MA111 Tutorial Solutions

Spring 2022
by MA111 TAs

Last updated : September 30, 2023

Contents

1 Tutorial Sheet 1 (Multiple Integrals) 1

2 Tutorial Sheet 2 (Multiple integrals) 13

3 Tutorial Sheet 3 (I. Multiple integrals and change of variables) 27

4 Tutorial Sheet 3 (II. Vector analysis and line integrals) 31

5 Tutorial Sheet 4 (Line integrals and conservative fields) 39

6 Tutorial Sheet 5 (Green’s theorem) 44

7 Tutorial Sheet 6 (I. Surface and surface integrals) 52

8 Tutorial Sheet 6 (II. Application of Stokes theorem) 54

9 Tutorial Sheet 6 (III. Application of Gauss divergence theorem) 56

 Tutorial Sheet 1 (Multiple Integrals)

1.
(a) Let R := [0, 1] × [0, 1] and f(x, y) := [x] + [y] + 1 for all (x, y) ∈ R, where [u] is the greatest integer less than
equal to u, for any u ∈ R. Using the definition of integration over rectangles, show that f is integrable over
R. Also, find its value.

(b) Let R := [0, 1] × [0, 1] and f(x, y) := (x + y)2 for all (x, y) ∈ R. Show that f is integrable over R and find its
value using Riemann sum.
(c) Let R := [a, b] × [c, d] be a rectangle in R2 and let f : R → R be integrable. Show that |f| is also integrable
over R.
(d) Check the integrability of the function f over [0, 1] × [0, 1];

1 if both xand y are rational numbers
f(x, y) :=
−1 otherwise

What do you conclude about the integrability of |f|?

Sol.
(a) We have,


1 x ∈ [0, 1), y ∈ [0, 1)

2 x = 1, y ∈ [0, 1)
f(x, y) =
2
 x ∈ [0, 1), y = 1


3 x = 1, y = 1

Thus f is bounded on R. Let Pn := {(xi , yj ) | i ∈ {0, 1 . . . n} , j ∈ {0, 1 . . . n}} be a regular partition of R. Then
we have    
i i+1 j j+1
Rij := , × , ∀ i, j ∈ {0, 1 . . . n − 1}
n n n n
Clearly,
L(f, Pn ) = 1
Let us compute U(f, Pn ).

X n−2
n−2 X 1 X n−1
n−1 X 2 X n−1
n−1 X 2 1
U(f, Pn ) = 2
+ 2
+ −
n n n2 n2
i=0 j=0 i=n−1 j=0 j=n−1 i=0
2
(n − 1) 2n 1
= +2× 2 − 2
n2 n n
2
=1+
n
Thus,
2
U(f, Pn ) − L(f, Pn ) =
n
Given any ϵ > 0, choose n = ⌊ ϵ2 ⌋ + 1. Thus, we see that

U(f, Pn ) − L(f, Pn ) < ϵ

By the Riemann Condition, we are done.

1
(b) A function f : R → R is said to be integrable over R if it is Darboux or Riemann integrable over R [lecture
1, slide 17]. Observe that f(x, y) = (x + y)2 ≤ 22 = 4 ∀ (x, y) ∈ R, hence f is bounded on R. This allows us
to use the following theorem [lec. 1, sl. 18]:
f : R → R is Riemann integrable if and only if the Riemann sum

X n−1
n−1 X
S(f, Pn , t) = f(tij )∆ij ,
i=0 j=0

where Pn is the sequence of regular partitions of R, tends to the same limit S ∈ R as n → ∞ for
any choice of tag t, and ∆ij = (xi+1 − xi )(yi+1 − yi ).
That f is integrable on R can be concluded directly from the fact that it is continuous; the value of the
integral is then simply given by the limit S. The computation is essentially the same as the examples done
in class [lec. 1, sl. 19, 20].
 h j j+1 i 
i j

The partitions Pn are given by the subrectangles ni , i+1

n × n , n and tags t = t ij = ,
n n for
i, j = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1. The Riemann sum is then given by

X n−1
n−1 X X n−1
n−1 X i j
2
1
S(f, Pn , t) = f(tij )∆ij = +
n n n2
i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0

1 X n−1
n−1 X 2 1 X X 2
n−1 n−1
i + j2 + 2ij

= (i + j) =
n4 n4
i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0
 
1 X 2 X X n−1 X X n−1 X
n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1
= 4 i · 1+ 1· j2 + 2 i· j
n
i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0
 
1 (n − 1)(n)(2n − 1) (n − 1)(n)(2n − 1) (n − 1)(n − 2) (n − 1)(n − 2)
= 4 n+n +2
n 6 6 2 2
7 3 3 10 12
= − − − +
6 n 2n2 3n3 n4

7
One can check that S(f, Pn , t) → 7
6 = S. Hence the value of the integral is .
6
(c) Given an integrable function f : R → R, we wish to show that g := |f| must also be integrable over R. First
note that for any (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ R,

|g(x1 , y1 ) − g(x2 , y2 )| = |f(x1 , y1 )| − |f(x2 , y2 )| ≤ |f(x1 , y1 ) − f(x2 , y2 )|.

Further, f must be bounded on R (by definition of integrability [lecture 1, slide 17]). Thus we may use the
following theorem, also called the Riemann condition [lec. 1, sl. 13]:
A bounded function f : R → R is Riemann integrable if and only if for every ϵ > 0 there is a
partition Pϵ of R such that
|U(f, Pϵ ) − L(f, Pϵ )| < ϵ,
where U(f, Pϵ ), L(f, Pϵ ) are the upper and lower double sums with respect to the parition Pϵ
(respectively).

Fix an ϵ > 0. Then from the above theorem, we have a partition Pϵ such that U(f, Pϵ ) − L(f, Pϵ ) < ϵ, i.e.

X n−1
m−1 X X n−1
m−1 X X n−1
m−1 X
Mij (f)∆ij − mij (f)∆ij < ϵ =⇒ [Mij (f) − mij (f)]∆ij < ϵ,
i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0

2
 where Mij (f), mij (f) denote the supremum and infimum of f over the rectangle Rij of the partition. Since
|g(x) − g(y)| ≤ |f(x) − f(y)|, we have Mij (g) − mij (g) ≤ Mij (f) − mij (f). This gives us

X n−1
m−1 X X n−1
m−1 X
U(g, Pϵ ) − L(g, Pϵ ) = [Mij (g) − mij (g)]∆ij ≤ [Mij (f) − mij (f)]∆ij .
i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0

Since the quantities on the right and left are both positive, we have |U(g, Pϵ ) − L(g, Pϵ )| < ϵ. Noting
that the choice of ϵ was arbitrary, we have shown that for every ϵ > 0, there is a partition Pϵ such
that |U(g, Pϵ ) − L(g, Pϵ )| < ϵ. Once again invoking the Riemann condition, we conclude that g = |f| is
integrable.
(d) Take any partition of [0, 1] × [0, 1]. As we know, Q × Q is a dense subset of R2 , so in any subrectangle there
will be a point (x, y) with both coordinates rational, and also there will be point inside the subrectangle
with both coordinates irrational.
Observe that the value of f at those points is 1 and −1 respectively which is also the inf and sup on that
rectangle. Thus the uppersum U(f, P) for any partition is
X
(1) ∆ij = 1.
i,j

And the lower sum L(f, P) is X

(−1) ∆ij = −1.
i,j

Which shows that inf U(f, P) ̸= sup L(f, P), or the function isn’t Riemann integrable, but |f| is the constant
function 1 which is trivially integrable. ■

3
2.
π
(a) Sketch the solid bounded by the surface z = sin y, the planes x = −1, x = 0, y = 0 and y = and the xy
2
plane and compute its volume.
RR p
(b) The integral R 9 − y2 dxdy, where R = [0, 3] × [0, 3], represents the volume of a solid. Sketch the solid
and find its volume.
Sol.
The solids are sketched in Fig. 1.

p
(a) z = sin y (b) z = 9 − y2

Figure 1: Figure showing the solid surfaces for question 2

Z Z Z
(a) Volume = sin ydydx = 1dx = 1
[−1,0] [0,π/2] [−1,0]

Z Z Z
p 9π 27π
(b) Volume = 9 − y2 dydx = dx =
[0,3] [0,3] [0,3] 4 4
■

4
3. Consider the function f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R defined as
1 − 1/q if x = p/q where p, q ∈ N are relatively prime and y is rational,
f(x, y) =
1 otherwise.
Show that f is integrable but the iterated integrals do not always exist.
Sol.
Clearly f(x, y) ∈ [0, 1] ∀ (x, y) ∈ R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Take R ∋ ϵ > 0. For some y, define a set S,
S = {x | 1 − f(x, y) ≥ ϵ, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ∈ Q}
p
Thus, S has all rational numbers 0 ≤ q ≤ 1 satisfying q ≤ ϵ1 , q ∈ N. (Note: S is a finite set, with a finite
number of elements, say L.)
Consider a partition Pϵ = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xm } × {y0 , y1 , y2 , . . . , yn } with x0 = y0 = 0 and xm = yn = 1 such
that,
ϵ
xj − xj−1 < ∀j ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , m}
L
ϵ
yk − yk−1 < ∀k ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}
L
ϵ
=⇒ ∥Pϵ ∥ <
L
We define the following for brevity:
Pϵjk = [xj−1 , xj ] × [yk−1 , yk ]
∆jk = (xj − xj−1 )(yk − yk−1 )
mjk = inf f(x, y)
(x,y)∈Pϵjk

Mjk = sup f(x, y)

(x,y)∈Pϵjk
1
Mjk = 1 ∀ (j, k) since between any 2 numbers, there are infinitely many irrational numbers. mjk = 1 − q for
some q ∈ N. Thus,
X
m X
n X
m Xn
U(f, Pϵ ) − L(f, Pϵ ) = Mjk ∆jk − mjk ∆jk
j=1 k=1 j=1 k=1

X
m X
n
=⇒ U(f, Pϵ ) − L(f, Pϵ ) = (Mjk − mjk ) ∆jk
j=1 k=1

The sum is now split into two parts: one containing at least one point with x ∈ S and the other with x ∈
/ S:
X
m X
n X
m X
n
U(f, Pϵ ) − L(f, Pϵ ) = (Mjk − mjk ) ∆jk + (Mjk − mjk ) ∆jk
j=1 k=1 j=1 k=1
S∩[xj−1 ,xj ]̸=ϕ S∩[xj−1 ,xj ]=ϕ

1 1
In the first part, mjk ≤ 1 − q and thus Mjk − mjk ≥ q = ϵ. Also, note that Mjk − mjk ≤ 1.

