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Week 19 - Piles Foundations

The document discusses pile foundations, including when they are needed, principal types of piles like displacement and non-displacement piles, and how shaft and base resistance is calculated for piles in undrained and drained soils.

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mohamed magdy
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10 views

Week 19 - Piles Foundations

The document discusses pile foundations, including when they are needed, principal types of piles like displacement and non-displacement piles, and how shaft and base resistance is calculated for piles in undrained and drained soils.

Uploaded by

mohamed magdy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pile foundations

Learning outcomes
• After the end of the following two lectures, you should be able to:
• 1 Understand the working principles behind deep foundations, how they are
constructed/installed, and the advantages they offer over shallow foundations

• 2 Design a pile within a limit-state design framework (Eurocode 7),


analytically (based on fundamental ground properties), directly from in-situ test
data or from the results of a pile load test.

The lecture is based on Craig’s Soil


Mechanics, Knappett J and R. Craig,
2020

2
Do we need piles?

Building loads must be transferred to stiffer soil strata to avoid excessive settlement

Large, uncontrolled
settlements / damage

Soft soil

Stiffer soil / rock

3
Do we need piles?

Controlled minor settlements


/ NO damage

Soft soil

Stiffer soil / rock

4
When the design requires to consider pile foundations?

• When the actions applied to the foundation are large (e.g. large concentrated
loads);
• When near surface soils have low strength and or stiffness (i.e. low resistance);
• Where large structures are situated on very heterogeneous deposits, or where
the soil layers are inclined;
• For settlement-sensitive structures where displacements must be kept small;
• In marine environments where tidal, wave or flow actions may erode material
from around a foundation
• Near the ground surface (this process is known as scour).

5
Introduction
• Shallow foundations are wide compared to their
depth, deep foundations are elements which are
much smaller in plan but extend to greater depth
within the ground.
• The most common type of deep foundation is the
pile, which is a column of concrete, steel or
timber installed within the ground.
Piles may be circular or square in section, but will
always have an (outside) diameter (D0) or width
(Bp) that is very much smaller than their length
(Lp), i.e. Lp >> D0.
• A pier or caisson is another type of deep
foundation which has a much larger diameter
compared to its length, i.e. Lp > D0, but which can
be analysed in the same way as a pile. Caissons
are often used as foundations for offshore
structures.

Craigs Soil Mechanics, 9th Edition


6
Introduction

Shaft resistance

τint Interface resistance

τint interface resistance

Base resistance

7
Principal types of piles

The interface shear strength along the shaft of a pile is influenced not only by the exterior geometry
(surface area), but also by the method of installation.
• 1. Displacement piles (Driven Piles) (involve
displacement and disturbance of the soil
around the pile).
• Steel, precast concrete, reinforced concrete, timber or
a combination of concrete steel and timber section
• Driven cast in place (driving tubes fitted with a driving
shoe)
• Cast in place (formed by placing of concrete as driven
steel tubes are withdrawn).

• 2. Non-displacement piles (Bored Piles) (soil is


removed by boring or drilling to form a shaft)
concrete then being cast)
• Supported (shaft maybe very deep, cased or bored,
under a drilling fluid like bentonite)
• Unsupported
• Large base for greater support
• Continuous flight auger pile (CFA) (helical auger is
drilled

8
• Displacement piles (driven piles) Driven piling – steel tubular
(video):
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C_0HmDRIKo
• These videos shows the complete installation process of driven steel
tubular piles at sites in North America.

• Non Displacement piles (bored piles)


• CFA piling (video): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=li9S3TPgs7M
• This video shows the construction of a CFA pile at an urban site (London, UK), including
boring, extraction of spoil and filling with concrete, and placement of the reinforcement
cage.
Piling techniques advantages and disadvantages

• Driven piles • Non Displacement

• Prefabricated • Create minimal soil disturbance


• Simple method of installation • Very quiet
• Structural integrity can be inspected • Used in urban environments
before driving
• Can locally densify the soil around the • Cast in situ (complex shapes, pile
pile in looser deposits, increasing defects may occur due to poor
capacity
compaction of concrete, voids,
• However dilation of the soil in shearing wash out of concrete if the pile
can cause heave potentially damaging
adjacent infrastructure passes through highly permeable
• Very noisy (jacked piling techniques can layers seepage occurring
ameliorate noise) not recommended in
urban environments
• Suitable for offshore environments
Landslide stabilisation using cast in situ
piles

11
Pile base resistance under compressive
• Base resistance: Qbu
loads
• For a soil under undrained conditions
Undrained

• the base resistance is strength is


constant

Ap : cross sectional area at the base of the pile


(πDo2/4 or Bp2 for circular or square piles)

All the soil above is treated as surcharge Undrained


strength is
σq = σv at the level of the pile base varying with
depth

Circular piles are treated as square piles for the


purposes of determining the shape factor sc.

