Module 6 Revision Question Booklet

Module 6: Acid Base Reactions

Properties, Naming, and Indicators

(2019 Sydney Grammar Trials Q8)

The graph below shows four indicators and their colours at different pH values.

Which indicator would be most appropriate for a titration between dilute KOH and dilute propanoic acid?
a) Bromophenyl blue
b) Bromocresol purple
c) Thymol blue
d) Alizarin yellow R

(2019 JRAHS Trial Q9)

The table below indicates the colour and pH range from some acid/base indicators.

Indicator Colour in low pH Colour in high pH pH range

Cresol red red yellow 0.2 - 1.8

Methyl orange red yellow 3.1 - 4.4

Bromocresol green yellow blue 3.8 - 5.4

Bromothymol blue yellow blue 6.0 - 7.6

Which indicators could be used to identify rainwater with a pH of 5.6?

a) methyl orange and bromocresol green
b) bromothymol blue and cresol red
c) methyl orange and bromothymol blue
d) bromocresol green and bromothymol blue

(2019 Sydney Grammar Trials Q22) – 2 marks

From the following list of chemicals, H2CO3 (aq), HBr (aq), LiOH (aq), NaNO3 (aq), complete the table below, using each of the
four chemicals once only.

Chemical Acid/Base Properties

a base

a strong acid

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 no acid-base properties

a weak acid

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q8)

The table below shows pKind, the pH range, and the colour changes of three indicators.

Indicator pKind pH range Colour at lower pH Colour at higher pH

bromophenol blue 4.0 3.0 - 4.6 yellow blue

methyl red 5.1 4.2 - 6.3 red yellow

phenolphthalein 9.3 8.3 - 10.0 colourless red

At a pH of 4 which option below correctly identifies the colour of the resulting solution:

a) Bromophenol blue Methyl red Phenolphthalein

b) yellow red colourless

c) yellow yellow colourless

d) green orange colourless

green red colourless

(2019 Normanhurst Trial Q6)

The indicator HIn/In- is used in a titration between nitric acid and barium hydroxide solutions. The following equation represents
how the indicator works.

Hln ↔ H+ + In-
(green) (purple)

The indicator is added to 20mL of the barium hydroxide solution in a conical flask and the nitric acid is added via a burette until
the endpoint is reached. The nitric acid and barium hydroxide solutions are of similar concentrations and the flask is swirled
continuously as the acid is added.

Which one of the following statements describes the expected observations for the colour of the solution in the conical flask?

a) It starts green and turns purple after adding approximately 10 mL of HNO3.

b) It starts green and turns purple after adding approximately 40 mL of HNO3.
c) It starts purple and turns green after adding approximately 10 mL of HNO3.
d) It starts purple and turns green after adding approximately 40 mL of HNO3.

(2019 Conquer HSC Trial Q34) – 3 marks

Name and justify your choice of an indicator that is suitable for use in a titration between NaOH and CH3COOH.

(2019 TEC Trial Q29) – 3 marks

Acetic acid is placed in two beakers. In the first beaker, an equal volume of water is added. In the second beaker, sodium
hydroxide solution is added.

a) (1 mark) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.

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 b) (2 mark) Account for the difference between the reactions taking place in the two beakers.

(2020 TEC Trial Q6)

The graph shows changes to conductivity as hydrochloric acid is added to 25 mL of sodium hydroxide.

Given that the concentration of the sodium hydroxide was 0.12 M, what is the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution?

a) 0.0072 M
b) 0.12 M
c) 0.20 M
d) 1.66 M

(2019 Mereweather Trials Q13)

The structure of oxalic acid is shown below.

A 25.0 mL solution of oxalic acid reacts completely with 15.0 mL of 2.50 M NaOH. The concentration of the oxalic acid solution
is:

a) 0.667 mol L-1

b) 0.750 mol L-1
c) 1.33 mol L-1
d) 1.50 mol L-1

(2020 JRAHS Trial Q20)

Which of the following combinations will produce the solution with the greatest temperature change?

Acid Base

a) 100 mL 0.1 mol L-1 H2SO4 50 mL 0.4 mol L-1 KOH

b) 50 mL 0.05 mol L-1 HNO3 100 mL 0.4 mol L-1 NaOH

c) 50 mL 0.2 mol L-1 HCl 100 mL 0.025 mol L-1 Ba(OH)2

d) 200 mL 0.05 mol L-1 CH3COOH 50 mL 0.4 mol L-1 NaOH

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Enthalpy of Neutralisation

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q3)

When a student added 25mL of 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH to 25mL of 0.10 mol L_1 HNO3 the temperature increased by 0.66°C.

What is the enthalpy of neutralisation for this reaction?

a) -55.2 kJ mol-1
b) -0.137 kJ mol-1
c) 27.59 kJ mol-1
d) 55.2kJ mol-1

(2019 Barker College Trial Q29) – 5 marks

The enthalpy for the combustion of ethanol is 1367 kJ mol-1. This combustion of ethanol is represented by the following
equation.

C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

A spirit burner used 1.80 g of ethanol to raise the temperature of 100.0 g of water in a metal can from 25.0°C to 40.0°C.

Calculate the percentage of heat loss to the environment and to the apparatus.

(2019 Mereweather Trial Q28) – 5 marks

The diagram shows a coffee cup calorimeter used by a student to measure the enthalpy of neutralisation of an acid–base
reaction.

The student combined 120.0 mL120.0 mL of 0.50 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide and 60 mL of 0.50 mol L-1 sulfuric acid. Both
solutions were initially at a temperature of 24.2℃. After mixing, the final temperature was 26.3℃.

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 a) (1 mark) List TWO assumptions made by the student whilst performing this experiment.
b) (4 marks) Calculate the enthalpy change per mole of water formed in this reaction.

(2020 NEAP Trial Q24) – 7 marks

Neutralisations are common chemical reactions and can be useful in many situations.

a) (1 mark) A student spilt some hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) and was told to sprinkle powdered sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3) on the spillage. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
b) As part of the chemistry course, you have carried out a practical investigation to measure the enthalpy of
neutralisation.
i. (1 mark) What is meant by the term ‘enthalpy of neutralisation’?
ii. (5 marks) Describe how you carried out this investigation.

pH, pOH and Kw

(2019 Cranbrook Trial Q15)

What will happen if CO2(g) is allowed to escape from the following reaction mixture at equilibrium?

CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌H(aq) + HCO3- (aq)

a) The pH will decrease.
b) The pH will increase.
c) The pH will remain constant.
d) The pH will become zero.

(2019 Cranbrook Trial Q24) – 6 marks

A 20.0 mL solution of 0.250 M H2SO4 is added to a 30.0 mL solution of 0.500 M KOH.

a) (3 marks) Calculate the pH of the resulting solution.

b) (3 marks) The initial temperature of both solutions was 20.0°C. If the reaction causes the temperature of the solution to
rise to 22.5°C, calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation.

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q11)

Nitric acid completely dissociates in aqueous solutions. 1.0 mL of 10 mol L-1 solution was diluted to 1L with distilled water. 100
mL of this resulting solution was then further diluted to 1 L using distilled water.

What pH is the final solution closest to?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

(2019 JRAHS Trial Q23) – 6 marks

A student studied the carbon dioxide/carbonic acid equilibrium in a can of soft drink. The chemical equilibrium can be
represented as:

H2CO3 (aq) ⇆ CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ΔH > 0

a) (4 marks) Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to explain any change in the pH of the solution after the can was opened.

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 b. (2 marks) Predict and explain any temperature change in the solution after the can was opened.

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q15)

A student mixed 20.0 mL of 0.0800 mol L-1 H2SO4 with 25.0 mL of 0.35 mol L-1 KOH.

What is the pH of the resulting solution?

a) 0.80
b) 0.91
c) 13.09
d) 13.20

(2019 JRAHS T1 Theory Exam Q9)

The diagram shows the pH of some substances.