X
m X
n X
m X
n ϵ 
=⇒ (Mjk − mjk ) ∆jk ≤ ∆jk ≤ 2L × 1 ≤ 2ϵ
L
j=1 k=1 j=1 k=1
S∩[xj−1 ,xj ]̸=ϕ S∩[xj−1 ,xj ]̸=ϕ

since there are at most 2L number of Lϵ × 1 rectangles which are proper subset of Pϵjk for some (j, k) such

that S ∩ [xj−1 , xj ] ̸= ϕ.
For the second part, we have mjk > 1 − q1 and thus, Mjk − mjk < q1 = ϵ. The upper limit of the summation
of ∆jk over all the values of j and k is the area of R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] which is 1.
X
m X
n X
m X
n
(Mjk − mjk ) ∆jk ≤ ϵ∆jk ≤ ϵ
j=1 k=1 j=1 k=1
S∩[xj−1 ,xj ]̸=ϕ S∩[xj−1 ,xj ]̸=ϕ

5
Consequently,
U(f, Pϵ ) − L(f, Pϵ ) ≤ 2ϵ + ϵ = 3ϵ
3ϵ can be made arbitrarily small. Thus f(x, y) is integrable on R = [0, 1] × [0, 1].
Before we move to the next part, we will introduce two functions here:
Thomae’s function is a real-valued function of a real variable that can be defined as:

1 p
x= q , p ∈ Z, q ∈ Np and q are coprime
T(x) := q
0 x∈ /Q

Dirichlet function is a cousin of Thomae’s function and can be defined as:


1 x∈Q
1Q (x) :=
0 x∈ /Q

Now, we calculate the iterated integrals.

• Case I:
Define Φy (x) := f(x, y) for some fixed y.


 1−
1
q x= qp
∈ Q, p, q ∈ N
y∈Q
Φy (x) = 1 otherwise


1 y∈
/Q

Thus, for a given y, Φy (x) is either the constant function 1 or a function that can be derived from
Thomae’s function in x, both of which we know are integrable for x ∈ [0, 1]. This yields,
Z 1
Z1 

 1 − T(x)dx y ∈ Q
Φ (x)dx = Z01
y


0  1dx y∈/Q
0

Utilizing the fact the integral of T(x) over any sub-interval of [0, 1] is 0 (Justify), we can write,
Z1
Φy (x)dx = 1
0

Consequently,
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 ! Z1
y
f(x, y)dxdy = Φ (x)dx dy = 1dy = 1
0 0 0 0 0

• Case II:
Define Φx (y) := f(x, y) for some fixed x.


 1 − kx y∈Q p
x= ∈ Q, p, q ∈ N
Φx (y) = 1 y∈
/Q q


1 otherwise

where kx = q1 .
Observe that for a given x, Φx (y) is either the constant function 1 or 1 − 1Q (y). However, we know that
1Q (y), y ∈ [0, 1] is not integrable (Justify). Therefore the iterated integral does not exist. ■
4. Consider the function f : [0, 1] × [0, 1] 7→ R defined as

 1

 if 0 < y < x < 1
 x2
f(x, y) = − 1
 if 0 < x < y < 1

 y2

0 otherwise

6
Is f integrable over the rectangle? Do both iterated integrals exist? If they exist, do they have the same value?

Sol.

Observe that f is not bounded in R = [0, 1] × [0, 1] near x = 0 and y = 0. Thus, we can immediately claim that
f is not integrable in R. However, this does not imply that the iterated integrals do not exist.
Evaluating iterated integrals:
Z1
For y = 0, f(x, y) = 0 and thus f(x, y) dx = 0.
x=0
For y ∈ (0, 1],
Z1 Zy Z1
f(x, y) dx = f(x, y) dx + f(x, y) dx
x=0 x=0 x=y
.
Then,
Z1 Zy Z1
−1 1
f(x, y) dx = dx + dx
x=0 x=0 y2 x=y x2

Z1
−1 1
=⇒ f(x, y) dx = + − 1 = −1
x=0 y y

Thus, define, 
Z1
0 for y = 0
A(y) = f(x, y) dx =
x=0 −1 for y ∈ (0, 1)
This function is bounded and has a single point of discontinuity, and hence Riemann integrable.
Z 1 Z 1
! Z 1
f(x, y) dx dy = A(y) dy = −1
y=0 x=0 y=0

Z1 Z1 !
Similarly, let’s evaluate the iterated integral: f(x, y) dy dx by repeating the above procedure.
x=0 y=0

7
 Z1
For x = 0, f(x, y) = 0 and thus f(x, y) dy = 0.
y=0
For x ∈ (0, 1],
Z1 Zx Z1
f(x, y) dy = f(x, y) dy + f(x, y) dy
y=0 y=0 y=x
Zx Z1
1 −1
= 2
dy + dy
y=0 x y=x y2
1 1
= +1−
x x
=1

Thus, define 
Z1
0 for x = 0
B(x) = f(x, y) dy =
y=0 1 for x ∈ (0, 1)
As discussed above, this function is Riemann integrable (Why?). Hence, the iterated integral:
Z1 Z1 ! Z1
f(x, y) dy dx = B(x) dx = 1
x=0 y=0 y=0

Clearly both are iterated integral are unequal. ■

8
5. For the following, write an equivalent iterated integral with the order of integration reversed and verify if
their values are equal.
R 1 R 1 
(a) 0 0 ln[(x + 1)(y + 1)]dx dy
R 1 R 1 
(b) 0 0
(xy)2 cos(x3 )dx dy.

Sol.
(a)
Z1 Z1 ! Z1
ln[(x + 1)] + ln[(y + 1)]dx dy = [(2 ln 2 − 1) + ln[(y + 1)]]dy
0 0 0

= 4 ln 2 − 2

Since the area considered is a square, interchanging the variables does not affect the limits,
Z1 Z1 ! Z1
ln[(x + 1)] + ln[(y + 1)]dy dx = [(2 ln 2 − 1) + ln[(x + 1)]]dx
0 0 0

= 4 ln 2 − 2

(b) We compute the integral in the given order as follows:

Z Z 1 1
! Z 1 Z1 !
(xy)2 cos(x3 )dx dy = y2 x2 cos(x3 )dx dy
0 0 0 0
Z1 Z1 !
1 2 3 3
= y cos(x )d(x ) dy
0 3 0
Z1
1 2

= y sin(1) dy
0 3
11
= sin(1)
33
sin(1)
=
9
Now to calculate the iterated integral with reversed order, first note that since it is on [0, 1]x[0, 1] the
limits of the integral will remain the same.
Z1 Z1 ! Z1 Z1 !
2 3 2 2 3
(xy) cos(x )dx dy = y x cos(x )dy dx
0 0 0 0
Z1
1 2
= x cos(x3 )dx
0 3
Z1
11
= cos(x3 )d(x3 )
0 3 3
11
= sin(1)
33
sin(1)
=
9
We see that the iterated integrals have the same values. ■

9
6.
(a) Let R = [a, b] × [c, d] and f(x, y) = ϕ(x)ψ(y) for all (x, y) ∈ R where ϕ(x) is continuous on [a, b] and
ψ(y) is continuous on [c, d]. Show that
ZZ Zb ! Z
d
!
f(x, y)dxdy = ϕ(x)dx ψ(y)dy
R a c

RR
(b) Compute [1,2]×[1,2]
xr ys dxdy for r ≥ 0 and s ≥ 0.
RR
(c) Compute [0,1]×[0,1]
xyex+y dxdy.

Sol.

(a) We will proceed in this problem by using the definition of a Riemann Sum.
Let P be a tagged partition with the tags as (αi , βj ) where αi ∈ [xi−1 , xi ] and βj ∈ [yj−1 , yj ].
We have,

X
n X
n
S(P, f, t) = f(x, y)∆ij
i=1 j=1
X
n X
n
= ϕ(αi )ψ(βj )∆ij
i=1 j=1
X
n X
n
= [ϕ(αi )(xi − xi−1 )][ψ(βj )(yj − yj−1 ]
i=1 j=1
! 
X
n X
n
= ϕ(αi )(xi − xi−1 )  ψ(βj )(yj − yj−1 )
i=1 j=1

We know that f, ϕ and ψ are integrable in their respective domains (Why?). We know that as ||P|| → 0,
the respective norms of the partitions along the x and y directions go to zero as well.
Thus, the two sums in single variables approach the respective integrals as the double sum approaches the
double integral. Hence, we have proved,
ZZ Z ! Z
b
!
d
f(x, y)dxdy = ϕ(x)dx ψ(y)dy
R a c

(b) We will use the result we just proved. We have ϕ(x) = xr and ψ(y) = ys . Thus, we can see that
ZZ
(2r+1 − 1)(2s+1 − 1)
xr ys dxdy =
[1,2]×[1,2] (r + 1)(s + 1)

(c) Again, we will use the result from part (a).

We have ϕ(x) = xex and ψ(y) = yey . Thus, we can show that
ZZ
xyex+y dxdy = 1
[0,1]×[0,1]

10
7. Evaluate the following integrals
ZZ
1. (x + 2y)2 where R = [−1, 2] × [0, 2]
R
ZZ  
x
2. xy + dxdy where R = [1, 4] × [1, 2]
R y+1

Sol.
(a) R = [−1, 2] × [0, 2], we need to evaluate
ZZ
(x + 2y)2 dxdy
R

Let it the integral be I

ZZ
I= (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy)dxdy (Expanding (x + 2y)2 )
Z ZR ZZ ZZ
2 2
= x dxdy + 4y dxdy + 4xydxdy (Seperating the terms)
R R R
Z 2 Z2
! Z Z !
2 Z
2 2 Z2 !
2 2
= x dx dy + dx 4y dy + 4xdx ydy
0 −1 0 −1 0 −1
Z2 Z2 Z2
2
= 3dy + 12y dy + 6dy
0 0 0

= 6 + 32 + 12 = 50

(b) R = [1, 4] × [1, 2], we need to evaluate

ZZ  
x
xy + dxdy.
R y+1

Now it is easy to observe that

ZZ   ZZ  
x 1
xy + dxdy = x y+ dxdy
R y+1 R y+1
Z4 ! Z2 !
1
= x dx × y+ dy
1 1 y+1
 
15 3 3
= × + ln ≈ 14.29
2 2 2

11
8. Consider the function f : [−1, 1] × [−1, 1]

x + y if x2 + y2 ≤ 1
f(x, y) =
0 otherwise

Determine the sets of points at which f is discontinuous. Is f integrable over [−1, 1] × [−1, 1]?

Sol.
We will split the domain into three sets E1 , E2 and E3 .
On set E1 = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 < 1}, we have the function f(x, y) = x + y which is a continuous function. But on
the set E2 = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 1}, if we approach any point in E2 from E1 , we get f(x, y) = x + y.
Now if we approach from E3 = R − (E1 ∪ E2 ), we get f(x, y) = 0 which is clearly discontinuous except when
x + y = 0 on E2 i.e. x = ± √12 and y = ∓ √12 ,we have the continuity, since the function goes to zero at these two
points.    
So f(x, y) is discontinuous on E2 − √1 , − √1 , − √1 , √1
2 2 2 2
Recall the concept of content zero. We apply it here and state that the function is integrable over R.

