Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,

Department of CSE, Comilla University

LECTURE 2
Chapter 1
The Foundations: Logic and Proofs
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Definition 5 (Conditional Statement)

Let p and q be propositions. The conditional statement p → q is
the proposition "if p then q ."
The conditional statement 𝐩 → 𝒒 is false when p is true and q
is false, and true otherwise.
In the conditional statement p → 𝑞, p is called the hypothesis
(or antecedent or premise) and q is called the conclusion (or
consequence).

Truth Table for the Conditional Statement

P Q P→𝑄
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Conditional Statement
Representation (Symbolic) Representation (Statement)
If p ,then q
q when p
If p, q
p is sufficient for q
q if p
𝑝→𝑞 A necessary condition for p is q
q unless¬ p
p implies q
p only if q
A sufficient condition for q is p
q whenever p
q is necessary for p
q follows from p
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Example 1: Let p be the statement "Maria learns discrete

mathematics" and q the statement "Maria will find a good job."
Express the statement p → 𝑞 as a statement in English
Solution:
p= Maria learns discrete mathematics
q= Maria will find a good job
The condition statement (p → 𝑞 ) = If p ,then q
=If Maria learns discrete mathematics, then she will find a
good job.
If p ,then q If Maria learns discrete mathematics, then she will find a good job.

q when p Maria will find a good job when she (Maria) learns discrete mathematics
q p
q unless¬ p Maria will find a good job unless she doe not learns discrete mathematics
q ¬p
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Definition 6 (Biconditional/ Bi-implications Operation)

Let p and q be propositions.
The biconditional/ bi-implications statement p  q is the
proposition "p if and only if q ."
The biconditional statement p  q is true when p and q have
the same truth values, and is false otherwise.
p  q has exactly the same truth value as (p → q)  (q → p).

Truth Table for the Biconditional/ Bi-implications of two Propositions

P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Biconditional/ Bi-implications Statement

Representation (Symbolic) Representation (Statement)
"p if and only if q "
"p is necessary and sufficient for q "
p  q
"if p then q, and conversely"
"p iff q" .

Example 1: Let p be the statement "You can take the flight" and let q be the
statement "You buy a ticket. Then p  q is the statement
Solution:
p= You can take the flight q= You buy a ticket
The Biconditional statement of p and q (p  q ) = p if and only if q
= You can take the flight if and only if you buy a ticket
Or
The Biconditional statement of p and q (p  q ) = p iff q
= You can take the flight iff you buy a ticket
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Exercise-1:Which of the following sentences are propositions ?

What are the truth values of those that are propositions
(statement)?

Question Truth Values Valid/Invalid Proposition

Do you speak English? Invalid Proposition

Four is even. True Valid Proposition
Please submit your Invalid Proposition
proposal as soon as
possible
4 - x= 8. Invalid Proposition
Please try to solve the Invalid Proposition
problem.
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Exercise-2: What is the negation of each of these propositions?

Question Solutions

(P) Negation of the proposition

(¬P)

Today is Thursday. It is not the case that today is Thursday. /

Today is not Thursday.
There is no pollution in New Jersey. It is not the case that there is no
pollution in New Jersey./There is pollution
in New Jersey.
The summer in Cumilla is hot and It is not the case that the summer in
sunny. Cumilla is hot and sunny./The summer in
Cumilla is not hot and is not sunny.
2+1=3. 2+1≠ 3
Try to solve the problem. Invalid proposition
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Convert Proposition -> English Sentence

Exercise-3: Let p and q be the propositions
p : I bought a lottery ticket this week.
q : I won the million dollar jackpot on Friday.
Express each of these propositions as an English sentence.
a. p
Solution: =Negation of p
=Negation of (I bought a lottery ticket this week.)
=I did not buy a lottery ticket this week/ It is not the case that I bought a
lottery ticket this week.
b. q
Solution: =Negation of q
=Negation of (I won the million dollar jackpot on Friday).
=I did not win the million dollar jackpot on Friday./It is not the case that I won
the million dollar jackpot on Friday.
c. pVq
Solution: =Disjunction of p and q
=p or q
=I bought a lottery ticket this week or won the million dollar jackpot on
Friday.
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

d. p/\q
Solution: =Conjunction of p and q
=p and q
=I bought a lottery ticket this week and won the million dollar jackpot on
Friday.
e. 𝒑 →𝑞
Solution: =If p then q
= If I bought a lottery ticket this week then won the million dollar jackpot on
Friday.
f. p  q
Solution: =p if and only if q
=I bought a lottery ticket this week if and only if I won the million dollar
jackpot on Friday.
g. 𝒑 → 𝑞
Solution: = If p then q
=If (Negation of p) then (Negation of q)
=If (I did not buy a lottery ticket this week) then (I will not win the million
dollar jackpot on Friday.)
= If I did not buy a lottery ticket this week then I will not win the million
dollar jackpot on Friday.
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

h. 𝒑 /\𝑞
Solution: = (Negation of p) and (Negation of q) .
=I did not buy a lottery ticket this week and I did not win the million
dollar jackpot on Friday.

i. 𝒑 v (p/\q)

Solution: =(Negation of p) or (p and q)

= I did not buy a lottery ticket this week or (I bought a lottery ticket
this week and won the million dollar jackpot on Friday)
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Convert English Sentence ->Proposition

Exercise-4: Let p and q be the propositions

p : I bought a lottery ticket this week.
q : I won the million dollar jackpot on Friday.
Write these propositions using p and q and logical connectives.
a. I did not buy a lottery ticket this week
Solution: =Negation of p
=p
b. I did not win the million dollar jackpot on Friday.
Solution: =Negation of q
=q
c. I bought a lottery ticket this week or won the million dollar
jackpot on Friday.
Solution: =Disjunction of p and q
=p or q
=pVq
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

d. I bought a lottery ticket this week and won the million dollar jackpot on
Friday
Solution: =Conjunction of p and q
=p and q
=p/\q
e. If I bought a lottery ticket this week then won the million dollar jackpot
on Friday.
Solution: =If p then q
= 𝒑 →𝑞
f. I bought a lottery ticket this week if and only if I won the million dollar
jackpot on Friday
Solution: =p if and only if q
=p  q
g. If I did not buy a lottery ticket this week then I will not win the million
dollar jackpot on Friday.
Solution: = If p then q
=If (Negation of p) then (Negation of q)
=𝒑 → 𝑞
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

h. I did not buy a lottery ticket this week and I did not win the million
dollar jackpot on Friday.

Solution: = (Negation of p) and (Negation of q) .

= 𝒑 /\𝑞

i. I did not buy a lottery ticket this week or (I bought a lottery ticket
this week and won the million dollar jackpot on Friday)

Solution: =(Negation of p) or (p and q)

=𝒑 v (p/\q)
 Prepared by Khairun Nahar,Assistant Professor,
Department of CSE, Comilla University

Assignment-1 (Based on Lecture 2&3)

1.
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Department of CSE, Comilla University

2.
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Department of CSE, Comilla University

3.
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Department of CSE, Comilla University

4.
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Department of CSE, Comilla University

5.