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the relative concentration of hydrogen ions is
correct?

a) It is 100 times higher in baking soda solution than in distilled water.

b) It is 2 times higher in soap than it is in rainwater.
c) It is 10 times lower in lemon juice than in bleach.
d) It is 1000 times lower in sea water than in rainwater.

(2019 Conquer HSC Trial Q15)

Which of the following 0.5M solutions is expected to have the lowest pH?
a) Na2CO3
b) Na3PO4
c) Na2S
d) NaCl

(2019 Girraween Trial Q33) – 3 marks

Calculate the pOH of the resulting solution from the combination of 15 mL of 0.10 NaOH and 25 mL of 0.10 M HCl solutions.

(2019 Normanhurst Trial Q26) – 3 marks

In a beaker, enough sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.0288 M is added to 10.5 mL of 0.0355 M sulfuric acid to make a total
volume of 50.0 mL.

Calculate the pH of the remaining mixture.

(2019 Independent Trial Q3)

Water self-ionises as shown by the equation: 2H2) (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

This ionisation is temperature dependent.

Temperature (℃) Ionisation constant (Kw )

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 5 1.9 x 10-15

15 4.5 x 10-15

25 1.0 x 10-14

35 2.1 x 10-14

What can be inferred from this data?

a) The pH of pure water at 35℃ is less than 7.

b) The ionisation of water is an exothermic process.
c) The equilibrium position lies well to the right.
d) In pure water at 15℃ [OH-] is lower than [H3O+].

(2019 Barker College Trial Q15)

Which of the following will cause the greatest change in pH to a 100 mL sample of 0.1 mol L-1 HCl?

a) adding 1.0 g of calcium carbonate powder

b) adding 10 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH
c) adding 100 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 HCl
d) diluting the sample to 1000 mL

(2019 Exam Choice Trial Q32) – 5 marks

In a beaker, enough sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.0288M is added to 10.5mL of 0.0355M of sulfuric acid to make a total
volume of 50.0mL.

a) (2 marks) Describe TWO practical methods which could be used to determine if enough NaOH was added to neutralise
the acid.
b) (3 marks) Calculate the pH of the remaining mixture.

(2019 QATs Trial Q6)

The pH of a 0.0001 mol L-1 solution of a monoprotic acid was measured by a student and found to be 4.

What proportion of the acid molecules has been converted to ions?

a) 0%
b) 4%
c) 96%
d) 100%

(2020 SGHS Trial Q8)

Which of the following would cause the pH of a solution to decrease by three?

a) Diluting 10.0 mL of 0.01 M NaOH (aq) to 10.0 L

b) Diluting 10.0 mL of 0.01 M NaOH (aq) to 40.0 mL
c) Diluting 10.0 mL of 0.01 M HCl (aq) to 10.0 L
d) Diluting 10.0 mL of 0.01 M HCl (aq) to 40.0 mL

(2020 North Sydney Girls Trials Q14)

Two solutions of hydrochloric acid are available. Solution A has a pH of 1 and

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solution B has a pH of 2. Equal volumes of the solutions are separately reacted with excess magnesium. Which statement about
the volume of evolved hydrogen gas (at the same temperature and pressure) is correct?

a) B produces twice as much volume as A produces

b) A produces twice as much volume as B produces
c) A produces ten times as much volume than B produces
d) A produces twenty times as much volume than B produces

(2020 TEC Trial Q11)

Which solution has the highest pH?

a) 0.001 M NH3
b) 0.001 M KOH
c) 0.005 M H2SO4
d) 0.005 M CH3COOH

(2020 TEC Trial Q27) – 4 marks

An equimolar solution of carbonic acid and hydrogen carbonate ions has reached equilibrium with a pH of 6.4.

H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ HCO3- (aq) + H3O+ (l)

Explain how the addition of both a small volume of dilute acid and base can result in no change in the overall pH of this solution.
(2020 SBHS Trial Q6)

The graph shows the pH of a solution of a weak acid, HA, as a function of temperature.

What happens as the temperature increases?

a) HA becomes less ionised and the H+ concentration increases.
b) HA becomes less ionised and the H+ concentration decreases.
c) HA becomes more ionised and the H+ concentration increases.
d) HA becomes more ionised and the H+ concentration decreases.

(2020 Strathfield Girls Trial Q12)

Equal volumes of four different acids are titrated with the same base at 25℃.

Information about these acids is given in the table below.

Acid Concentration (mol L-1) pH

H2SO4 0.1 0.96

H3PO4 0.1 1.6

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 HF 0.1 2.1

HCN 0.1 5.1

Which acid requires the greatest volume of base for complete neutralisation?

a) H2SO4
b) H3PO4
c) HF
d) HCN

(2019 Mereweather Trial Q10)

1.0 mL of 10 mol L-1 nitric acid solution was diluted to 1 L with distilled water. A 100 mL of this resulting solution was then
further diluted to 1 L using distilled water. What pH is the final solution closest to?

What pH is the final solution closest to?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

(2020 JRAHS Trial Q16)

A student added 50.00 mL of 0.350 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid to 50,00 mL of 0.025 mol L-1 barium hydroxide in a beaker.

What is the pH of the final solution?

a) 0.46
b) 0.79
c) 0.82
d) 1.79

(2020 JRAHS Trial Q27) – 3 marks

Chromate and dichromate ions establish the following equilibrium.

2CrO42- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇋ Cr2O72- (aq) + H2O (l)

The equilibrium constant for this reactions is 3 × 1014.

What must the pH be so that the concentration of chromate and dichromate ions are both 0.10 mol L-1?

(2020 JRAHS Trial Q34) – 4 marks

A student prepares a solution consisting of 6.0 mol L-1. ammonium chloride and 0.40 mol L-1 of ammonia.

(Assume complete dissociation of ammonium chloride in the solution).

At 25°: Ka(NH4+) = 6.3 × 10-10

a) (1 mark) Write a net ionic equation for the reaction of ammonium chloride with water.
b) (1 mark) Write the Ka expression for the reaction in (a)
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 c) (2 marks) Calculate the pH of the prepared solution

(2020 QAT Trial Q21) – 9 marks

Consider the 4 equilibria represented by the equations below:

I H2O(l) ⇆ H2O(g)
II H2CO3 (aq) + H2O(l) ⇆ HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
III PCl5 (g) ⇆ PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
IV Mg(OH)2 (s) ⇆ Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

a) (2 marks) Using all the above examples of equilibria, explain the difference between homogenous and heterogenous
equilibria.
b) (2 marks) Identify which of the above 4 equilibria will change, when an increase in pressure is applied to the equilibrium
system. Predict and explain the direction of the change(s).
c) (3 marks) Some solid magnesium hydroxide was placed in a beaker and 100mL water added. The beaker was covered so
that water could not evaporate. After a period of time, solid remained in the beaker. Assume the temperature is at
25oC and that equilibrium has been reached. The solution was tested to determine the pH.
Calculate the pH of the solution.
d) (2 marks) 0.050 g of the solid remaining in the beaker from part (c) above was filtered and placed in a new beaker,
containing 1000 mL of water. Assume the temperature is at 25°C.
Determine whether all this solid will dissolve and hence determine the pH of the resulting
solution.

History of Acids

(2019 Cranbrook Trial Q7)

Which of the following observations can be explained by the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids but not the Arrhenius theory?

a) A solution of hydrochloric acid is a good conductor of electricity.

b) Magnesium will displace hydrogen from a solution of sulfuric acid.
c) Hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas react to produce solid ammonium chloride.
d) When passed through water, carbon dioxide gas decreases the pH of the water.

(2019 CSSA Trial Q26) – 5 marks

The definition of acids has changed over time. Discuss the Arrhenius and Lowry-Bronsted theories of acids and, with the aid of
equations, explain a limitation for each theory.

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q22) – 4 marks

Using ammonia as an example, explain how a substance can be classified as a Brønsted-Lowry base, but not as a base by the
Arrhenius theory. Use equations in your response.