ZZ ZZ
f(x, y)dxdy = f(x, y)dxdy
R E1
ZZ
= (x + y)dxdy
E1
ZZ ZZ
= xdxdy + ydxdy
E1 E1
√
Z 1 Z 1−y2 Z 1 Z √1−y2
= √ xdxdy + √ ydxdy
−1 − 1−y2 −1 − 1−y2

=0

12
 Tutorial Sheet 2 (Multiple integrals)

1. For the following, write an equivalent iterated integral with the order of integration reversed:
Z 1 " Z ex #
(a) dy dx
0 1

Z 1 " Z √y #
(b) √
f(x, y)dx dy
0 − y

Sol.

y y

3 y = ex 1
√ √
x=− y x= y
2

0 x −1 0 1 x
0 1
(a) (b)

Figure 2: Regions of integration for question 1

(a) By Fubini’s theorem, the iterated integrals are equal, Hence we can reverse the order of integration and
obtain an equivalent integral,

Z 1 "Z ex # Z e "Z 1 #
dy dx = dx dy .
0 1 1 ln y

(b) The reversed equivalent integral is,

Z 1 " Z √y # Z 1 "Z 1 #

√
f(x, y)dx dy = f(x, y)dy dx .
0 − y −1 x2

13
2. Evaluate the following integrals
Z π Z π 
sin(y)
(a) dy dx
0 x y
Z "Z1 1
#
(b) x2 exy dx dy
0 y

Z2
(c) (tan−1 (πx) − tan−1 (x))dx
0

Sol.

(a) Note that the integral is difficult to evaluate in the order given. So we change the order.

Figure 2(a): Region of integration for question 2(a)

From the figure we get the limits as 0 ≤ x ≤ y and 0 ≤ y ≤ π .Thus,

Z π Z y 
sin(y)
I= dx dy
0 0 y
Zπ " x=y #
sin(y)
= (x) dy
0 y
x=0
Zπ
= sin(y) dy
0

= 2

14
 Figure 2(b): Region of integration for question 2(b)

(b) We again reverse the order of integration. From figure 2(b) we can see the limits can also be written as
0 ≤ y ≤ x and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.Thus,
Z 1 Z x 
I= x2 exy dy dx
0 0
Z1  
2
= xex − x dx
0
2 1
ex − x2
=
2
0

e−2
=
2

15
 1
(c) We are to compute the following integral:
Z2
tan−1 πx − tan−1 x dx.


0

This is a single variable Riemann integral, which is not easy to compute directly. We convert it into a double
integral and compute the double integral using Fubini, hoping that that’ll be easier. Now, note that:
Z2 Z 2 Z πx 
1
tan−1 πx − tan−1 x dx =


2
dy dx
0 0 x 1+y

This a double integral over the region

D := {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, x ≤ y ≤ πx} .

Now, note that this region D is the union of two regions D1 and D2 where
y
D1 := (x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, ≤ x ≤ y , and
π
y
D2 := (x, y) : 2 ≤ y ≤ 2π, ≤x≤2 .
π
Note that D1 ∩ D2 is of (two-dimensional) content zero.
Therefore, we get that ZZ ZZ ZZ
f= f+ f,
D D1 D2

−1
Where f : D → R is defined as f(x, y) := 1 + y2 .
Thus the required integral is given by
Z2 Zy ! Z 2π Z 2 !
1 1
I= 2
dx dy + 2
dx dy
0 y/π 1 + y 2 y/π 1 + y
  Z2 Z 2π
1 y 2 1 2 y
= 1− dy + dy − dy
π 0 1 + y2 2 1 + y 2 π 2π 1 + y2
 
1 1 
2 2π 1 
2π
ln 1 + y2 0 + 2 tan−1 y 2 − ln 1 + y2 2

= 1−
2 π 2π
1 + 4π2
 
ln 5 1 1
+ 2 tan−1 2π − tan−1 2 −
 
= 1− ln
2 π 2π 5

1 thanks to integral daddy

16
 ZZ
2
3. Find f(x, y)d(x, y) where f(x, y) = ex and D is the region bounded by the lines y = 0, x = 1 and y = 2x
D

Sol.
We can solve this by looking at one particular iterated integral. We can do this because the function is well
behaved (continuous) and both the iterated integrals exist.

y
2.5

2 y = 2x

1.5

0.5
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Figure 1: Region of integration for question 3

Note that the integral,

Z1
2
ex dx
α

(0 ≤ α ≤ 1) does not exist in closed form in terms of α.

We therefore cannot evaluate the integral,
Z2 Z1
2
ex dxdy
y
0 2

Thus, our only option is to evaluate the other iterated integral. We have:
ZZ Z 1 Z 2x Z1 Z1
2 2 2
ex d(x, y) = ex dydx = 2xex dx = eu du = e − 1
D 0 0 0 0

Hence, we have obtained, ZZ

2
ex d(x, y) = e − 1
D
■

17
4.
(a) Compute the volume of the solid enclosed by the ellipsoid:

x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
where a, b, c are real numbers.
(b) Find the volume of the region under the graph of f(x, y) = ex+y over the region

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | |x| + |y| ≤ 1 .

Sol.
(a) We defined D,
x2 y2 z2
D= (x, y, z) ∈ R3 + + ≤1
a 2 b2 c 2
We can compute this volume easily by changing the variables from (x, y, z) to (u, v, w). We will scale the
axes to make the region a sphere.
x = au
y = bv
z = cw
The Jacobian J for the above transformation is,
 
a 0 0
J = 0 b 0
0 0 c

Note that ∥J∥ = abc.

Thus, ZZZ ZZZ
dzdydx = abc dwdvdu
D D′

where D ′ is the new volume we have to integrate over. Notice that,

D′ = (u, v, w) ∈ R3 u2 + v 2 + w 2 ≤ 1

This is simply a unit sphere. Therefore,

ZZZ
4π
dwdvdu =
D′ 3

Thus,
ZZZ ZZZ
4πabc
dxdydz = abc dudvdw =
D D′ 3

(b) Observe that the volume will be ZZ

ex+y dxdy
D

where the region D is given by (notice that the region has been written out differently. Justify),

(x, y) ∈ R2 | −1 ≤ x + y ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y − x ≤ 1

18
 Use the change of variables,
u+v
x=
2
u−v
y=
2
The Jacobian J corresponding to this transformation will be,
 1 1

J= 2 2
− 12 21
1
=⇒ |J| =
2
Therefore, we can now write,
ZZ Z1 Z1
1 u
ex+y dxdy = e dudv
D −1 −1 2
1
= e−
e

■
5. Evaluate the integral ZZ
2
(x − y) sin2 (x + y)d(x, y)
D

where D is the parallelogram with vertices at (π, 0), (2π, π), (π, 2π) and (0, π).

Sol.
The region D is given by,

(x, y) ∈ R2 | π ≤ x + y ≤ 3π and − π ≤ y − x ≤ π

Use the change of variables,

u+v
x=
2
u−v
y=
2
ZZ Z π Z 3π
1 2 2
=⇒ (x − y)2 sin2 (x + y)d(x, y) = v sin ududv
D −π π 2
Z π  Z 3π !
1 2 2
= v dv sin (u)du
2 −π π

π3
= ·π
3
π4
=
3

19
6. Let D be the region in RR
the first quadrant of the xy-plane
RR bounded by the hyperbolas xy = 1, xy = 9 and the
lines y = x, y = 4x. Find D dxdy by transforming it to D∗ dudv, where x = uv , y = uv, v > 0.
Sol.
We have,
u
x=
v
y = uv

Thus, note that,

√
u= xy
r
y
v=
x
Define,
u
h1 (u, v) :=
v
h2 (u, v) := uv

Then we have the Jacobian,

 ∂h1 ∂h1

J(u, v) := ∂u ∂v
∂h2 ∂h2
∂u ∂v
1 u

v − v2
=
v u
u
=⇒ |J| = 2
v
We define D∗ in the following manner:

D∗ = {(u, v) | u ∈ [1, 3], v ∈ [1, 2]}

Notice that D∗ corresponds to the region D given in the question, but in the transformed coordinates. We can
call D∗ the transformed region of integration.
Let,
f∗ : D∗ → R
u
f∗ (u, v) := 2
v
We are now tasked to compute the integral,
ZZ
f∗ (u, v)dudv
D∗

Note that f∗ is of the form ϕ(u)ψ(v), where ϕ and ψ are continuous, and hence integrable functions on their
respective domains. Moreover f∗ is continuous on D∗ and hence integrable on D∗ . Recall Tutorial One,
question 6(a). Thus,
ZZ Z2 ! Z
3
!
∗ 1
f (u, v)dudv = dv 2udu
D∗ 1 v 1

= 8 log 2

A picture of D is given below. Now contrast this with D∗ .

20
 Figure 1: Region of integration D

■
7. Find ZZ
2
+y2 )
lim e−(x d(x, y)
r→∞ D(r)

where D(r) equals:


(a) (x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ r2

(b) (x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ r2 , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
(c) {(x, y) : |x| ≤ r, |y| ≤ r}
(d) {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ r, 0 ≤ y ≤ r}

Sol.
(a) As should be obvious from the form of D(r), we will utilize polar coordinates here. On converting the
integral from the Cartesian to the polar form, we get,
ZZ Z 2π Z r
−(x2 +y2 ) 2
lim e d(x, y) = lim e−R RdRdθ
r→∞ D(r) r→∞ 0 0
Zr
2
= −π lim e−R d(−R2 )
r→∞ 0
 2

= π lim 1 − e−r
r→∞
= π

21
(b) Again, we utilize the polar coordinates here. The integral will be the same as before except for the
difference in the limits of θ - since x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, θ will vary from 0 to π2 ,
ZZ Z π2 Z r
−(x2 +y2 ) 2
lim e d(x, y) = lim e−R RdRdθ
r→∞ D(r) r→∞ 0 0
π
=
4

(c) Consider the following integrals:

Z 2π Z r√2
2
I1 (r) = e−R RdRdθ
0 0
Z 2π Z r
2
I2 (r) = e−R RdRdθ
0 0

We can now write (why?),

ZZ
2
+y2 )
I1 (r) > e−(x d(x, y) > I2 (r)
D(r)

We state the sandwich theorem below,

Let I be an interval having the point a as a limit point. Let g, f and h be functions defined on
I, except possibly at a itself. Suppose that for every x in I not equal to a, we have,

g(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ h(x)

and also suppose that,

lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L
x→a x→a

Then limx→a f(x) = L.

It is clear that limr→∞ I1 (r) = limr→∞ I2 (r) = π. If we now make use of the sandwich theorem, we can
write,
ZZ
2 2
lim e−(x +y ) d(x, y) = π
r→∞ D(r)

RR 2
+y2 ) π
(d) limr→∞ D(r)
e−(x d(x, y) = (Justify).
4
■

22
8. Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + z2 = a2 using double integral over a region
in the plane. (Hint: Consider the part in the first octant.)
Sol.

