states. It explains that states of matter depend on particle arrangement, energy, and distance. It describes the properties of solids, liquids, and gases and how heating increases particle energy, allowing changes between states through melting, freezing, vaporization, and condensation.

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30 views20 pages

Unit 1.1 - States of Matter and Mixtures - Student Notes

The document discusses states of matter and changes between states. It explains that states of matter depend on particle arrangement, energy, and distance. It describes the properties of solids, liquids, and gases and how heating increases particle energy, allowing changes between states through melting, freezing, vaporization, and condensation.

Uploaded by

janiel2027
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

1 States of Matter and Mixtures


1. Explanation of observable changes in physical properties and temperature during
changes of state.
• Application of the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) to ionic compounds and
commonly known liquids (H2O) and gases (O2, H2, N2, Cl2, F2).
1. Mixtures contain more than one element and/or compound that are not chemically
bonded together and so retain their individual properties.
2. Mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
States of matter resources
(Subtopic 1.1 of IGCSE Chemistry)

Core: Extended:
1. https://app.kognity.com/study/app/chem-9-q1/s 1. https://jr.brainpop.com/games/mattersorter/
id-296-cid-246487/book/properties-of-solids-liqu 2. https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/sun-spac
ids-and-gases-id-32704/review e-weather/plasma
2. http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-m
atter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_en.ht
ml
Phet simulation 1 http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/la
test/states-of-matter-basics_en.html

1. Click on the ‘States’ tab.


2. Select 'Neon' from the top right menu.
3. Click on ‘Solid’, ‘Liquid’, ‘Gas’
4. Observations: Discuss and write: What can you
observe about the particles in these three
states of matter?
5. Extended: Discuss and write: What additional
information is given in this simulation?
Phet simulation 2
1. Click on the ‘States’ tab.
2. Select 'Neon' from the top right menu.
3. Using the slider beneath the container to increase the
temperature.
4. Try different gases from the top right menu.
5. Observations: Discuss and write: What can you
observe about the particles as you add heat?
6. Explanation: Discuss and write: Can you connect it to
the KINETIC THEORY of MATTER?
STATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up
of particles which
are in continual
random motion.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids are tightly
packed, vibrating about a fixed
position.

•Solids have a definite shape and


a definite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
▪ Particles of liquids are tightly
packed, but are far enough apart
to slide over one another.

▪ Liquids have an indefinite shape


and a definite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
GAS
▪ Particles of gases are very far
apart and move freely.

▪ Gases have an indefinite shape


and an indefinite volume.
Discuss

What is the relationship among heat,


kinetic energy, and states of matter?
Changes of state
An increase in temperature causes an increase in the average kinetic
energy (energy related to motion) of the particles in a substance.

When heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and are able to
overcome the intermolecular forces (attractive forces) that exist
between them, which results in a change of state
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Heat Movement During
Term for Phase Change
Change Phase Change

Heat goes into the


Solid to Melting
solid as it melts.
liquid

Liquid to Heat leaves the


Freezing
solid liquid as it freezes.
PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Heat Movement During
Term for Phase Change
Change Phase Change

Vaporization,
which includes Heat goes into the liquid as
Liquid to gas
boiling and it vaporizes.
evaporation
Heat leaves the gas as it
Gas to liquid Condensation
condenses.
Sublimation* Heat goes into the solid as
Solid to gas
Do not need to know it sublimates.
Changes of state can be represented in
equation form as follows:
Melting: H2O (s) → H2O (l)
Condensation: H2O (g) → H2O (l)
Note that the state symbols (s), (l) and
(g) tell us the state of the
substance (solid, liquid or gas).
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Particles closely No fixed shape


Particles slightly
packed
more spread out
Fixed volume Strong forces Negligible forces
Fixed shape Weaker forces between between particles,
between particles, No fixed volume particles, they they move randomly
Take the shape
of the container they can move past vibrate about
each other Fixed volume fixed positions Particles very
spread out

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