(2020 Independent Trial Q23) – 4 marks

In 1815, the British chemist Sir Humphry Davy, put forward the model of an acid as “a substance that contained replaceable
hydrogen” while bases were substances that reacted with acids to form salts and water.

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The model was found to be too limiting and it was later extended by Svante Arrhenius (1884) and by Bronsted and Lowry (1923).

Compare the Davy model with the Arrhenius model and discuss the development of the Bronsted/Lowry model that is used
today.

(2020 CSSA Trial Q6)

Which of the following reactions would be classified as an Arrhenius definition of an acid?

a) HNO3 (aq) + NH3 (g) → NH4+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

b) HCl (g) + NH3 (g) → NH4Cl (s)
c) NaOH (aq) → Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)
d) HBr (aq) → H+ (aq) + Br-(aq)

(2020 Sydney Grammar Trials Q2)

Which of the following is considered to be a limitation of Arrhenius’ model of acids and bases?

a) He did not account for acids that do not contain oxygen.

b) He did not account for the presence of hydrogen-containing compounds which are non-acidic in nature.
c) He did not recognise the importance of water as a solvent in the nature of acids and bases.
d) He did not recognise that some substances can act as acids or bases in the absence of solvents.

(2020 Sydney Grammar Trials Q24) – 5 marks

50.0 mL of a solution of HCl with pH 3.0 was mixed with 30.0 mL of a solution of HNO3 with pH 5.0.

a) (3 marks) Calculate the pH of the resultant solution.

b) (2 marks) Explain how the pH and H+ concentration of the resultant solution would differ from that calculated above, if
ethanoic acid was used instead of nitric acid.

(2019 TEC Trials Q27) – 4 marks

Discuss how theories about acids and bases have developed over time as new observations were made and existing ideas were
shown to be too limited

(2020 North Sydney Girls Trials Q25) – 4 marks

The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases could not explain why ammonia (NH3) is basic when dissolved in water. The Bronsted-
Lowry theory does explain the basic nature of an ammonia solution.

a) (2 marks) Describe the differences by which Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry defined a base.
b)
i. (1 mark) Why wasn’t Arrhenius able to explain the basic nature of NH3 in water?
ii. (1 mark) Bronsted-Lowry theory is able to explain this phenomena. Write an equation to illustrate this.

(2019 Baulkham Hills Trial Q24) – 4 marks

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The equipment shown is set up. After some time, a ring of white powder is seen to form on the inside of the glass tube.

Would this reaction be considered an Arrhenius or Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction? Use a balanced chemical equation to
justify your choice

(2020 TEC Trial Q25) – 4 marks

Compare Arrhenius’ theory of acids and bases with the Bronsted-Lowry theory.

(2020 SBHS Trial Q5)

Arrhenius’ theory of acids does not explain the acid-base behaviour of which reaction?
a) HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) → KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
b) CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
c) 2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
d) HF(aq) + H2O (l) → F– (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

(2020 Strathfield Girls Trial Q32) – 3 marks

When carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through sodium hydroxide solution, a neutralisation reaction occurs. Carbon dioxide acts as
an acid to neutralise the hydroxide ion, producing the bicarbonate ion.

a) (1 mark) Write the net ionic equation for this acid-base reaction.
b) (2 marks) Explain why this acid-base reaction is not a Bronsted-Lowry reaction.

(2020 NEAP Trial Q25) – 4 marks

a) (3 marks) Outline the principles of the Arrhenius model for classifying acids and bases. Support your answer with at
least TWO chemical equations.
b) (1 mark) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) forms the hydrogen carbonate ion in aqueous solution. Consider
the following reactions of this ion:

HCO3- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq)

HCO3- (aq) + H3O (l) ⇌ H3O+ (aq) + CO32- (aq)

Identify the behaviour shown by this species.

(2019 Excel Sample Paper 2 Q12)

Acid W is 2.0 mol/L formic acid. Acid X is 0.20 mol/L nitric acid. Identify the correct statement about acid W and acid X.

a) Acid W and acid X are both strong acids but acid W is more concentrated than acid X.
b) Acid W and acid X are both incompletely dissociated in water.
c) Acid W is a weak acid and acid X is a strong acid but acid W is more concentrated than acid X.
d) Acid W and acid X are both weak acids but acid W is more concentrated than acid X.

(2019 Excel Sample Paper 2 Q33) – 4 marks

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 a) (2 marks) Gaseous hydrogen iodide (HI) dissolves in water. The solution that forms turns green universal indicator red.
Use an ionic equation to explain why hydrogen iodide solution (i.e. hydriodic acid) is an Arrhenius acid.
b) (2 marks) Hydriodic acid solution neutralises calcium hydroxide solution. Write a whole formula equation and an ionic
equation for this neutralisation.

Conjugates

(2019 JRAHS Trial Q1)

What is the conjugate acid of the hydrogen sulfate ion?

a) HSO3-
b) H2SO4
c) H3O+
d) SO42-

(2020 CSSA Trial Q14)

Which of the following substances is an amphiprotic salt?

a) Sodium carbonate
b) Sodium chloride
c) Sodium hydroxide
d) Sodium hydrogen phosphate

(2019 Sydney Girls Trial Q5)

Which alternative contains only amphiprotic substances?

a) SiO2, SO2, SnO

b) H2CO3, HCO3-, CO32-
c) HS-, H3PO4, H2O
d) HCO3-, HSO4-, H2O

(2020 Exam Choice Trial Q26) – 5 marks

a) (2 marks) With the use of chemical equations, show the amphiprotic nature of the hydrogen carbonate ion.
b) (3 marks) State the definition of conjugate pairs and identify ONE conjugate pair in your response in part (a).

Describe the acidic/basic nature of each species in the pair.

(2019 North Sydney Girls Trial Q39) – 4 marks

The hydrogen arsenate ion (HAsO42-) is amphiprotic.

a) (1 mark) Define the term “amphiprotic species”.
b) (2 marks) Use appropriate equations to demonstrate that the hydrogen arsenate ion is amphiprotic.
c) (1 mark) Identify the conjugate acid of the hydrogen arsenate ion.
(2019 PEM Trials Q26) – 5 marks

Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3, is a common laboratory chemical. Explain why the Arrhenius acid/base definition is
unable to account for the acid/base properties of this species, whereas the Lowry-Bronsted theory can. Include chemical
equations to illustrate your explanation.

(2019 Nelson Trials Q8)

Referring to the equation below, which of the following statements is correct?

CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CH3COO– (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

a) CH3COO– is the conjugate base of CH3COOH

b) H3O+ is the conjugate base of H2O
c) H3O+ is the conjugate acid of CH3COOH
d) CH3COO– is the conjugate acid of CH3COOH

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(2020 Strathfield Girls Trial Q7)

Which of the following is the conjugate base of the hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO3-)?
a) SO32-
b) HSO3-
c) H2SO3
d) H3SO3+

(2020 SBHS Trial Q28) – 3 marks

Boric acid (H3BO3) is a weak acid. Its conjugate base, the borate ion, exists in water as B(OH)4–. A solution of pure sodium borate,
NaB(OH)4, is prepared in water at 25˚C. The borate ion dissociates according to the equation:
B(OH)4– (aq) ⇌ OH– (aq) + H3BO3 (aq)

At equilibrium in a particular solution of NaB(OH)4, the concentration of B(OH)4– is exactly 0.100 M and the pH is 11.11

a) (2 marks) Calculate the hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion concentrations in the solution.
b) (1 mark) Hence give the H3BO3 concentration in the solution.

Concentration vs Strength

(2020 Baulkham Hill Trial Q12)

The diagram shows the behaviour of two different acids when they are dissolved in distilled water.

Which row of the table correctly describes the two acids?

Acid X Acid Y

a) concentrated dilute

b) dilute concentrated

c) strong weak

d) weak strong

(2019 JRAHS Trial Q22) – 7 marks

The pH of 0.010 mol/L solutions of four monoprotic acids are given below.