Figure 1: Region of integration for volume in question 8 (a = 1 taken for representation)

Notice that the volume of consideration is the same in each of the octants. We will calculate the integral over
the first octant where x, y, z ≥ 0 and thereby get the total volume.
The region of integration in the x − y plane is given by a circular disc centered at the origin√and having radius
a. The ‘height’ (along the z-axis) of the volume (in the first octant) at a point (x, y) is z = a2 − x2 . Thus we
may write the integral as,
Z a Z √a2 −x2 p ! Za
a3 2
a2 − x2 dx = a2 · a − = a3 .


V= 2 2
a − x dy dx =
0 0 0 3 3

16 3
Hence we the the total common volume (over all octants) will be, = 8 · 23 a3 = a . ■
3

23
9. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 above the region x2 + y2 = 2x in the
x-y plane.
Sol.
Let the volume be V. We can write,
ZZ ZZ
V= zdydx = (x2 + y2 )dydx
D D
 2 2 2
where D = (x, y) : (x − 1) + y ≤ 1, (x, y) ∈ R
Make the substitutions x = 1 + r cos θ, y = r sin θ. This gives,
ZZ
V= (r + r3 + 2r2 cos θ)drdθ
D′

where D = {(r, θ) : 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.

′

Z 2π Z 1
V= (r + r3 + 2r2 cos θ)drdθ
0 0
Z 2π  
3 2 cos θ 3π
= + dθ =
0 4 3 2
■
10. Express the solid D = (x, y, z) |
p
x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ 1 as

{(x, y, z) | a ≤ x ≤ b, ϕ1 (x) ≤ y ≤ ϕ2 (x), ξ1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ ξ2 (x, y)} .

Sol.

Figure 1: Solid D represented using bounding surfaces

√
Since x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ 1, we have that x2 + y2 ≤ 1 =⇒ |y| ≤ 1 − x2 , and hence x2 ≤ 1, which gives us
p p

|x| ≤ 1. Thus we may write D in the desired form as

p p p
(x, y, z) | −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − 1 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 , x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ 1 .

24
11. Evaluate
Z √2 Z √2−x2 Z2 ! !
I= x dz dy dx
0 0 x2 +y2

Sketch the region of integration and evaluate the integral by expressing the order of integration as dxdydz.
Sol.

Figure 1: Region of integration for volume in question 11

Z √2 "Z √2−x2 Z2 ! #
I= x dz dy dx
0 0 x2 +y2
Z2 Z z
" √ Z √z−y2 ! #
= x dx dy dz
0 0 0
Z2 "Z √
z
#
z − y2
= dy dz
0 0 2
Z2 √ √ 3!
z z 1 z
= − · dz
0 2 2 3
Z2  √ √ 
z z z z
= − dz
0 2 6
Z2 3
z2
= dz
0 3
√
8 2
= .
15

25
 12. Using suitable change of variables, evaluate the following:
ZZZ
(a) I = (z2 x2 + z2 y2 )dxdydz
D
where D is the cylindrical region x2 + y2 ≤ 1 bounded by −1 ≤ z ≤ 1.
ZZZ
3
(b) I = exp(x2 + y2 + z2 ) 2 dxdydz
D
over the region enclosed by the unit sphere in R3 .

Sol.

(a) Perform the substitution,

x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
z=z

As seen in class, the determinant of the Jacobian is r. Thus,

Z 2π Z 1 Z 1
I= z2 r2 × rdzdrdθ
0 0 −1
1 2
= 2π × ×
4 3
π
=
3

(b) Perform the substitution,

x = r cos θ sin ϕ
y = r sin θ sin ϕ
z = r cos ϕ

As seen in class, the determinant of the Jacobian is r2 |sin ϕ|. Thus, we have,
Z π Z 2π Z 1
3
I= er × r2 |sin ϕ|drdθdϕ
0 0 0
1
= 2 × 2π × (e − 1)
3
4π
= (e − 1)
3

26
 Tutorial Sheet 3 (I. Multiple integrals and change of
variables)

1. Find the volume that lies under the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 , above the xy plane, and inside the cylinder
x2 + y2 = 2x.
Sol.
Though the question is worded differently, the region is exactly the same as that of Question 9 in Tutorial sheet
2, hence the same solution follows.
RR ■
2. Using a suitable change of variables, evaluate the integral D
ydydx, where D is the region bounded by the
x-axis and the parabolas y2 = 4 − 4x and y2 = 4 + 4x, y ≥ 0.
Sol.
We can use the following variables:

x=1+u
√
y= v

Since D is the region given by,

y2 − 4 4 − y2
D= (x, y) ≤x≤ ,y ≥ 0
4 4

On changing variables to u and v, the D is transformed to a new region D ′ ,

v −v
D′ = (u, v) 0 ≤ v ≤ 4, −2≤u≤
4 4

The Jacobian J is easy enough to find. |J| = 1

√
2 ν
(Verify).
RR
Thus the integral D
ydydx can be computed as follows:
ZZ ZZ
√ 1
ydydx = v × √ dudv
D D ′ 2 v
Z 4 Z −v
4 1
= dudv
0 4 −2 2
v

Z4 
1 v
= 2− dv
0 2 2
= 2

27
 p
3. Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone z = x2 + y2 and below
the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = z.
Sol.
Since we are supposed to use spherical coordinates, we can write the change of coordinates as,

x = r cos ϕ sin θ
y = r sin ϕ sin θ
z = r cos θ

We define a region D as the following:

 r 
2 1 p2 1 1
D := (x, y, z) x + y ≤ , x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ + − x2 − y2
2 2 4

It should be clear that D is the region of which the volume we have to compute. We now represent D in spherical
coordinates and call this transformed region D ′ .

π
D ′ := (r, ϕ, θ) 0≤θ≤ , 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ cos θ
4

So the volume to be computed is simply,

ZZZ
V= r2 sin θdrdθdϕ
D′
Z 2π Z π4 Z cos θ
= r2 sin θdrdθdϕ
0 0 0
Z π4
cos3 θ
 
= 2π sin θ dθ
0 3
Z π4
2π
=− cos3 θd (cos θ)
3 0
π
=
8

28
 ZZZ
4. Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate (x2 + y2 )dzdydx where
W
p p p
W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, − 4 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x2 , x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ 2}.

Sol.
We perform the following substitution to get the cylindrical coordinates,

x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
z=z

Observe that the region W can be written as,

W= (r cos θ, r sin θ, z) ∈ R3 0 ≤ θ < 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, r ≤ z ≤ 2

The given integral therefore becomes,

Z 2π Z 2 Z 2 Z 2π Z 2
r3 dzdrdθ = r3 (2 − r)drdθ
0 0 r 0 0
 
32
= (2π) × 8 −
5
16π
=
5

■
5. Describe the solid whose volume is given by the integral
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z 2
ρ2 sin ϕdρdϕdθ,
0 0 1

and evaluate the integral.

Sol.
The limits of integral describe the thick spherical shell S shown in Fig. 1 such that,

π π
S := (ρ, θ, ϕ) 1 ≤ ρ ≤ 2, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ ,0 ≤ θ ≤
2 2

The integration is trivial,

ZZZ Z π/2 ! Z π/2 ! Z2 !
2 2
ρ sin ϕdρdϕdθ = sin ϕdϕ · dθ · ρ dρ
S 0 0 1

π 7
=1× ×
2 3
7π
=
6

29
 Figure 1: The region between the two spherical boundaries is the volume for question 5

ZZZ ■
1
6. Find 2 2 2 n dV where F is the region bounded by the spheres with the center the origin and
F (x + y + z ) 2
radii r and R with 0 < r < R

Sol.
We will change the coordinates from Cartesian to spherical:

x = r1 sin θ cos φ
y = r1 sin θ sin φ
z = r1 cos θ

where θ ∈ [0, π), φ ∈ [0, 2π) and we are given r1 ∈ (r, R).
So the integral after transformation is,
ZZZ Z π Z 2π Z R
1 1 2
n dV = n r1 sin θdr1 dθdφ
F (x2 + y2 + z2 ) 2 0 0 r
r 1
Z 2π ! Z
π  Z R
!
= dφ · sin θdθ · r2−n
1 dr1
0 0 r

= 4π℘(n)

where, 
R


ln r n=3
℘(n) = 1


3−n R3−n − r3−n otherwise
■

30
 Tutorial Sheet 3 (II. Vector analysis and line integrals)

1. Let f, g be differentiable functions on R2 . Show that

i. ∇(fg) = f∇g + g∇f;

ii. ∇fn = nfn−1 ∇f;

iii. ∇(f/g) = (g∇f − f∇g)/g2 whenever g ̸= 0.

Sol.

i. We use the definition of the gradient to rewrite the expressions in terms of partial derivatives, and then
use the previously established product rule of the partial derivative to prove these identities.

∂(fg) ∂(fg)
∇(fg) = i+ j
∂x ∂y
   
∂g ∂f ∂g ∂f
= f + g i+ f + g j (∵ product rule for partial derivatives)
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
   
∂g ∂g ∂f ∂f
=f i+ j +g i+ j
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
= f∇g + g∇f

ii. We use the result obtained in part i. above, and the principle of induction. Let P(n) denote the statement
∇fn = nfn−1 ∇f. Observe that P(1) is ∇f = ∇f, which is trivially true.
Now suppose P(n) is true for some n ≥ 1, i.e. ∇fn = nfn−1 ∇f holds. Then we have,

∇fn+1 = ∇(fn f) = f∇fn + fn ∇f (∵ i.)

n−1 n
= fnf ∇f + f ∇f (∵ P(n) is true)
n
= (n + 1)f ∇f,

which is the same as P(n + 1). Hence we have that P(n + 1) is true whenever P(n) is, for all n ≥ 1, and
that P(1) is trivially true, which completes the proof for all positive integers n.
By the result in iii. (which will be proved in the next part), we may similarly show that P(n − 1) is
true whenever P(n) is, for any n ≤ 1; hence by the principle of induction we have that P(n) holds for
non-positive integers as well. This completes the proof for all integers n.
1
iii. Taking h = g (which is possible when g ̸= 0), we have

∂h ∂h 1 ∂g 1 ∂g 1
∇h = i+ j=− 2 i− 2 j = − 2 ∇g.
∂x ∂y g ∂x g ∂y g
We now apply i. to the product fh, to obtain
 
f 1 1 g∇f − f∇g
∇ = ∇(fh) = f∇h + h∇f = −f 2 ∇g + ∇f =
g g g g2

31
2. Let a, b be two fixed vectors, r = xi + yj + zk and r2 = x2 + y2 + z2 . Prove the following:
1. ∇(rn ) = nrn−2 r for any integer n

2. a · ∇( 1r ) = − a·r
r3

3(a · r)(b · r) a · b
3. b · ∇ a · ∇( 1r ) = − 3
r5 r

Sol.
1. Let n ∈ Z be given. Define f : R3 → R as

n2
f(x, y, z) := x2 + y2 + z2

Thus,
∂f
n−2
= nx x2 + y2 + z2 2
∂x
Similar will be the face for the other partial derivatives. Therefore,
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇rn = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
= nrn−2 (xi + yj + zk)
= nrn−2 r

2. Let n = −1. By the previously proved part, we have,

 
1 r
∇ =− 3
r r
 
1 a·r
=⇒ a · ∇ =− 3
r r

3. Let a = ax i + ay j + az k. Using the result obtained in part 2.,

    a · r
1
b·∇ a·∇ =b·∇ − 3
r r
 
ax x + ay y + az z
=b·∇ −
r3
3(a · r)(b · r) a · b
= − 3
r5 r

32
3. Calculate the line integral of the vector field
F(x, y) = x2 − 2xy i + y2 − 2xy j

from (−1, 1) to (1, 1) along y = x2 .

