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Lecture 1 Transducer Instrumentation

The document discusses transducers and their classification. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into a corresponding signal. Transducers are then classified as electrical, mechanical, acoustic, optical, and based on the measurand or property they measure. Common transducer types are also outlined.

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SUSHANT KASHYAP
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18 views

Lecture 1 Transducer Instrumentation

The document discusses transducers and their classification. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into a corresponding signal. Transducers are then classified as electrical, mechanical, acoustic, optical, and based on the measurand or property they measure. Common transducer types are also outlined.

Uploaded by

SUSHANT KASHYAP
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1: Introduction to Transducers

Outline:
• Introduction
• Transduction principle
• Classification of transducer
Automation: “Auto” (self) + “Matos” (moving)
Industrial Automation: It is a set of technologies that results in operation of industrial
machines and systems without significant human intervention and achieves performance
superior to manual operation.
Industrial Automation Pyramid:

Offline Enterprise

Offline Production
control

Spatial/Temporal Scale
Online, Soft Real Time

Supervisory control

Real Time H/W S/W


Automatic control
Embedded H/W S/W
Sensors & Actuators

Output
Input
Sensing Signal Signal Data
Element Conditioning Processing Presentation
element Element
Transducer: It is a device that converts one form of energy into a corresponding signal.
Sensor: It is a device that converts a physical parameter to an electrical signal.

Actuator: It is a device that converts electrical signal into other physical form of energy.

Functional elements of an Instrument/Measuring system:


Transduction Principle:
Op / Ip Mechanical Thermal Electrical Magnetic Radiation Chemical
Mechanical Acoustic Thermal Piezoelectric
Effect Flowmeter Sensor
Thermal Expansion Heater
Thermometry
Electrical Thermocou Hall LCR Meter
ple Effect
Sensor
Magnetic
Radiation
Chemical

Classification of Transducers:

1. Electrical Transducers:
Resistive Transducers: Change in resistance based on the physical quantity being measured,

e.g., strain gauges.


Capacitive Transducers: Variation in capacitance in response to changes in the measured
parameter.

Inductive Transducers: Use of changes in inductance to sense variations in the measurand.

Piezoelectric Transducers: Generate electrical charges in response to mechanical stress,


widely used in sensors and actuators.

Hall Effect Transducers: Utilize the Hall effect to measure magnetic fields and detect motion.
Photoelectric Transducers: Convert light intensity into electrical signals, including
photodiodes and phototransistors.

Thermoelectric Transducers: Generate voltage due to temperature differences, commonly


used in thermocouples.

Electromagnetic Transducers: Employ electromagnetic principles for sensing, e.g., inductive


proximity sensors.

2. Mechanical Transducers:
Strain Gauge Transducers: Measure deformation or strain in a material due to an applied
force.
Accelerometers: Detect and measure acceleration, commonly used in motion sensing
applications.
Gyroscopes: Measure and maintain orientation, crucial in navigation systems.

Displacement Transducers: Determine changes in position or distance.

3. Acoustic Transducers:
Microphones: Convert sound waves into electrical signals.
Ultrasonic Transducers: Generate and detect ultrasonic waves for applications such as
distance measurement and imaging.

4. Optical Transducers:
Photodiodes: Convert light into electrical current.

Phototransistors: Amplify and sense light signals.

Photovoltaic Cells: Generate electrical power from light exposure.


Optical Fibers: Transmit light signals for communication and sensing.

5. Measurand-Based Transducers:
Temperature Transducers: Sense temperature variations.
Pressure Transducers: Measure changes in pressure.
Force and Displacement Transducers: Detect and quantify applied forces and displacements.
Velocity and Acceleration Transducers: Measure speed and acceleration.
Sound Transducers: Capture and convert sound waves.
Light Transducers: Respond to changes in light intensity.
Humidity and Gas Transducers: Monitor humidity levels and detect specific gases.
Magnetic Transducers: Measure magnetic fields.
Biological Transducers: Monitor biological parameters, e.g., heart rate sensors.
Radiation Transducers: Detect and quantify radiation levels.
Position Transducers: Determine the position of an object.

6. Property-Based Transducers:
Active Transducers: Generate their own electrical signal output.
Voltage Output Transducers, Current Output Transducers, Charge Output Transducers.
Passive Transducers: Rely on external power and modify it to produce an output.
Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive, Photovoltaic Transducers.

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