Acid L M N P

pH 4.2 6.1 2.0 2.7

a) (1 marks) Arrange these acids in order of increasing acid strength from weakest to strongest.
b) (2 marks) Determine if any of these acids are completely ionised. Justify your answer.

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 c) (4 marks) Use up to 12 symbols in each beaker to model solutions of acids N and L.

(2019 Girraween Trial Q5)

If equal volumes of 0.10 mol L-1 HCl solution and 0.10 mol L-1 HNO2 solution are compared, which would be true of the HNO2
solution?

a) It would have a higher pH.

b) It would have a higher hydronium ion concentration.
c) It would produce a smaller volume of hydrogen gas when reacted with magnesium.
d) It would require a smaller volume of 0.10 mol L-1 NaOH solution for neutralisation.

(2020 Barker College Trial Q17)

Which one of the following statements about 10.0 mL of 0.10 M HCl and 10.0 mL of 0.10 M CH3COOH solutions is true?
a) Each solution will have the same electrical conductivity
b) Each solutions will react completely with 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH solution
c) Each solution will react at the same rate with 1.00 g of magnesium ribbon
d) The concentration of H3O+ ions will be greater in the CH3COOH

(2020 Sydney Grammar Trials Q3)

Which of the following statements with regards to acid and base strength and concentration is true?

a) To neutralise a given amount of strong base, the number of moles of a monoprotic weak acid is the same as that
required for a monoprotic strong acid.
b) The same concentration of strong and weak monoprotic acids will contain the same chemical amount of hydrogen ions.
c) A weak acid is unable to neutralise a strong base.
d) The pOH of a strong concentrated base will be greater than that of a weak dilute acid.

(2019 Baulkham Hills Trial Q32) – 4 marks

Solutions of nitric, ethanoic and sulfuric acids with the same concentrations (0.0125molL–1) have been prepared. The pH of the
ethanoic acid is 3.80.

a) (1 mark) Calculate the pH of the nitric acid solution.

b) (3 marks) Calculate the pH of the sulfuric acid solution. Compare this pH with the pH of the other acids. Justify your
answer. You may assume that both ionisations of sulfuric acid are complete, without needing to consider the KA1 value.

(2020 NEAP Trial Q3)

Separate 25.0 mL samples of 0.10 mol L-1 ethanoic acid solution and 0.10 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution are prepared.

Which one of the following statements about the samples is correct?

a) Both samples will react with 1.00 g of magnesium ribbon at the same rate.
b) Both samples have the same electrical conductivity.
c) The concentration of H3O+ ions is greater in the ethanoic acid solution.
d) Both samples will react completely with 25.0 mL of 0.10 mol L- sodium hydroxide solution.

Ka and Kb Calculations

(2019 Cranbrook Trial Q16)

The strengths of organic acids can be compared using Ka and pKa values. Which acid is the strongest

a) Acid A pKa=6

b) Acid B pKa=3

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 c) Acid C Ka=1×10-5

d) Acid D Ka=1×10-4

(2019 Sydney Grammar Trials Q30)

The Ka of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) at 298 K is 6.17 × 10–10. Calculate the pH of a 0.200 M solution of hydrocyanic acid at this
temperature.

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trials Q25) – 8 marks

The table shows base dissociation constants at 25°C.

Base Formula Kb

phosphine PH3 1.0 x 10-14

hydroxylamine NH2OH 9.1 x 10-9

ammonia NH3 1.8 x 10-5

methanamine CH3NH2 4.4 x 10-4

a) (2 marks) Identify the strongest base in the table and determine the pKb value for this base.
b) (3 marks) Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M solution of ammonia.
c) (3 marks) For any conjugate acid-base pair, what is the relationship between the pKa and the pKb at 25°C?

Use ammonia as an example.

For NH3, Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 and Ka = 5.6 x 10-10

(2020 Independent Trial Q6)

The pKa for an acid is found to be -1.45. What is the likely formula of this acid?

a) CaH2
b) CH3COOH
c) HSO4-
d) HNO3

(2019 Normanhurst Trial Q8)

When solid sodium ethanoate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place.

CH3COO-(aq) + H20(l) ↔ CH3COOH(aq) + OH-

Given the pKa of ethanoic acid is 4.76 at 25 ℃, what is the pH of a 0.420 M solution of sodium ethanoate?

a) 2.6
b) 4.8
c) 9.2
d) 11.4

(2019 Sydney Girls Trial Q10)

The Ka of ethanoic acid changes with temperature as shown in the graph below.

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
The graph indicates that within the temperature range shown, as temperature decreases the acid becomes

a) More ionised
b) Less ionised
c) Less concentrated
d) More concentrated

(2020 Exam Choice Trial Q12)

Which concentration of an HCl solution would have the same pH as a solution of 0.50 mol L-1 acetic acid?

The Ka of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5.

a) 0.090 mol L-1

b) 0.030 mol L-1
c) 0.0090 mol L-1
d) 0.0030 mol L-1

(2020 Exam Choice Trial Q19)

What is the pH of a 0.0150 mol L-1 solution of a weak monoprotic acid that has a pKa = 5.5 ?

a) 5.5
b) 3.7
c) 0.000218
d) 10-5.5

(2020 Barker College Trial Q31)

Hydrogen sulfide, in solution, is a diprotic acid and ionises in two stages.

H2S(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HS–(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka1 = 9.610–8 M

HS–(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ S2–(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka2 = 1.310–14 M

A student made two assumptions when estimating the pH of a 0.010 M solution of H2S:
1. The pH can be estimated by considering only the first ionisation reaction.
2. The concentration of H2S at equilibrium is approximately equal to 0.010 M.

a) (2 marks) Explain why these two assumptions are justified.

b) (3 marks) Use the TWO assumptions given above to calculate the pH of a 0.010 M solution of H2S.

(2019 PEM Trials Q28) – 4 marks

Calculate the pOH of 0.20 M H2CO3. (Ka = 4.310-7)

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
(2020 Strathfield Girls Trial Q4)

The Ka of hydrofluoric acid is 6.6 x 10-4 at 25℃.

Given that Ka x Kb = Kw the Kb of hydrochloric acid at 25℃ is calculate to be:

a) 1.5 x 10-11
b) 6.6 x 10-18
c) 7.4 x 10-9
d) 2.1 x 10-10

(2020 Strathfield Girls Trial Q20)

The pKa of chlorous acid (HClO2) is 1.96. Nitrous acid (HNO2) has a pKa of 3.39.

When comparing these two acids and their conjugate bases, the relative strength of each acid and its conjugate base can be
identified as:

Stronger Acid Stronger Conjugate Base

a) HClO2 ClO2-

b) HClO2 NO2-

c) HNO2 NO2-

d) HNO2 ClO2-

(2020 PEM Trial Q27) – 5 marks

H2SO4 is a polyprotic acid and dissociates according to the following processes:

H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l)

HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ SO42- (aq) + H2O (l)

The deprotonation of HSO4- has a Ka OF 0.011.

What is the pH of 0.089 mol L-1 solution of sulfuric acid?

(2020 Tempe Trial Q24) – 3 marks

Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a synthetic carboxylic acid with antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Calculator the value of Ka for ethanoic acid if a 0.1 mol L-1 solution has a pH of 2.9 at 298K.

Acidic Salts

(2019 JRAHS T1 Theory Exam Q1)

Which is an acidic salt?

a) CH3COONa
b) NaHCO3
c) NH4Cl
d) NaCl

(2019 Exam Choice Trial Q22) – 7 marks

The following questions refer to the list of ionic compounds below.

 LiCH3COO
 Mg(NO3)2

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
  CaCl2
 Na2SO4
 NH4Cl
 KF
 Na2CO3

a) (2 marks) From the list above, select one acidic, neutral and basic salt to complete the table below.

Acidic salt Neutral salt Basic salt

b) (2 marks) Explain, using an appropriate equation, the acidic nature of the salt you identified in (a) above.
c) (3 marks) When gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride react, a white solid forms.
Explain why this reaction is difficult to classify as a neutralisation using the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases, but is
able to be classified as neutralisation using Bronsted-Lowry’s theory

(2020 Exam Choice Trial Q6)

What are the correct names for the acids given?