Sol.
We can represent the curve y = x2 (let’s call it C) in parametric form as,
x=τ
y = τ2
c(τ) = (x, y) = (τ, τ2 )
where τ is the parameter, varying from −1 to 1.
The tangent c ′ (τ) at every point (τ, τ2 ) on C will be,
c ′ (τ) = i + 2τj
Therefore, we can write,
Z Z
F(r) · ds = F(c(τ)) · c ′ (τ)dτ
C
Z1
τ2 − 2τ3 + 2τ5 − 4τ4 dτ


=
−1

14
= −
15
■
4. Calculate the line integral of
F(x, y) = x2 + y2 i + (x − y) j

once around the ellipse b2 x2 + a2 y2 = a2 b2 in the counter clockwise direction. R

Remark Often line integral of a vector field F along a ’geometric curve’ C is represented by C F.ds. A geometric
curve C is a set of points in the plane or in the space that can be traversed by a parametrized path in the given
direction. R
To evaluate C F.ds, choose a convenient parametrization c of C traversing C in the given direction and then
Z Z
F.ds := F.ds
C c
I
’ ’ means the line integral over a closed curve C.
C

Sol.
Let’s call the ellipse E. Every point on the ellipse can be parametrized in the following manner:
x(θ) = a cos θ
y(θ) = b sin θ
c(θ) = (x, y) = (a cos θ, b sin θ)
where θ ∈ [0, 2π).
We can now calculate the line integral as,
Z Z
F · ds = F(c(θ)) · c ′ (θ)dθ
C
Z 2π
a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ i + (a cos θ − b sin θ) j · (−a sin θi + b cos θj) dθ


=
0
Z 2π
−a3 cos2 θ sin θ − ab2 sin3 θ + ab cos2 θ − b2 sin θ cos θ dθ


=
0

= πab
■
33
5. Calculate the value of the line integral
I
(x + y)dx − (x − y)dy
.
C x2 + y2

where C is the curve x2 + y2 = a2 traversed once in the counter clockwise direction.

Sol.  
x+y y−x
The curve C can be parametrised as c(t) := (a cos t, a sin t) , t ∈ [0, 2π]. Define F(x, y) := , .
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
The integral can then be written as, I
F (c(t)) · c ′ (t)dt
C
which is equal to,
I Z 2π
F (c(t)) · c ′ (t)dt = F (a cos t, a sin t) · (−a sin t, a cos t)dt
C 0
Z 2π
= − (cos t + sin t) sin t + cos t (sin t − cos t) dt
0
Z 2π
sin2 t + cos2 t dt


=−
0

= −2π

■
6. Calculate
I
ydx + zdy + xdz
C

where C is the intersection of two surfaces z = xy and x2 + y2 = 1 traversed once in a direction that appears
counter clockwise when viewed from high above the xy-plane.

Sol.
Verify that the given curve can be paramaterized as follows:

c(t) := (x(t), y(t), z(t)) = (cos t, sin t, cos t sin t) , t ∈ [−π, π]

It can be seen that this respects the direction given.

Also, (x ′ (t), y ′ (t), z ′ (t)) = (− sin t, cos t, cos 2t). Hence, we can now evaluate our integral as follows:
I Zπ
ydx + zdy + xdz = [sin t(− sin t) + cos t sin t(cos t) + cos t(cos 2t] dt
C −π
Zπ
=− sin2 tdt
−π
= −π

34
7. Let the curve C be given by x2 + y2 = 1, z = 0. Let c1 be a parametrization defined by c1 (t) = (cos t, sin t)
for t ∈ [0, 2π]. Find the line integral of F(x, y, z) = −yi + xj along this curve. Also find the line integral along
the curve parametrized by c2 (t) = (cos t, − sin t), for t ∈ [0, π].
Sol.
For the parametrization c1 , we have,
Z Z
F · ds = F (c1 (t)) · c′1 (t)dt
C
Z 2π
= (− sin t, cos t) · (− sin t, cos t)dt
0
Z 2π
sin2 t + cos2 t dt


=
0
Z 2π
= dt
0

= 2π

For the parametrization c2 , we have,

Z Z
F · ds = F (c2 (t)) · c′2 (t)dt
C
Zπ
= (sin t, cos t) · (− sin t, − cos t)dt
0
Zπ
sin2 t + cos2 t dt


=−
Z0π
= − dt
0
= −π

8. Show that a constant force field does zero work on a particle that moves once uniformly around the circle:
x2 + y2 = 1. Is this also true for a force field F(x, y, z) = α (xi + yj + zk), for some constant α.
Sol.
Consider the following constant force field,
F ′ = Fx i + Fy j
where Fx , Fy are constants.
We can parametrize the path along the circle easily by substituting,

x = cos θ
y = sin θ
c(θ) = (x, y)
= (cos θ, sin θ)

where θ ∈ [0, 2π).

We now calculate the line integral for F ′ ,
Z Z 2π
F ′ · ds = F ′ (c(θ)) · c ′ (t)dt
C 0
Z 2π
= (−Fx sin θ + Fy cos θ) dθ
0
Z 2π Z 2π
= −Fx sin θdθ + Fy cos θdθ
0 0

= 0

35
We see that, independent of our choice of Fx and Fy , the integral comes out to be zero.
In the case of F, the line integral comes out to be,
Z Z 2π
F · ds = F(c(θ)) · c ′ (t)dt
C 0
Z 2π
=α (xi + yj + zk) · (− sin θi + cos θj) dθ
0
Z 2π
=α (− cos θ sin θ + cos θ sin θ) dθ
0

= 0

9. Let C : x2 + y2 = 1. Find I
grad x2 − y2 .ds.


C

Sol.
We can parametrize the given C by substituting,

x = cos θ
y = sin θ
c (θ) = (x, y)
= (cos θ, sin θ)

where θ ∈ (0, 2π).

c ′ (θ) = (− sin θ, cos θ)

!
2 2

∂ x2 − y2 ∂ x2 − y2
grad x − y = ,
∂x ∂y
= (2x, −2y)
= (2 cos θ, −2 sin θ)

The required line integral is,

I Z 2π
2 2


grad x − y · ds = (2 cos θ, −2 sin θ) . (− sin θ, cos θ) dθ
C 0
Z 2π
= (−2 sin θ cos θ − 2 sin θ cos θ) dθ
0
Z 2π
= (−2 sin 2θ) dθ
0
=0

This is to be expected as gradient of a scalar field is a conservative vector field and hence the line integral over
a continuous closed loop is 0.

36
10. Evaluate Z
grad x2 − y2 .ds


C
3
where C is y = x , joining (0, 2) and (2, 8).
Sol.
We can parametrize C as follows,

x=t
y = t3
c (t) = (x, y)
= t, t3

where t ∈ (0, 2).

c ′ (t) = 1, 3t2

As shown in the previous question,

grad x2 − y2 = (2x, −2y)

= 2t, −2t3


Z Z2
grad x2 − y2 .ds = 2t, −2t3 . 1, 3t2 dt




=⇒
C 0
Z2
2t − 6t5 dt


=
0

= −60

■
11. Compute the line integral I
dx + dy
C |x| + |y|
where C is the square with vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 0) and (0, −1) traversed once in the counter clockwise
direction.
Sol.

x
−1 1

−1

Figure 1: Figure for question 11

The path C is given by the region in Fig. 1. Note that along this path, |x| + |y| = 1. Hence the line integral
reduces to I I
(dx + dy), which can be rewritten as ∇(x + y) · ds.
C C

37
The fundamental theorem of calculus (FTC) for gradient fields can then be applied here to conclude that this
integral is 0, but not directly, since C is not a smooth path. We break up C into 4 constituent paths C1 , . . . , C4 ,
which are cyclically from (1, 0) to (0, 1), . . ., and from (0, −1) to (1, 0) respectively. Each of these paths are
smooth, and thus we may apply FTC to each of them, giving us
I I I I I
∇(x + y) · ds = ∇(x + y) · ds + ∇(x + y) · ds + ∇(x + y) · ds + ∇(x + y) · ds
C C1 C2 C3 C4
(x,y)=(0,1) (x,y)=(−1,0) (x,y)=(0,−1) (x,y)=(1,0)
= (x + y) + (x + y) + (x + y) + (x + y)
(x,y)=(1,0) (x,y)=(0,1) (x,y)=(−1,0) (x,y)=(0,−1)

= 0

■
12. A force F = xyi + x6 y2 j moves a particle from (0, 0) onto the line x = 1 along y = axb where a, b > 0. If
the work done is independent of b find the value of a.
Sol.
Parametrize the curve as,

x=τ
y = aτb
c(τ) = (x, y)
= τ, aτb

We can therefore write,

Z Z
F.ds = F(c(τ)) · c ′ (τ)dτ
C
Z1
aτb+1 i + a2 τ2b+6 j · i + abτb−1 j dτ



=
0
Z1
aτb+1 + a3 bτ3b+5 dτ


=
0
3a + ba3
= = I(a, b)
3b + 6
∂I
If we want I(a, b) to be independent of b, then we will have to ensure that ∂b = 0.

∂I
=0
∂b

a3 (3b + 6) − 3 3a + ba3
=⇒ 2
=0
(3b + 6)
r
3
=⇒ a = 0, ±
2
r
3
We will take the value of a > 0. So for I(a, b) to be independent of b, we will need a = .
2
■

38
 Tutorial Sheet 4 (Line integrals and conservative fields)

1. Determine whether or not the given set is a) open, b) path connected and c) simply connected.
(a) D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | 0 < y < 3}
(b) D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | 1 < |x| < 2}
(c) D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | 1 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0}
(d) D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | (x, y) ̸= (1, 4)}
Sol.
(a) The given set is open, path connected and simply connected.
(b) The given set is open. It is not path connected since there is no path between a point in 1 < x < 2 and a
point in −2 < x < −1. This implies the set is also not simply connected.
(c) The given set is not open, but is path connected and simply connected.
(d) The set is open, and path connected. It is not simply connected - if we considered a closed curve such
that (1, 4) belonged to the interior of the curve, we will fail in continuously shrinking the curve to a point.
■
2. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y) = 3xyi + x3 yj is a gradient on any open subset of R2 .
Sol.
 
∂ ∂
x3 y −


∇×F= (3xy) k = 3x (xy − 1) k ̸= 0
∂x ∂y

Hence, the given vector field is not a gradient on any open subset of R2 . ■
3. Show the line integral is path-independent and evaluate the integral:
Z
2xe−y dx + 2y − x2 e−y dy.