Nc: bearing capacity factor Skempton’s value


sc = 1 for a strip factor

12
Shaft resistance τint in undrained soils
• The interface shear strength must For displacement piles (fine grained For non - displacement piles (fine
be determined soils) grained soils)

• a adhesion factor, 0<a<1 a = 1


representing perfectly rough
interface a = 0 perfectly smooth Randolph and Murphy, 1985) (Weltman and Healy, 1978)

interface (no stress can be


transferred between the pile and
the soil).
• In undrained soils a-method is
used to determined the shaft
friction.
• a = f (surface condition along
the pile, method of pile
installation)
• Yield stress ratio (cu/σ’vo )
• Fp factor related to the length For Lp/D0 < 50 (e.g. caissons), Fp = 1.0; for Lp/D0 > 120, Fp = 0.7; for values of
within a layer (slenderness ratio)Lp/D0 between these limits, Fp is estimated by linear interpolation between 0.7
and 1.0. 13
Shaft resistance τint in drained soils

where δ′ is an interface friction angle (δ′ ≤ φ′)


Kσ′v0 is the effective stress acting normal to the pile shaft.

The equation is analogous to the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion for a drained cohesionless
material. Parameter δ′ is a function of the pile roughness and soil properties; the case δ′ = φ′
represents a perfectly rough interface, while δ′ = 0 represents a perfectly smooth interface.

Parameter K is a horizontal earth pressure coefficient, and is a function of the soil properties
and the installation method.

For cast-in- situ piles 0.7 < K/K0 < 1.0,


for displacement piles K/K0 may be as high as 2.0.

14
Interface friction angle
For precast concrete (i.e. for
driven piles); for concrete cast in-situ
the roughness will be assumed δ′ = φ′

the parameter Ra/D50, where Ra is the


average height of the
asperities on the surface of the pile
material which gives the material its
roughness and D50 is the mean
particle size of the soil

In fine-grained materials under drained


conditions, K ≈ K0 and δ′ = φ′ is usually
assumed. Alternatively,
the parameters K and tan δ′ may be
lumped together into a single factor
β = Ktan δ′,
Shaft friction in drained soils
The determination of shaft friction in drained soil
is often referred to as the β-method in pile design.
Burland (1993) showed that β correlates linearly
with the yield stress ratio with a surprisingly small
amount of scatter, (data points represent non-
displacement piles). A best-fit line to this data
gives
Yield
stress
ratio
cu/σ’vo
Pile resistance and limit state design
• The resistance of a pile is the sum of its base Qbu and shaft
capacities Qsu τint.
• In the limit state design framework, the combined (total)
compressive resistance may be factored using a partial factor
γRC to obtain the design resistance.

or

To satisfy the ULS, the resistance must be greater than the sum of the applied actions on the pile. The
actions are factored using the values of γA. As piles are often used in circumstances when high point
loads are to be carried, the applied action at the top of the pile will normally be very much larger than
the dead weight of the pile. The material properties used in the determination of Qbu and Qsu are
factored.
Pile resistance and limit state design
• In Eurocode 7 DA1b, an alternative set of resistance factors is used (set R4). The
normative values suggested for the partial resistance factors are shown in the Table
below. Where there are two values given, the first is for displacement piles while the
second is for non-displacement piles. It should be noted that the partial factors in the
Table only relate to the degree of uncertainty in the calculation methods employed to
determine the pile capacity; it is still necessary to be cautious when estimating empirically
derived values such as α or β, as the variation in these is not accounted for in the partial
resistance factors. the factors in Table may be superseded by the values in a particular
country’s National Annex.
Example 9.1 Craig’s
Limit state design
Limit state design
Example 9.1

σ’q
Example 9.1

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