I HClO2
II HClO
III HClO3
IV HClO4
I II III IV
a) Hypochlorous Acid Chlorous Acid Chloric Acid Perchloric Acid
b) Chlorous Acid Hypochlorous Acid Chloric Acid Perchloric Acid
c) Chlorous Acid Hypochlorous Acid Perchloric Acid Chloric Acid
d) Chloric Acid Perchloric Acid Chlorous Acid Hypochlorous Acid

(2019 Hornsby Girls Trial Q33) – 4 marks

A student measured the pH of three solutions X, Y, Z with a pH probe. The student stirred the solution constantly and the
measurements were all recorded at 25.0°C. Unfortunately, the student did not label their breakers but her teacher said she
should be able to identify from the pH recorded. The measurements were 6.9; 8.7; 5.3.

The solutions were sodium chloride, ammonium nitrate and sodium acetate. Identify solutions X, Y and Z and justify your
answer.

(2020 SGHS Trial Q29) – 8 marks

a) (5 marks) “When an acid reacts with a base, the salt solution formed is always neutral at 25℃.”
Evaluate this statement using a range of examples and relevant chemical equations.
b) (3 marks) Identify a substance which would be classified as either a Bronsted-Lowry acid or base but not as an acid or
base by the Arrhenius theory.

Explain your reasoning and include relevant chemical equations.

(2019 Excel Sample Paper 1 Q9)

Identify the acidic salt in water solution.

a) Potassium chloride
b) Sodium acetate
c) Sodium phosphate
d) Ammonium nitrate

Buffers
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(2019 Cranbrook Trial Q26) – 3 marks

Explain how a buffer system works, using equations to support your answer.

(2019 Sydney Grammar Trials Q11)

Which of the following combinations will form a buffer solution?

a) NaOH (aq) / Na+ (aq)
b) H2PO4– (aq) / HPO42– (aq)
c) HNO3 (aq) / NO3– (aq)
d) H2O (l) / H3O+ (aq)

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q2)

One litre of buffer solution is made by combining which two substances?

a) 0.2 mol acetic acid and 0.2 mol sodium acetate
b) 0.1 mol hydrofluoric acid and 1.0 mol sodium fluoride
c) 0.1 mol hydrochloric acid and 0.1 mol sodium chloride
d) 0.2 mol sodium hydrogen carbonate and 0.2 potassium hydrogen carbonate

(2019 LMC Trials Q33) – 4 marks

Describe the importance of buffers in natural systems.

(2019 Conquer HSC Trial Q9)

Suppose your teacher wants you to prepare a buffer with a pH of 10. Which of the weak bases below should you use?

Weak Base Kb
a) X 2.1 × 10-2
b) Y 6.0 × 10-4
c) Z 9.0 × 10-8
d) K 3.3 × 10-10

(2020 Independent Trial Q31) – 5 marks

To avoid eye and skin irritations for bathers, swimming pools are maintained within a pH range of 7.2 to 7.8. To help achieve this
pH range, a chemical such as sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) may be added to the water.

a) (1 mark) What physical property of sodium hydrogen carbonate makes it suitable for use in swimming pool water?
b) (1 mark) Define the role of a “buffer” in an aqueous environment.
c) (3 marks) Explaining how sodium hydrogen carbonate would act as a suitable buffer in a swimming pool. Provide
equations to support your answer.

(2019 North Sydney Girls Trial Q30) – 3 marks

A buffer solution is prepared by combining 100 mL of 0.100 mol L-1 acetic (ethanoic) acid and 100 mL of 0.100 mol L-1 of sodium
acetate.

a) (2 marks) Justify using the information above why this solution is classified as a buffer.
b) (1 marks) Describe what would happen to the pH of this solution when a small amount of sodium hydroxide is added.

(2019 QATs Trial Q27) – 9 marks

The table shows the acid dissociation constants at 25 ℃.

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
 a) (2 marks) Identify the strongest acid in the table and determine the pKa value for this acid.
b) (3 marks) Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M solution of nitrous acid.
c) (4 marks) A buffer solution is prepared by combining 100 mL of 0.10 M HNO2 and 100 mL of 0.10 M NaNO2.

Calculate the pH of this buffer solution and explain why this solution is classified as a buffer.

(2020 Barker College Trial Q16)

Which combination could you use to prepare a buffer solution?

a) CH3COONa and HCOONa
b) NaNO3 and HNO3
c) Na2SO4 and H2SO4
d) CH3COONa and CH3COOH

(2019 TEC Trials Q26) – 3 marks

An equimolar solution of carbonic acid and hydrogen carbonate ions has reached equilibrium with a pH of 6.4

H2CO (aq) + H2O ⇌ HCO3- + H3,O+

a) (2 marks) What would happen if a small volume of dilute acid or base was added to this solution?
b) (1 mark) Identify a buffer in a natural system

(2019 Nelson Trials Q20) – 7 marks

Understanding acid and bases helps to understand the human body, environmental issues and industrial processes.

a) (1 mark) Define the term ‘buffer’.

b) (3 marks) H2PO4–/HPO42– is a buffer in living cells. Use this example to explain the importance of buffers. Include a
chemical equation in your answer.
c) (3 marks) Using two examples, describe the use of acids and/or bases in everyday life and/or industrial processes.

(2020 Strathfield Girls Trial Q6)

A buffer could be made by mixing which of the following chemicals?

a) carbonic acid and sodium phosphate

b) sodium nitrate and nitric acid
c) ethanoic acid and potassium ethanoate
d) hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride

(2020 PEM Trial Q29) – 4 marks

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
Buffer solutions are important in natural systems.
a) (2 marks) Explain why a mixture of sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid cannot form a buffer solution.
b) (2 marks) Demonstrate the effect of adding hydrochloric acid to solution of CH3COO- / CH3COOH.

Titration Lab Theory

(2019 CSSA Trial Q23) – 9 marks

a) (6 marks) Kakadu plums are known to have high concentration of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, C6H8O6) Ascorbic acid is a
weak diprotic acid.

A student juiced 100g of Kakadu plums. The 20.0mL of Kakadu juice recovered was then diluted to 100.0mL in a
volumetric flask. The student used sodium hydroxide solution with an approximate concentration of 0.1M, which was
standardised using oxalic acid (COOH)2.

Justify in detail the method the student could use to determine the concentration of ascorbic acid in Kakadu plums.

b) (3 marks) The student achieved the following results with 15,00mL aliquots of Kakadu plum ascorbic acid titrated
against standardised 0.150M sodium hydroxide.

Trial Volume of NaOH (mL)

1 14.60
2 11.65
3 12.80
4 11.70
5 11.60
6 11.65

Using information provided, calculate the concentration of ascorbic acid in a Kakadu plum. Please show all calculations.

(2020 Independent Trial Q2)

In experiment A, 0.100mol L-1 sodium sulfate is placed in a burette and titrated against 25.0mL samples of 0.100 mol -1 barium
nitrate. The electrical conductivity of the mixture is measured.

In experiment B, the light absorption of mixture of NO2 (g) and N2O4 (g) is recorded as the temperature is changed.

Which line in the table below correctly labels the variables in these experiments?

Experiment A Experiment B

Independent variable Dependent variable Independent variable Dependent variable

a) Electrical conductivity Volume of Na2SO4 Temperature Light absorption

b) Electrical conductivity Volume of Na2SO4 Light absorption Temperature

c) Volume of Na2SO4 Electrical conductivity Temperature Light absorption

d) Volume of Na2SO4 Electrical conductivity Light absorption Temperature

(2019 Sydney Girls Trial Q34) – 3 marks

An acid, X, has the molecular formula C4H4O6 and a pH of 1.7 when dissolved in water. A titration against a standardised sodium
hydroxide solution was performed to determine if it is a monoprotic, diprotic or triprotic acid.