C

where C is any path from (1, 0) to (2, 1).

Sol.

F = 2xe−y i + 2y − x2 e−y j

Using partial integration of the i and j components with respect to x and y respectively, and comparing we see,

f = x2 e−y + y2 + c

where f is such that,

∇f = F

and c is a constant of integration.

So,
Z
4
2xe−y dx + (2y − x2 e−y )dy = f ((2, 1)) − f ((1, 0)) =
C e

Z ■
4. Is the line integral ydx + xdy + xyzdz path independent in R3 ?
C
Sol.

39
We have,
F = yi + xj + xyzk
Thus,

F1 (x, y, z) = y
F2 (x, y, z) = x
F3 (x, y, z) = xyz

Note that, F is defined on R3 , which is a simply connected region. For conservativeness, we only need to check
the sufficient condition (refer Lecture 7 Slide 16).
We see that,
∂F1
=0
∂z
∂F3
= yz
∂x
This tells us that F is not conservative. Further, by the theorem at Lecture 7 Slide 7 we know that on path
connected domains,
path independence ⇔ conservative
Hence, the given line integral is not path independent in R3 . (Note: If we did not use the theorem, we could
not have ruled out path independence, as, in general path independence does not imply conservative. Thus,
in general, the contrapositive of that logical sentence (that not conservative implies not path connected) is not
true either.)
■
5. Let F = ∇f, where f(x, y) = sin(x − 2y). Find curves C1 and C2 that are not closed and satisfy
Z
F · ds = 0,
C
Z 1
F · ds = 1.
C2

Sol.
Consider a, b ∈ R2 . Also consider a curve c(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 such that c(0) = a and c(1) = b. Then,
Z
F · ds = f(b) − f(a)
c

The following curves fulfill our requirements (Check).

C1 (t) = (2πt, 0) , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
 π 
C2 (t) = 2t + , t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
2
■

40
6. Determine whether or not F is a conservative vector field. If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇f.
(a) F(x, y) = y2 exy i + (1 + xy)exy j, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 .

(b) F(x, y) = (yex + sin y) i + (ex + x cos y) j, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 .

(c) F(x, y) = 2xy + y−2 i + x2 − 2xy−3 j, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 and y > 0.

Sol.
A sufficient condition to check that F = F1 i + F2 j : D → R2 for open, simply connected D ⊂ R2 is conservative,
is that the first order partial derivatives are continuous and satisfy
∂F1 ∂F2
= on D.
∂y ∂x

Since D = R2 and D = R × R≥0 here are open and simply connected, we may use this sufficient condition to
test whether the Fs given are conservative.
(a) F(x, y) = y2 exy i + (1 + xy)exy j, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 :

∂F1
= 2yexy + xy2 exy ,
∂y
∂F2
= yexy + (1 + xy)yexy = 2yexy + xy2 exy .
∂x

Hence F is conservative . Let f be the scalar function whose gradient is F, i.e.

∂f ∂f
F = F1 i + F2 j = ∇f = i+ j
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f
=⇒ = y2 exy , = (1 + xy)exy
∂x ∂y
Z
∂f
= y2 exy =⇒ f(x, y) = y2 exy dx = yexy + g(y),
∂x

where g(y) is some function of y (constant with respect to x). Continuing,

∂f ∂
= (1 + xy)exy =⇒ (yexy + g(y)) = (1 + xy)exy =⇒ g ′ (y) = 0 =⇒ g(y) = c,
∂y ∂y
where c may be any constant.
We take c = 0 and get,
f(x, y) = yexy

(b) F(x, y) = (yex + sin y) i + (ex + x cos y) j, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 :

∂F1 ∂F2
Following the same steps as in (a), we see that ∂y = ∂x on R2 , and hence F is conservative . Further,
f = yex + x sin y .



(c) F(x, y) = 2xy + y−2 i + x2 − 2xy−3 j, for all (x, y) ∈ R2 and y > 0:
∂F1 ∂F2
Once again, with same steps as in (a), we have that ∂y = ∂x on R2 , and hence F is conservative . We
also get f = x2 y + xy−2 . ■

41
 R
7. Let F be a vector field on R2 . Find a function f such that F = grad f and using it evaluate c
F · ds, where F
and c are given below:
(a) F(x, y, z) = (2xyz + sin x)i + x2 zj + x2 yk and c(t) = cos5 t, sin3 t, t4 , 0 ≤ t ≤ π.

π
(b) F(x, y) = (1 + xy)exy i + x2 exy j and c(t) = (cos t, 2 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

(c) F(x, y, z) = yzi + xzj + (xy + 2z)k and c is the line segment from (1, 0, −2) to (4, 6, 3).

Sol.
The same steps as detailed in the solution to 6(a) can be followed to obtain the scalar function f such that
∇f = F, with the only difference for R3 being that the first constant (after integrating
R with respect to x) will
be g(y, z) (as opposed to g(y)). The line integral in each case then reduces to c ∇f · ds.
For smooth c : [a, b] → D, and continuous ∇f (as we have here), we may use the FTC for line integrals, which
gives us, Z
∇f · ds = f(c(b)) − f(c(a)).
c

(a) F(x, y, z) = (2xyz + sin x)i + x2 zj + x2 yk and c(t) = cos5 t, sin3 t, t4 , 0 ≤ t ≤ π:

It can be checked that f(x, y, z) = x2 yz − cos x is valid, and hence

Z (−1,0,π4 )
5 3 4 5 3 4 2
F · ds = f(c(cos π, sin π, π )) − f(c(cos 0, sin 0, 0 )) = (x yz − cos x) = 0.
c (1,0,0)

π
(b) F(x, y) = (1 + xy)exy i + x2 exy j and c(t) = (cos t, 2 sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2:

f(x, y, z) = xexy works, and hence

Z (0,2)
π π
F · ds = f(c(cos , 2 sin )) − f(c(cos 0, 2 sin 0)) = (xexy ) = −1 .
c 2 2 (1,0)

(c) F(x, y, z) = yzi + xzj + (xy + 2z)k and c is the line segment from (1, 0, −2) to (4, 6, 3):
Once again, it can be checked that f(x, y, z) = xyz + z2 is valid, and hence

Z (4,6,3)
F · ds = f((4, 6, 3)) − f((1, 0, −2)) = (x2 yz − cos x) = 77 .
c (1,0,−2)

■
I


8. For v = 2xy + z3 i + x2 j + 3xz2 k, show that ∇ϕ = v for some ϕ and hence calculate v · ds where C is
C
any arbitrary smooth closed curve.
Sol.
Should follow the exact same process as in the previous two questions and check,

ϕ = x2 + xz3 + c

where c ∈ R is a constant.
I
v · ds = 0
C

42
9. Let S = R2 (0, 0) Let
−y x
F= i+ 2 j := F1 (x, y)i + F2 (x, y)j
x2 + y2 x + y2

∂F1 (x, y) ∂F2 (x, y)

(a) Show that = on S.
∂y ∂x
R
(b) Compute C
F · ds where C is the circle: x2 + y2 = 1.
(c) Is F a conservative field on S?

Sol.
(a) Is quite trivial.

∂F1 (x, y) y2 − x2
= 2
∂y (x + y2 )2
∂F2 (x, y) y2 − x2
= 2
∂x (x + y2 )2

(b) Take the parametrization c(t) = (cos t, sin t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. c ′ (t) = (− sin t, cos t),
Z Z 2π
F · ds = [− sin t(− sin t) + cos t(cos t)] dt
C 0
Z 2π
= dt = 2π
0

(c) Even though the curl is 0 on S, the field F is not conservative, as we have in part (b) a closed loop such
that the line integral of F along it is non-zero.
■
10. A radial force field is one which can be expressed as F(x, y, z) = f(r)r where r = (x, y, z) is the position
vector and r = ∥r∥. Show that, if f is continuous, F is conservative in R3 . (Hint. Try to guess what the potential
function could be, provided f is continuous.)

Sol.
We need to find scalar potential ϕ(r) such that:

ϕ ′ (r)
∇ϕ(r) = r = F = f(r)r
r
=⇒ ϕ ′ (r) = rf(r)

Since f(r) is continuous, so will be rf(r) and hence from 2nd FTC we know that there exists an antiderivative
of rf(r) i.e ∃ ϕ(r) such that,
Zr
ϕ(r) = ϕ(a) + r ′ f(r ′ )dr ′
a

where a ∈ R3 .
The conservative nature of F follows. ■

43
 Tutorial Sheet 5 (Green’s theorem)

1. Verify Green’s theorem in each of the following cases:

(i) F1 (x, y) = −xy; F2 (x, y) = xy; R : x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 ;
(ii) F1 (x, y) = 2xy; F2 (x, y) = ex + x2 ; where R is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1).

Sol.
For this question, we just have to verify that,
Z ZZ  
∂F2 ∂F1
F · dr = − dxdy
∂D D ∂x dy
Z ZZ  
31 ∂F2 ∂F1
(i) F · dr = = − dxdy (Check).
∂D 60 D ∂x dy
Z ZZ  
∂F2 ∂F1
(ii) F · dr = 1 = − dxdy (Check again!).
∂D D ∂x dy
■
2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the integral
I
y2 dx + xdy
∂R

where

(i) R is the square with vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2), (0,2).

(ii) R is the square with vertices with (±1,±1).
(iii) R is the disc or radius 2 and center (0,0) oriented clockwise.

Sol.
Here, we can use Green’s theorem to obtain,
I ZZ
y2 dx + xdy = (1 − 2y)d(x, y)
∂R R

We now use this in the above given scenarios:

(i)
I Z2 Z2
y2 dx + xdy = (1 − 2y)dydx = −4
∂R 0 0

(ii)
I Z1 Z1
y2 dx + xdy = (1 − 2y)dydx = 4
∂R −1 −1

(iii) Here, switch to plane-polar coordinates to obtain

I Z 2 Z 2π
2
y dx + xdy = r(1 − r sin θ)drdθ = 4π
∂R 0 0

44
3. For a simple closed curve given in polar coordinates show using Green’s Theorem that the area enclosed is
given by I
1
A= r2 dθ
2 C
Use this to compute the area enclosed by the following curves:
(i) The cardioid: r = a(1 − cosθ); 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
(ii) The lemniscate: r2 = a2 cos2θ; − π4 ≤ θ ≤ π
4

Sol.
Consider the curve C given by the parametrisation c : [a, b] → R2 by c(t) = (r(t) cos θ(t), r(t) sin θ(t)). Then
we may write the area, given by
I I Z
1 1 1 b
xdy − ydx = (−y, x) · ds = (−y(t), x(t)) · c ′ (t)dt
2 C 2 C 2 a
Z
1 b
 
dr dθ dr dθ
= (−r(t) sin θ(t), r(t) cos θ(t)) · cos θ(t) − r(t) sin θ(t) , sin θ(t) + r(t) cos θ(t) dt
2 a dt dt dt dt
Z I
1 b dθ 1
= r(t)(cos2 θ(t) + sin2 θ(t)) dt = r2 dθ .
2 a dt 2 C
Computing the areas is now straightforward, as
(i)
I Z 2π
1 a2 3πa2
A= r2 dθ = (1 − 2cosθ + cos2 θ)dθ = ; and
2 C 2 0 2

(ii)
I Z π4
1 2 a2 a2
A= r dθ = cos2θdθ = .
2 C 2 −π
4
2
■
4. Find the area of the following regions:
(i) The area lying in the first quadrant of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ).
(ii) The region under one arch of the cycloid,
r = a(t − sin t)i + a(1 − cos t)j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

(iii) The region bounded by the limacon on

π
r = 1 − 2 cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ .
2
and the two axes.

