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Module 5

The document discusses two statistical analysis techniques: factor analysis and cluster analysis. Factor analysis is used to understand the underlying structure of complex datasets by identifying patterns of relationships among variables. Cluster analysis identifies natural groupings within datasets to discover meaningful patterns. The document provides step-by-step instructions for performing each analysis in SPSS.

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Sejal Arora
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34 views

Module 5

The document discusses two statistical analysis techniques: factor analysis and cluster analysis. Factor analysis is used to understand the underlying structure of complex datasets by identifying patterns of relationships among variables. Cluster analysis identifies natural groupings within datasets to discover meaningful patterns. The document provides step-by-step instructions for performing each analysis in SPSS.

Uploaded by

Sejal Arora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 5

Descriptors/Topics
● Factor analysis

● Cluster analysis

FACTOR ANALYSIS
Factor analysis is a useful technique for reducing the dimensionality of data, identifying latent variables, and
understanding the underlying structure of complex datasets. It can provide valuable insights for researchers in
various fields, including psychology, sociology, and marketing.
Factor analysis in SPSS is used to explore the underlying structure of a set of variables by identifying patterns
of relationships among them. Here's a step-by-step guide to performing factor analysis:
1. Select Variables: Choose the variables you want to include in the factor analysis. These variables should be
continuous and ideally, related or thought to measure the same underlying constructs.
2. Run Factor Analysis: Go to "Analyse" > "Dimension Reduction" > "Factor". This will open the Factor
Analysis dialog box.
3. Select Variables: In the Factor Analysis dialog box, move the variables you want to analyze from the left-
hand box to the right-hand box.
4. Options: Customize the analysis using various options in the Factor Analysis dialog box. Some common
options include:
 Extraction: Choose the method for extracting factors (e.g., Principal Components Analysis, Principal
Axis Factoring).
 Rotation: Choose the rotation method to interpret the factors (e.g., Varimax, Promax).
 Scoring coefficients: Specify whether to save scoring coefficients for the derived factors.
 Display: Choose to display correlation matrices or communalities in the output.
5. Run the Analysis: After selecting variables and customizing options, click the "OK" button to run the factor
analysis.
6. Output: SPSS will generate output tables containing factor loadings, communalities, eigenvalues, and other
relevant statistics. The output will also include a scree plot to help determine the number of factors to retain
and interpret.
7. Interpretation: Interpret the output to understand the underlying structure of the variables. Focus on the
factor loadings, which indicate the strength and direction of the relationship between each variable and the
derived factors. Identify variables with high loadings on each factor to interpret and label the factors
meaningfully.
8. Assessment of Model Fit: Evaluate the adequacy of the factor model using goodness-of-fit indices such as
the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett's test of sphericity. These indices assess whether the
variables are suitable for factor analysis and whether the relationships among variables are sufficiently
correlated to conduct the analysis.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS
 Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying natural groupings within datasets and discovering
meaningful patterns or segments in the data. It is widely used in various fields, including marketing,
customer segmentation, biology, and social sciences.
 Cluster analysis in SPSS is used to identify groups or clusters of cases within a dataset based on similarities
between cases.
 Here's how you can perform cluster analysis in SPSS:
1. Select Variables: Choose the variables you want to use for clustering. These variables should be continuous
and relevant for identifying similarities between cases.
2. Run Cluster Analysis: Go to "Analyse" > "Classify" > "K-Means Cluster". This will open the K-Means
Cluster Analysis dialog box.
3. Select Variables: In the K-Means Cluster Analysis dialog box, move the variables you want to use for
clustering from the left-hand box to the right-hand box.
4. Options: Customize the analysis using various options in the K-Means Cluster Analysis dialog box. Some
common options include:
 Method: Choose the method for determining the initial cluster centers (e.g., K-Means, K-Medoids).
 Number of clusters: Specify the desired number of clusters to be formed.
 Initialization: Choose the method for initializing cluster centers (e.g., Random, K-Means++).
 Save cluster membership: Specify whether to save cluster membership as a new variable in the dataset.
5. Run the Analysis: After selecting variables and customizing options, click the "OK" button to run the cluster
analysis.
6. Output: SPSS will generate output tables containing information about the cluster solution, including cluster
centers, cluster membership, and other relevant statistics. Additionally, you will see tables summarizing the
distance between cases and the convergence of the algorithm.
7. Interpretation: Interpret the output to understand the structure of the clusters formed. Examine the cluster
centers to identify the characteristic features of each cluster. Explore the cluster membership to understand
which cases belong to each cluster and how they are similar to each other within the cluster but dissimilar to
cases in other clusters.
8. Validation: Assess the validity of the cluster solution using techniques such as silhouette plots or
hierarchical clustering dendrograms. These techniques help evaluate the compactness and separation of
clusters and determine whether the chosen number of clusters is appropriate.

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