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
In the titration, a 2.46 g solid sample of acid X was dissolved in distilled water to make 200 mL of solution. An average of 33.2 mL
of 0.10 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide was needed to reach the end point for a 20.0 mL aliquot of acid X, with phenolphthalein as the
indicator.

Determine if acid X is monoprotic, diprotic or triprotic.

(2019 Exam Choice Trial Q13)

Read the information box below about uncertainty.

 Every measurement has an associated uncertainty value

 For glassware, the uncertainty value is taken as half the value of the smallest interval
 Any uncertainty in measurements should be added when the measurements themselves are added or subtracted

The diagram below shows the level of acid before and after the acid was added to reach endpoint with a base.

Which of the following is the correct titre, with its uncertainty?

a) 29.6 mL
b) 29.60 ± 0.05 mL
c) 29.62 ± 0.05 mL
d) 29.60 ± 0.10 mL

(2019 Barker College Trial Q17)

Using the same 0.1 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution, a student carried out 2 titrations.

Titration 1: 25.0 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide solution

Titration 2: 25.0 mL of 0.1 mol L-1 ammonia solution

Which of the following summarises the CORRECT information about these TWO titrations?

Titration 1 Titration 2

Volume of hydrochloric acid required pH at equivalence Volume of hydrochloric acid required pH at equivalence
to reach equivalence point point to reach equivalence point point

a) 25.0 mL 7 25.0 mL >7

b) > 25.0 mL >7 > 25.0 mL <7

c) 25.0 mL 7 < 25.0 mL 7

d) 25.0 mL 7 25.0 mL <7

(2020 CSSA Trial Q32) – 7 marks

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
Describe how a primary standard solution is made and justify the effect the use of a standard solution has on validity, reliability,
and accuracy for a titration.

(2019 Hornsby Girls Trials Q18)

Which option below correctly identifies how the glassware should be prepared when titrating standard 0.1038 mol L-1 solution
of HCl with an unknown concentration of ammonia? Ammonia will be the titrant and HCl will be delivered as 25.00 mL aliquots.

Burette Pipette Conical flask

a) Washed with Distilled water Washed with Distilled water only Washed with Distilled water only
only

b) Washed with Distilled water Washed with Distilled water then Washed with Distilled water then the
then the ammonia solution the hydrochloric acid solution hydrochloric acid
solution

c) Washed with Distilled water Washed with Distilled water then Washed with Distilled water then the ammonia
then the hydrochloric acid the ammonia solution
solution solution

d) Washed with Distilled water Washed with Distilled water then Washed with Distilled water only
then the ammonia solution the hydrochloric acid solution

(2019 NEAP Trial Q29) – 6 marks

A class was set the task of conducting a chemical analysis of a common household substance for its acidity or basicity.

Describe TWO different methods of how this analysis could be conducted. In your answer, include any advantages and
disadvantages of the methods.

(2019 PEM Trials Q27) – 5 marks

A titration was carried out to determine the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution, using previously standardised 0.105 mol L-
1 sodium hydroxide solution.

a) (1 mark) Outline the method used to standardise the sodium hydroxide solution.
b) (2 marks) Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution, if 25.0 mL of this solution reacted completely with
27.7 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution.
c) (2 marks) Identify an indicator which is suitable for use in this titration and justify this choice of indicator.

(2019 Baulkham Hills Trials Q9)

In a titration of a strong base with a strong acid, the following procedure was used:
1. A burette was rinsed with water and then filled with the standard acid.
2. A pipette was rinsed with some base solution.
3. A conical flask was rinsed with some base solution.
4. A pipette was used to transfer a measured volume of base solution into the conical flask.
5. Indicator was added to the base sample and it was titrated to the endpoint with the acid.

Which statement is correct?

a) The calculated base concentration will be correct.
b) The calculated base concentration will be too low.
c) The calculated base concentration will be too high.
d) No definite conclusion can be reached about the base concentration.

(2020 SBHS Trial Q8)

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
A titration is performed in which a 20.00 mL aliquot of 0.10 mol/L ethanoic acid solution is titrated with a 0.10 mol/L solution of
sodium hydroxide. The pH of the solution in the conical flask is monitored and recorded throughout the titration. For this
titration, the:
a) Equivalence point occurs when n(CH3COOH) = n(NaOH). The pH of the resulting solution is 7.
b) Equivalence point occurs while n(CH3COOH) is less than n(NaOH). The pH of the resulting solution is greater than 7.
c) Equivalence point occurs while n(CH3COOH) is greater than n(NaOH). The pH of the resulting solution is less than 7.
d) Equivalence point occurs when n(CH3COOH) = n(NaOH). The pH of the resulting solution is greater than 7.

(2020 SBHS Trial Q31) – 6 marks

A class was set the task of conducting a chemical analysis of a common household substance for its acidity or basicity.

Describe TWO different methods of how this analysis could be conducted. In your answer, include any advantages and
disadvantages of the methods.

Titration Calculation

(2019 Cranbrook Trials Q27)– 8 marks

A titration is carried out using sodium hydroxide to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid.
a) (1 mark) Sketch the shape of the pH curve for this titration.
b) (3 marks) Explain, using equations, the best indicator to use for this titration.
c) (4 marks) The results gathered by the student for this titration are given below:

Titration number Titre volume (mL)

Rough 33.05
1 32.05
2 32.10
3 32.10
Table: Titre values of 0.250 M NaOH in a titration against 20.00 mL aliquots of unknown ethanoic acid
Calculate the concentration of the ethanoic acid.

(2019 Sydney Grammar Trials Q12)

Which of the following conductivity curves correctly depicts the titration of hydrochloric acid against potassium hydroxide?

(2019 Sydney Grammar Trials Q32) – 6 marks

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
A 1.746 g sample of fertiliser contains nitrogen as ammonium sulfate. The sample was analysed to determine the nitrogen
composition. First, it reacted with excess sodium hydroxide as per the reaction below,

(NH4)2SO4 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + 2NH3 (g)

The ammonia gas produced from this reaction reacted with 50.0 mL of 2.00 M hydrochloric acid by bubbling it through the acid.
The excess hydrochloric acid was titrated with 2.00 M sodium hydroxide solution. The results from this titration are below,

Titre 1 (mL) Titre 2 (mL) Titre 3 (mL) Titre 4 (mL)

Sodium Hydroxide 37.9 36.9 37.0 36.8

a) (1 mark) Write the equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
b) (1 mark) Calculate the moles of sodium hydroxide used in the titration.
c) (4 marks) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in the original fertiliser sample.

(2020 Baulkham Hills Trial Q23) – 11 marks

Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, is the active ingredient in white vinegar. A sample of white vinegar is analysed to accurately determine
the concentration of CH3COOH using the following steps:

Step 1 - Dilute a 10.00 mL sample of the white vinegar to 100.00 mL in a volumetric flask.
Step 2 - Rinse the burette with the standardised sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, that is provided.
Step 3 - Fill the burette with the standardised NaOH solution.
Step 4- Pipette 20.00 mL of the diluted white vinegar solution into a 250 mL conical flask.
Step 5 - Add several drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the conical flask. Titrate the diluted white vinegar solution against
the standardised NaOH solution.
Step 6 - Repeat Steps 3-5 until concordant results are obtained.

The equation for this analysis is:

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

Data
aliquot of diluted white vinegar solution 20.00 mL

mean titre of NaOH solution 25.60 mL

concentration of standardised NaOH solution 0.1123 M

a) (3 marks) Calculate the concentration of CH3COOH in the undiluted white vinegar sample.
b) (2 marks) If the burette is rinsed with water instead of the standardised NaoH solution, what would be the effect, if any,
on the experimental value obtained for the concentration of CH3COOH in white vinegar? Justify your answer.
c) CH3COOH is a weak acid and has an acid dissociation constant of 1.8 x 10-5.
i. (1 mark) Write the equation for the ionisation of ethanoic acid in water.
ii. (1 mark) Write the expression for Ka for ethanoic acid.
d) (2 marks) An alternative method of determining the concentration of CH3COOH in white vinegar is to measure the pH of
the vinegar, Using a digital probe, the undiluted vinegar is found to have a pH of 2.31. Given the Ka for acetic acid in
part c) above, calculate the concentration of the acetic acid in the undiluted vinegar solution using this method.
e) (2 marks) Explain a reason for the different values of the concentration of ethanoic acid determined using the 2
different methods (from parts a) and d) above).