Sol.
(i) The area will be given by,
I Z π2
1 2 a2 2
r dθ = (1 − cos θ) dθ
2 C 2 0
Z π2
a2
= 1 − 2 cos θ + cos2 θdθ
2 0
 
2 3π
= a −1
8

45
 I
(ii) The area A is equal to −ydx according to Green’s theorem. This gives,
C
I Z 2π
dx
−ydx = a (1 − cos t) dt
C 0 dt
Z 2π
2
= a2 (1 − cos t) dt
0

= 3πa2

(iii) Below is a diagram for the locus.

Note: If r is negative then we are reflecting through the origin.

H
Now the area is 0.5 C r2 dθ, which is the same as (here justification is needed and question 3 is not
applicable directly)
Z π2
1
A= (1 − 2 cos(θ))2 dθ
2 0
Zπ
1 2
= 1 − 4 cos(θ) + 4 cos2 (θ)dθ
2 0
1 π 
= −4+π
2 2
3π
= −2
4

46
 
5. Let D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | a2 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ b2 , where 0 < a < b. Evaluate
Z h
2 2
i
xe−y dx + −x2 ye−y + 1/ x2 + y2 dy
∂D

where ∂D is positively oriented.

Sol.
Grouping the first two terms together, and making a neat observation, the above integral reduces to:
Z h i Z
2 2 1
xe−y dx − x2 ye−y dy + 2 2
dy
∂D x + y
Z∂D Z
1 2 1
= ∇(x2 e−y ) · ds + 2 + y2
dy.
∂D 2 ∂D x
We deal with each term separately.
Z
1 2 2
∇(x2 e−y ) · ds = 0 (∵ Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, since x2 e−y and ∂D are (piecewise) smooth).
∂D 2

To evaluate the second term, consider the positively oriented (check!) parametrisation of ∂D given by
c : [0, 4π] → ∂D as

(b cos t, b sin t) t ∈ [0, 2π)
c(t) = .
(a cos t, −a sin t) t ∈ [2π, 4π]

We now evaluate the integral, as

Z Z   Z  
1 1 1
2 2
dy = 0, 2 · ds = 0, · c ′ (t) dt
∂D x + y ∂D x + y2 ∂D x(t)2 + y(t)2
Z 2π Z 4π
1 1
= 2
b cos t dt − 2
a cos t dt = 0 − 0 = 0.
0 b 2π a

Putting the above together, we have

Z h
2 2
i
xe−y dx + −x2 ye−y + 1/ x2 + y2 dy = 0 .
∂D

■
6. Let C be a simple closed curve in the xy-plane. Show that
I
3I0 = x3 dy − y3 dx
C

typo
RR 2
where I0 = 13

 r dxdy, D is the region enclosed by C. This I0 is often called ‘polar moment of inertia’ of the

D
region D.

Sol. ZZ ZZ ZZ 
∂x3 ∂(−y3 )

1 1
I0 = r2 dxdy = (3x2 + 3y2 ) dxdy = − dxdy
D 3 D 3 D ∂x ∂y
Using Green’s theorem (which may do since x3 and −y3 are C 1 over all R2 , in particular over some open set
Ω ⊃ D ∪ C), we have,
ZZ  I I
∂x3 ∂(−y3 )

3 3
3I0 = − dxdy = −y dx + x dy = x3 dy − y3 dx .
D ∂x ∂y C C

47
7. If C is the line segment connecting (x1 , y1 ) to the point (x2 , y2 ), show that
Z
(xdy − ydx) = x1 y2 − x2 y1 .
C

Sol.

(x2 , y2 )

C
C1

(x1 , y1 ) C2 (x2 , y1 )

Figure 1: Closed curves C, C1 , C2 as needed for Question 7

Completing the triangle by adding the point (x2 , y1 ) and taking closed curve going from (x1 , y1 ) to (x2 , y2 ) to
(x2 , y1 ) and then back to (x1 , y1 ). Check that this has a negative orientation with respect to the triangular
region inside.
Z Z Z
xdy − ydx = (xdy − ydx) − (xdy − ydx)
C C∪C1 ∪C2 C1 ∪C2

The first integral is −2·(area of triangle). For C1 , x is constant and for C2 , y is constant.

Z
1
xdy − ydx = −2 · (x2 − x1 ) (y2 − y1 ) − [x2 (y1 − y2 ) − y1 (x1 − x2 )]
C 2
= x 1 y2 − x 2 y1

■
8. Let C be any counterclockwise closed curve and let n be the outward unit normal to the curve C. Compute
I
∇(x2 − y2 ) · nds.
C

Sol.
Recall the divergence form of the Green’s Theorem:
Z ZZ
F · nds = ∇ · F dxdy
∂D D

In the case we have here, F = 2xi − 2yj. It has divergence zero (check). Therefore,
I
∇(x2 − y2 ) · nds = 0
C

48
9. Let D be a region in R2 with boundary ∂D satisfying hypothesis stated in the ‘Green’s theorem’.Let ϕ :
R2 7→ R be a C2 function.

1. Show that ∇2 ϕ = div(grad ϕ), where

∂2 ϕ(x, y) ∂2 ϕ(x, y)
∇2 ϕ(x, y) = +
∂x2 ∂y2

. The operator ∇2 is called the Laplace operator.

2. Show that the Green’s Identity holds:
ZZ I
∂ϕ
∇2 ϕ(x, y)dxdy = ds.
D ∂D ∂n

3. Using the above identity, compute I

∂ϕ
ds.
C ∂n
x
For ϕ = e sin(y), and D the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 2), (0, 2).

Sol.

1. We have,

∇ϕ = ϕx i + ϕy j
∇ · ∇ϕ = ϕxx + ϕyy ,

which is exactly the RHS given.

2. Recall the divergence form of the Green’s Theorem, i.e.
Z ZZ
F · nds = ∇ · Fdxdy.
∂D D

∂ϕ
Let F = ∇ϕ. By the first part, and the fact that = ∇ϕ · n, the result follows.
∂n

3. Note that,
ϕxx = ex sin y, ϕyy = −ex sin y

Thus ∇2 ϕ = 0 and hence the answer is 0 .

49
10. Let us consider the region Ω = {((x, y) | x2 + y2 > 1} and the vector field defined on Ω. Evaluate the
following line integrals where the loops are traced in the counter clockwise sense

(i) I
ydx − xdy
,
C x2 + y2
where C is any closed curve in Ω enclosing the origin.
(ii) I
ydx − xdy
,
C x2 + y2
where C is any closed curve in Ω not enclosing the origin.
(iii) Let C be a smooth closed curve lying in Ω. Find
I
∂ ln(r) ∂ ln(r)
dx − dy.
C ∂y ∂x

Sol.
(i) Let S = {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y2 = 1} in the clockwise sense. Then note that C ∪ S forms a positively
y x
oriented boundary for the region enclosed between C and S, say D. Define F(x, y) = 2 2
i− 2 j.
x +y x + y2
Observing that D ∪ C ∪ S ⊂ Ω ′ = {((x, y) | x2 + y2 > 0.5}, an open set, and that F is C 1 on Ω ′ , we may
apply Green’s theorem to get
I I ZZ  
ydx − xdy ∂F2 ∂F1
2 2
= F · ds = − dxdy = 0.
C∪S x + y C∪S D ∂x ∂y
H
Further noting that C and S are disjoint, and that S F · ds = 2π (from Question 9 of Tutorial sheet 4),
we have that
I I
ydx − xdy
2 2
= F · ds = −2π .
C x +y C

(ii) With F and Ω ′ as in (i) above, we have that if C does not enclose the origin, then F is C 1 on Ω ′ ⊃ D ∪ C,
where D is now the region enclosed by the closed curve C. Applying Green’s theorem, we have
I I ZZ  
ydx − xdy ∂F2 ∂F1
2 2
= F · ds = − dxdy = 0 .
C x +y C D ∂x ∂y

√
∂ ln r ∂ ln x2 +y2 x
(iii) This reduces to a generalization of parts (i) and (ii) with the observation that ∂x = dx = x2 +y2
ln r y
and ∂∂y = x2 +y 2 . We then conclude that the integral required is

I 
∂ ln(r) ∂ ln(r) −2π, if C encloses (0, 0)
dx − dy = .
C ∂y ∂x 0, if C does not enclose (0, 0)

50
11. Is there a vector field G in R3 such that

(i) curl G = (x sin y)i + (cos y)j + (z − xy)k

(ii) curl G = xi + yj + zk

Sol.
In each case, let V denote the vector given as curl G. We make use of the result that div(curl G) = 0. Hence if
the divergence of V is non-zero, we may safely conclude that there does not exist such a G. Additionally, if the
divergence-free vector field (i.e. the vector field with zero divergence) is C 1 on a simply connected domain, we
have that it must be the curl of some vector field. Since our vector fields are both smooth on on R3 , we have
that V being divergence-free is both necessary and sufficient for the required G to exist.
(i) Calculating the divergence, we have
div V = sin y − sin y + 1 = 1 ̸= 0,
hence there does NOT exist such a G.
(ii) We have
divV = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 ̸= 0,
which lets us conclude once again that there does NOT exist such a G.
■
12. Show that any vector field defined of the form
F(x, y, z) = f(x)i + g(y)j + h(z)k
3
in R
where f, g, h are differentiable functions, is irrotational, i.e. curl F = 0.

Sol.
For the functions f,g & h, the following hold:
∂f ∂f ∂g ∂g ∂h ∂h
= = = = = =0
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
For a vector field with x, y and z components as F1 ,F2 and F3 respectively, we have the x component of curl F
is given by  
∂F3 ∂F2
(curl F)1 = − ,
∂y ∂z
and other components are given by cyclically permuting x, y, z. Since the derivatives all involve only ‘cross-
terms’, i.e. involving the derivative of a component of F along the other components, we have that each term
in the curl evaluates to zero, giving us curl F = 0 . ■

13. Show that any vector field defined of the form

F(x, y, z) = f(y, z)i + g(x, z)j + h(x, y)k
3
in R
where f, g, h are differentiable functions, is incompressible, i.e. div F = 0.