(2019 Girraween Trial Q21) – 7 marks

A Year 12 student was given the task to determine the % of calcium carbonate in an egg shell.

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
After washing and drying the eggshell, a 0.496 g sample was placed in a conical flask. 20.0 mL of 0.486 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid
was added, and the mixture was gently warmed until all evidence of the reaction had stopped.

The unreacted acid was then back-titrated against a standardised solution of 0.100 mol L-1 of sodium hydroxide. The volume of
sodium hydroxide required to reach the end-point was 28.5 mL.

a) (1 mark) Write an equation to show the chemical process that occurs when hydrochloric acid was added.
b) (2 marks) Calculate the moles of unreacted hydrochloric acid.
c) (4 marks) Calculate the %(w/w) of calcium carbonate in the egg shell.

(2019 Normanhurst Trial Q29) – 8 marks

a) (4 marks) A 0.1045 mol L-1 solution of sodium hydroxide was used to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution of acetic acid. The acetic acid was prepared by mixing 10.00 mL vinegar with 90.00 mL of distilled water.

Using the results recorded below calculate the concentration of acetic acid in the bottle of vinegar when 25.00 mL
pipettes were used to deliver the vinegar into the conical flask.

Titre Volume of sodium hydroxide (mL)

1 24.99

2 25.10

3 28.50

4 24.96

b) (4 marks) The diagram shows three pieces of glassware (X, Y and Z).

Identify each piece of equipment and justify how each piece would be prepared and used for the titration above.

(2019 Barker College Trial Q26) – 3 marks

Aspirin is a weak monoprotic acid with a formula of HC9H7O4.

To determine the amount of aspirin in a headache tablet, a chemist ground up the tablet and dissolved it in 25.0 mL of 0.125
mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. After complete reaction, the excess sodium hydroxide was titrated with 0.0975 mol/L
hydrochloric acid. 11.6 mL was required.

Calculate the mass of the aspirin in the headache tablet. Assume a 1:1 ratio of aspirin to base.

(2019 North Sydney Girls Trial Q26) – 6 marks

Sodium hydroxide reacts with the weak oxalic acid (H2C2O4) according to the equation:
Compiled by Ngo&Sons
 H2C2O4 (g) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

A student standardises a sodium hydroxide solution using a 0.215 mol L-1 standard solution of oxalic acid. A series of titrations
was carried out using phenolphthalein. It was determined that 36.3 mL of sodium hydroxide was required to reach the end point
with 25.0 mL of the oxalic acid solution.

a) (3 marks) Calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution.

b) (1 mark) Write the equation to show that the oxalate ion will produce a basic solution in water.
c) (1 mark) Explain why phenolphthalein was used as the indicator. Make use of the table below.

Indicator Colour change pH ranges over which colour changes

methyl orange red - yellow 3.2 - 4.4

bromothymol blue yellow - blue 6.0 - 7.6

phenolphthalein colourless - pink 8.3 - 10.0

d) (1 mark) Describe a titration where an appropriate indicator to use would be methyl orange.

(2019 QATS Trial Q28) – 9 marks

To determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in an antacid tablet which had a mass of 0.250 g, the
following procedure was used:

 The tablet was crushed and then placed in a beaker.

 A pipette was used to add 25.0 mL of 0.120 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid to the crushed tablet in the beaker.
 Once the reaction between the calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid had stopped, phenolphthalein indicator was
added to the reaction mixture.
 A burette was then used to add 0.0560 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide to the beaker to neutralise the excess hydrochloric
acid.
 The phenolphthalein changed from colourless to pink after 27.4mL of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added.

a) (1 mark) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
b) (3 marks) Determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the tablet. Show all working and reasoning.
c) (1 mark) Explain the purpose of the indicator used in this experiment.
d) (2 marks) Justify the use of phenolphthalein (rather than other indicators) for this titration, even though it changes
colour between pH 8.3 and 10.00.
e) (2 marks) Identify an instrumental technique which could be used to determine the concentration of calcium ions in a
solution and outline the principles of this technique.

(2019 Manly Trials Q29) – 7 marks

A student was asked to determine the mass of CaCO3 present in a 5.00 gram sample of chalk. The chalk reacted with 100 mL of
a 1.00 M HCl solution. After the bubbling stopped, excess HCl remained. The excess HCl was titrated with 1.00 M NaOH. The
average titre was 17.15 mL.

a) (1 mark) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide which reacted with the excess HCl.
b) (4 marks) Determine the number of moles of HCl added to the chalk sample and use this to calculate the actual number
of moles of calcium carbonate present in the sample.
c) (2 marks) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate present in the 5.00 g chalk sample.

(2020 SGHS Trial Q30) – 6 marks

The calcium carbonate content of limestone was determined using the following procedure.

 A 3.50 g sample of limestone was dissolved in 85.0 mL of 0.950 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid solution
 The solution was heated to ensure that all the carbon dioxide was expelled then cooled
 This mixture was titrated with 0.125 mol L-1 standardised sodium hydroxide

Compiled by Ngo&Sons
  The volume of standardised sodium solution used in the titration was 22.75 mL

a) (4 marks) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate in the original limestone sample.
b) (2 marks) Explain why sodium hydroxide needs to be standardised before used in a titration.

(2020 North Sydney Girls Trials Q5)

Acid X is 0.10 molL-1 hydrochloric acid.

Acid Y is 0.10 molL-1 acetic acid.

Each acid was titrated with 25 mL of a 0.10 molL-1 sodium hydroxide solution.
Which of the following statements is correct?

a) More than 25mL of Y is needed to achieve the equivalence point in this titration.
b) 25mL of Y is needed to achieve the equivalence point in this titration.
c) Less than 25mL of Y is needed to achieve the equivalence point in this titration.
d) Less than 25mL of X is needed to achieve the equivalence point in this titration.

(2020 North Sydney Girls Trials Q31) – 8 marks

A student conducted a titration of 0.15 molL-1 sodium hydroxide against ethanoic acid. The table below shows the student’s
results as base was added to the 25 mL aliquot of ethanoic acid.

Volume added (mL) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 21.0 24.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

pH 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.4 10.8 10.9 11.2 11.3 11.4

a) (4 marks) Graph this data in the space provided.

b) (1 marks) Determine the equivalence point.

c) (3 marks) Calculate the concentration of the ethanoic acid.
(2020 Strathfield Girls Trials Q29) – 8 marks

A chemist needed to check the composition of Nurofen® tablets which contain the active ingredient, ibuprofen.

A Nurofen® tablet, weighing 256 mg, was crushed to a fine powder and then dissolved in 125 mL of an aqueous solution. Four
25.0 mL aliquots of this solution were then titrated against 0.00502 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide solution to a phenolphthalein end
point. The titration results are shown below.

Titration Run Titre (mL)

1 39.65

2 38.60

3 38.55

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 4 38.65

a) (1 mark) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ibuprofen and sodium hydroxide.
b) (5 marks) Determine the percentage composition (%w/w) of ibuprofen in the Nurofen® tablet.
c) (2 marks) Explain why phenolphthalein was chosen as the pH indicator for this analysis.

(2019 Excel Sample Paper 1 Q28) – 7 marks

25.00 mL of a standard 0.100 mol/L Na2CO3 solution was titrated with a solution of nitric acid of unknown concentration. The
following table shows the titres.

Run Volume HNO3 (mL)

1 20.20

2 19.80

3 19.85

4 19.75

Describe the equipment and procedures used in the titration and calculate the concentration of the nitric acid solution.