Sol.
Serving as a neat converse to Question 12, here we use the fact that the divergence only involves terms where
the derivative of each component of F is taken along the same component, i.e.
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
div F = + + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
■

51
 Tutorial Sheet 6 (I. Surface and surface integrals)

1. Find a suitable parameterization Φ(u, v) and the normal vector Φu × Φv for the following surface:
(i) The plane x − y + 2z + 4 = 0.
(ii) The right circular cylinder y2 + z2 = a2 .
Sol.
1. Parameterise the surface Φ(u, v) as  v u 
u, v, − − 2
2 2
then Φu = (1, 0, − 12 ), Φv = (0, 1, 12 ) which in turn gives

1 1
Φu × Φv = i − j + k.
2 2

2. Parameterise the surface Φ as

Φ(u, v) = (u, a cos v, a sin v).
then
Φu = (1, 0, 0), Φv = (0, −a sin v, a cos v) =⇒ Φu × Φv = −a cos vj − a sin vk, .
which is equivalent to (0, y, z) (up to scaling).
■
2. Find the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations x = u2 , y = v2 and z = u + 2v at the point
(1, 1, 3).
Sol.The surface Φ(u, v) is given as
(u2 , v2 , u + 2v)
So Φu = (2u, 0, 1) & Φv = (0, 2v, 2) Which gives

Φu × Φv = (−2v, −4u, 4uv) = (−2, −4, 4)

Thus, the tangent plane at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is

−2(x − x0 ) − 4(y − y0 ) + 4(z − z0 ) = 0

■
3. Compute the surface area of that portion of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 which lies within the cylinder
x2 + y2 = ay, where a > 0.
Sol.
The sphere intersects the cylinder at two equal surfaces, one for z > 0 and one for z < 0. We first calculate
the area for z >√0. The surface may be parametrized by √f(u, v)) (the surface along the sphere),
√ Φ(u, v) = (u, v,
with f(u, v) = a2 − u2 − v2 , on E = {(u, v) ∈ R2 | − av − v2 ≤ u ≤ av − v2 , 0 ≤ v ≤ a} (the restriction to
the cylinder). Then we have that the area is given by
ZZ ZZ ZZ q ZZ
a
dS = ∥Φu × Φv ∥ dudv = 2 2
1 + fu + fv dudv = √ dudv,
S E E E a − u2 − v 2
2

where S is half of our total surface. This can be solved by converting to polar coordinates, with u = r cos θ, v =
r sin θ, for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ r ≤ a sin θ. Substituting this into the above expression, we get
ZZ Z π Z a sin θ !
1 ar
Area = dS = √ dr dθ = (π − 2)a2 .
2 S 0 0 a2 − r2

Hence the total required area is given by 2(π − 2)a2 . ■

52
4. Compute the area of that portion of the paraboloid x2 + z2 = 2ay which is between the planes y = 0 and
y = a.
Sol.
The following parametrisation is valid (check): Φ(u, v) = (u, f(u, v), v) (the surface along the paraboloid), with
1
f(u, v) = 2a (u2 + v2 ), on E = {(u, v) ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ u2 + v2 ≤ 2a2 } (the restriction between the planes). Then we
have that the area is given by
ZZ ZZ ZZ q ZZ √ 2
2 2
a + u2 + v 2
dS = ∥Φu × Φv ∥ dudv = 1 + fu + fv dudv = dudv,
S E E E a

where S is our total surface.

√ This can be solved by converting to polar coordinates, with u = r cos θ, v = r sin θ,
for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ r ≤ 2a. Substituting this into the above expression, we get
ZZ Z 2π Z √2a r ! √
1 r2 3 3−1
Area = dS = 1 + 2 r dr dθ = 2πa2 .
S 0 0 a a 3

■
5. Let S denote the plane surface whose boundary is the triangle with vertices at (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1),
and let F(x, y, z) = xi
RR+ yj + zk. Let n denote the unit normal to S having a nonnegative z-component. Evaluate
the surface integral S F · ndS.
Sol.
Verify that (intuition?), ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = F · (dxdyk + dydzi + dzdxj)
S S
Therefore,
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = F · kdxdy + F · jdzdx + F · idzdy
S
ZZS ZZ S ZZ S

= zdxdy + ydzdx + xdzdy

S S S
Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1 Z 1−y
= (1 − x − y) dydx + (1 − z − y) dzdx + (1 − z − y) dzdy
0 0 0 0 0 0

1
=
2

53
 Tutorial Sheet 6 (II. Application of Stokes theorem)

1. Consider the vector field F = (x − y)i + (x + z)j + (y + z)k. Verify Stokes theorem for F where S is the surface
of the cone: z2 = x2 + y2 intercepted by
(a) x2 + (y − a)2 + z2 = a2 : z ≥ 0
(b) x2 + (y − a)2 = a2

Sol.
As per Stokes theorem, given a bounded piecewise smooth, closed oriented surface S with non-empty, piecewise
non-singular parametrised boundary ∂S, and a C 1 vector field F, we have
Z ZZ
F · ds = (∇ × F) · dS.
∂S S

It is now an exercise in calculation to check that the terms on both sides are equal to πa2 /2 for (a) and 2πa2
for (b). ■
2. Using Stokes Theorem, evaluate the line integral
I
yzdx + xzdy + xydz
C

where C is the curve of intersection of x2 + 9y2 = 9 and z = y2 + 1 with clockwise orientation when viewed
from the origin.
Sol.
Define F(x, y, z) = yzi + zxj + xyk. Then our required integral is
I I
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = F · ds.
C C

Observe that F is C 1 and curl(F) = ∇ × F = 0. Since C is a simple, closed curve which allows a non-singular
parametrisation, and there exists some bounded, smooth, oriented surface S for which C is the boundary, we
may use Stokes theorem, and write
I I ZZ
yzdx + xzdy + xydz = F · ds = (∇ × F) · dS = 0 .
C C S

■
3. Find the integral of F(x, y, z) = zi − xj − yk around the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0) and (0, 0, 2).
Sol.
Check that,
∇ × F = −i + j − k
Let S denote the surface of the given triangle. The positively oriented boundary ∂S of S will be the one that
has been given i.e. (0, 0, 0) → (0, 2, 0) → (0, 0, 2) → (0, 0, 0). Therefore, we can now apply Stoke’s theorem and
say,
I ZZ
F · dl = ∇ × F · dS
∂S S
Z 2 Z 2−y
= (−i + j − k) · idzdy
0 0
Z 2 Z 2−y
= −dzdy
0 0

= −2

54
 ■
4. Let C be the intersection of the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and the plane x + y + z = 1. Let C be oriented so that
when it is projected onto the xy-plane the resulting curve is traversed counterclockwise. Evaluate
Z
−y3 dx + x3 dy − z3 dz
C

Sol.
Take F = (−y3 , x3 , −z3 ) and verify that
∇ × F = 3(x2 + y2 )k
Now taking the surface ϕ(u, v) = (u, v, 1 − u − v) we get the normal

n=i+j+k

Using Stoke’s theorem, we get:

I ZZ
F · dl = ∇ × F · dS
C ϕ
ZZ
= 3(x2 + y2 )dxdy

Now using polar co-ordinates, we get:

I Z 2π Z 1
F · dl = 3r2 rdrdθ
C 0 0

3π
=
2

√ ■
5. Let F(x, y, z) := (y, −x, exz ) for (x, y, z) ∈ R3 and let S := {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y2 + (z − 3)2 = 4 and z ≥ 0},
be oriented by the outward unit normal vectors. Find
ZZ
curl F · dS
S

Sol. √
Note that, S is the portion of sphere centered at (0, 0, 3) with radius 2 with the constraint of z ≥ 0. It
intersects the x − y plane at the points

∂S = {(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 12 }

Now, by Stokes Theorem, Z ZZ

F · ds = curl F · dS
∂S S

Parametrise ∂S as c(t) = (cos t, sin t, 0)∀t ∈ [0, 2π]. Thus, we have

Z 2π
(sin t × − sin t + − cos t × cos t)dt = −2π
0

55
 Tutorial Sheet 6 (III. Application of Gauss divergence
theorem)

1. Calculate the flux of F = x3 i + y3 j + z3 k through the unit sphere.

Sol.
We have,
∇ · F = 3(x2 + y2 + z2 ) = 3r2
By the divergence theorem, we need to compute,
ZZZ
I= ∇ · FdV
D

where D is the unit sphere. Applying the spherical transformation, we see,

Z 2π Z π Z 1
I= 3r2 × r2 sin ϕdrdϕdθ
0 0 0

Thus,
3 12π
I = 2π × 2 × =
5 5

RR ■
2. Evaluate S F · dS where F = xy2 i + x2 yj + yk and S is the surface of the ‘can’ W given by x2 + y2 ≤ 1,
−1 ≤ z ≤ +1.
Sol.
We have,
∇ · F = (y2 + x2 )
By the divergence theorem, we need to compute,
ZZZ
I= ∇ · FdV
W

Use the cylindrical transformation to see that,

Z 2π Z +1 Z 1
I= ρ2 × ρdρdzdθ
0 −1 0
= 2π × 2 × 1/4
= π

56
 RR
3. Evaluate S
F · dS, where  
2
F(x, y, z) = xyi + y2 + exz j + sin(xy)k

and S is the surface of the region E bounded by the parabolic cylinder z = 1 − x2 and the planes z = 0, y = 0
and y + z = 2.
Sol.Verify that
∇ · F = 3y
Thus using Gauss divergence theorem we have
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = ∇ · FdV
S E

where E is the region enclosed by S. Thus

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = 3ydxdydz
S
Z 1 Z 1−x2 Z 2−z
= 3ydydzdx
−1 0 0

184
=
35
■
4. Find out the flux of F = xyi + yzj + zxk outward through the surface of the cube cut from the first octant by
the planes x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.
Sol.
The total flux will be the sum of the flux from the three sides, Let S1 be the face represented by x = 1 and
similarly S2 for y = 1 and S3 for z = 1.
Then observe that the normal vector of S1 , S2 , S3 are i, j, k respectively. So the flux is
Z Z Z
Flux = F · ndS + F · ndS + F · ndS
S1 S2 S3
Z Z Z
= F · idS + F · jdS + F · kdS
S1 S2 S3
Z Z Z
= xydydz + yzdxdz + zxdxdy
S1 S2 S3
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
= ydydz + zdzdx + xdxdy
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
= + +
2 2 2
3
=
2
■
5. Is F(x, y, z) = xi − 2yj + zk defined in R3 the curl of a vector filed? If yes, find a vector field G such that F =
curl G in R3 .
Sol.
Observe that, div F = 1 − 2 + 1 = 0..
And looking at F you can certainly say it is curl of some vector field, but to find a G such that ∇ × G = F looks
hard, so we attempt at a general solution of the form
(a1 xy + a2 yz + a3 zx, b1 xy + b2 yz + b3 zx, c1 xy + c2 yz + c3 zx)
using which we get one of the solutions as (−yz, 0, xy) So setting G(x, y, z) = (−yz, 0, xy) gives the answer.
■

57