(2020 QAT Trial Q13)

During precipitation titration investigation, a 10.0mL sample of a solution containing chloride ions was titrated with 23.5mL of
0.125mol/L AgNO3 to reach the end-point. Calculate the mass of chloride ions present in the original sample.
a) 0.00294 g
b) 0.0520 g
c) 0.104 g
d) 0.208 g

(2020 QAT Trial Q22) – 8 marks

A solution of hydrochloric acid was standardised by titration against a sodium carbonate solution using the following procedure.

 All glassware was rinsed correctly to remove possible contaminants.

 Hydrochloric acid was placed in the burette.
 25.0 mL of sodium carbonate solution was pipetted into the conical flask.

The titration was performed and the hydrochloric acid was found to be 0.200 mol L-1.

a) (2 marks) Identify the substance used to rinse the conical flask and justify your answer.
b) (2 marks) Explain why sodium carbonate solution, rather than sodium hydroxide solution, is used to standardise the
hydrochloric acid solution.

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 c) (4 marks) Seashells contain a mixture of carbonate compounds.

The standardised hydrochloric acid was used to determine the percentage by mass of carbonate ions in a seashell using
the following procedure.

 A 0.145 g sample of the seashell was placed in a conical flask.

 50.0 mL of the standardised hydrochloric acid was added to the conical flask.
 At the completion of the reaction, the mixture in the conical flask was titrated with 0.250 mol L–1 sodium
hydroxide.

The volume of sodium hydroxide used in the titration was 29.5 mL.
Calculate the percentage by mass of carbonate ions in the sample of the seashell.

pH Curves

(2019 JRAHS Trial Q10)

Consider the following titration curve below.

Which of the following solutions is most likely to be in the burette?

a) NaOH
b) NaHCO3
c) CH3COOH
d) HCl

Which of the following curves would represent the change in pH in a conical flask when a solution of hydrochloric acid (from a
burette) is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide (in the conical flask)?

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(2019 Normanhurst Trial Q17)

Titration curves are obtained when an acid and base are reacted with a pH probe inserted into one of the solutions. Refer to the
graphs below, X and Y, to answer which option a, b, c or d correctly identifies the acids and bases involved in this titration and
also correctly identifies what the red arrow is indicating.

Graph X Graph Y The arrow

a) Strong base/strong acid Strong base/strong acid Equivalence point

b) Strong base/weak acid Strong base/weak acid Equivalence point

c) Weak base/weak acid Weak base/weak acid Equivalence point

d) Strong base/strong acid Strong base/weak acid Equivalence point

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(2019 Exam Choice Trial Q31) – 9 marks

A titration was carried out by adding 0.155 molL-1 hydrochloric acid, to 25.0 mL of unknown methanamine (CH3NH2).

The pH of the solution in the conical flask was monitored using a pH probe and data logger, as was the volume added from the
burette, with a drop counter and data logger.

The titration curve produced is shown below.

The equation for the reaction is:

HCl (aq) + CH3NH2 → CH3NH3+ + Cl-

Ka(CH3NH3+) = 2.51 x 10-11
a) (2 marks) Define the term ‘equivalence point’ as it is used in volumetric analysis and mark the approximate equivalence
point with a cross on the graph above.
b) (2 marks) Another method to estimate the equivalence point of a titration is to use a carefully selected acid-base
indicator.

Based on the data in the graph, identify an appropriate indicator and justify your choice, referring to specific data about
the indicator.
c) (2 marks) Use the graph to determine the molarity of the methanamine solution being analysed. Show your working.
d) (3 marks) Clearly show on the given titration curve the region known as the ‘buffer region’ and explain how a buffer is
formed in this area during the titration.

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(2019 North Sydney Girls High Trials Q12)

Consider the following titration curves.

The solid and dashed lines overlap each other beyond 25 mL.
Which of the following describes the correct solutions used in the titrations represented by these lines?

Solid Line Dashed Line

a) strong acid + strong base strong acid + weak base

b) strong acid + strong base weak acid + strong base

c) weak acid + strong base weak acid + weak base

d) strong acid + weak base weak acid + strong base

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(2020 Sydney Girls Trial Q17)

For which titration would the use of methyl orange indicator introduce a significant error?

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(2020 TEC Trial Q23) – 6 marks

The graph shows the titration of 20 mL of hydrochloric acid with a standardised solution of 0.095 M sodium carbonate.

a) (2 marks) Identify a suitable indicator for this titration and give a reason for selecting this indicator.
b) (1 marks) What volume of sodium carbonate is required to neutralise the hydrochloric acid?
c) (3 marks) Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.

[p – 10 marks

When 20.0 mL of a solution of aqueous ammonia is titrated with 0.20 molL-1 hydrochloric acid, 15.0 mL of the acid was needed
to reach the equivalence point.

a) (2 marks) What is the concentration of the aqueous ammonia?

b) The pKa for the ammonium ion is 9.25.
i. (2 marks) Calculate the pH of the solution at the start of the titration
ii. (2 marks) Calculate the pH of the solution at the equivalence point
c) (2 mark) Given these values, sketch the shape of the graph of pH against titre you would expect for this titration.

d) (2 marks) On the above grid, sketch the curve that you expect if the titration was carried out with aqueous sodium
hydroxide of the same concentration as the ammonia.

(2019 Mereweather Trial Q7)

A student used a pH probe to gather data whilst performing an acid-base titration. The data was plotted to create the titration
curve below:

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Identify a possible acid and base used by the student.

Analyte Titrant
a) HCl NH3
b) CH3COOH NaOH
c) NH3 CH3COOH
d) NaOH HCl

(2020 NEAP Trial Q26) – 9 marks

The concentration of a sample of nitric acid was determined using 1.01 mol L-1 ammonia solution. A 25.0 mL aliquot (portion) of
the ammonia solution was added to a conical flask and a few drops of methyl orange were added. The mixture was shaken,
giving a pale yellow colour. The end points of four titrations are shown in the table.

Titration number Volume of HNO3 (mL)

1 37.8

2 36.1

3 36.2

4 36.0

a) (3 marks) Equivalence point’ and ‘end point’ are terms often used regarding titrations.
Using the titrations described above, explain the difference between the two terms.
b) (1 mark) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
c) (3 marks) Calculate the concentration of the acid. Show your working and explain how you came to a value for the end
point.
d) (2 marks) Using the axes provided, sketch the shape of the expected titration curve for this titration. Label the axes
appropriately.

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(2020 Tempe Trial Q15)

A titration was performed by adding a solution of a base to a solution of an acid with the same concentration.

The titration curve is shown.

a) CH3COOH; KOH
b) CH3COOH; NH4Cl
c) HCl; NaOH
d) H3PO4; KOH

Conductivity Curves

(2019 Cranbrook Trial Q25) – 7 marks

Explain how solutions of acids and bases are analysed.

(2020 CSSA Trial Q14)

The conductivity graph below, shows the reaction of 30 mL of oxalic acid (C2O4H2) a weak diprotic acid and 0.14 M sodium
hydroxide

Using this graph, determine the concentration of oxalic acid.

a) 0.035 mol L-1

b) 0.07 mol L-1
c) 0.35 mol L-1
d) 0.7 mol L-1

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(2019 Hornsby Girls Trials Q34) – 6 marks

Below is a graph of a conductometric titration of an acid with a base (NaOH).

a) (1 mark) Identify point I in the graph.

b) (1 mark) Identify the substance in the burette.
c) (1 mark) Identify the acid as strong or weak.
d) (3 mark) Describe the shape of the graph explaining the conductivity changes.

(2019 Baulkham Hills Trials Q8)

20mL of KOH solution was titrated with 0.20molL–1 H2SO4 solution in a conductivity cell. The data obtained was plotted to give
the graph shown below:

a) 0.30molL–1
b) 0.15molL–1
c) 0.12molL–1
d) 0.075molL–1

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(2020 QAT Trial Q15)

Which graph best represents the electrical conductivity changes that occur when an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid is titrated
with an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide?

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