Gokhale Education Society’s

HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik – 422005

S.Y.B.Sc.(Computer Science) Semester - I

CS 232 : Software Engineering

By
Subject Teacher : Mrs. Ahire Anuradha C.
 4.0 Requirements Modeling
Prerequisites : Object Oriented Concepts and Systems
4.1 Introduction to UML
4.2 Structural Modeling
4.2.1 Use case model
4.2.2 Class model
4.3 Behavioral Modeling
4.3.1 Sequence model
4.3.2 Activity model
4.3.3 Communication or Collaboration model
4.4 Architectural Modeling
4.4.1 Component model
4.4.2 Artifact model
4.4.3 Deployment model

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Prerequisite : Object Oriented Concepts & Systems
 Object Oriented Concepts
 Objects and Classes
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation and Data Hiding
 Message Passing
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding
 Generalization and Specialization
 Relationships among Objects
 Object-Oriented Programming
 Advantages of Object Oriented systems

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Object : An object is a real-world entity in an Object–Oriented
environment that may have a physical or a conceptual existence.
Each object has…
 identity to distinguish it from other objects in the system.
 a state to determine the characteristic properties of an object
as well as the values of the properties that the object holds.
 behavior to represent externally visible activities performed by
an object in terms of changes in its state.
Objects can be modeled according to the needs of the
application. An object may have a physical existence, like a
customer, a car or a book etc.; or a conceptual existence, like a
project, a process or a transaction etc.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Class : A class represents a collection of objects having same
characteristic properties that exhibit common behavior. It is a
blueprint or description of the objects that can be created from it.
Creation of an object as a member of a class is called
instantiation. Thus, object is an instance of a class.
A class comprises of …
 Attributes : A set of attributes for the objects that are to be
instantiated from the class. Generally, different objects of a
class have some difference in the values of the attributes.
Attributes are often referred as class data.
 Operations : A set of operations that picturized the behavior of
the objects of the class. Operations are also referred as
functions or methods.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :

Class Objects

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Example : class Circle, representing 2-D object circle.
The attributes of class circle identified as follows…
 x1 : denotes x–coordinate of the centre of the circle
 y1 : denotes y–coordinate of the centre of the circle
 r : denotes the radius of the circle
Some of its operations can be defined as follows −
 cal_area() : is a method to calculate area of the circle
 cal_cf() : is a method to calculate circumference of the circle
 cscale() : is a method to increase or decrease the radius of the
circle
During instantiation, values are assigned for at least some of the
attributes. If we create an object new_circle, with assigned
values x1 = 5, y1 = 5, and r = 4 to depict its state. Now, if the
operation cscale() is performed on new_circle with a scaling
factor of 2, the value of the variable r will become 8. This
operation does a change in the state of new_circle.
ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Abstraction :
 Abstraction is the technique of filtering out the unnecessary
details of an object so that there remain only the useful
characteristics that define it. It means abstraction shows only
essential attributes and hides unnecessary information.
 The main purpose of abstraction is hiding the unnecessary
details from the users. It is one of the most important
concepts of OO.
 In object-oriented design, complexity is handled using
abstraction by removing the irrelevant and the amplifying the
essentials.
 Abstraction focuses on the perceived behavior of the entity.
 It provides an external view of the entity.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Abstraction :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Encapsulation and Data Hiding :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Encapsulation : Encapsulation is the process of binding or
combining both attributes and methods together within a class. It
is the basic property of an object which bundles attributes and
methods into a single unit.
 Through encapsulation, the internal details of a class can be
hidden from outside.
 It permits the elements of the class to be accessed from
outside only through the interface provided by the class.
 The set of services that can be requested from outside the
object forms the interface of the object.
 An object may have operations defined only for internal use
that cannot be used from outside. Such operations do not form
part of the interface.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Encapsulation :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Data Hiding : Typically, a class is designed such that its
data/attributes can be accessed only by its class methods and
prevented from direct outside access. This process of insulating
an object’s data is called data hiding or information hiding.
Example : In the class Circle, data hiding can be incorporated by
making attributes invisible from outside the class and adding two
more methods to the class for accessing class data, namely −
setVal() : method assigns the values to x1, y1
getVal() : method retrieves the values of x1, y1
Here the private data of the object new_circle cannot be
accessed directly by any method that is not encapsulated within
the class Circle. Instead it should be accessed through the
methods setVal() and getVal().

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Data Hiding :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Message Passing : Message Passing is sending and receiving
of information by the objects same as people exchange
information. Objects in Object Oriented system may
communicate with each other using message passing. Message
Passing involves specifying the name of objects, the name of the
function, and the information to be sent.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
An Object-Oriented Programming consists of a set of objects that
communicate with each other. It involves following basic steps :
Create classes that define objects and their behaviour
 Create objects from class definition
 Establish communication among objects.
Suppose a system has two objects : obj1 and obj2. The object
obj1 sends a message to object obj2, when obj1 wants obj2 to
execute one of its methods.
The features of message passing are :
 Message passing between two objects is generally
unidirectional.
 Message passing enables all interactions between objects.
 Message passing essentially involves invoking class methods.
 Objects in different processes can be involved in message
passing.
ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Message Passing :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Inheritance :
Inheritance is the mechanism that permits new classes to be
created out of existing classes by extending and refining its
capabilities. The existing classes are called the base classes/
parent classes/super-classes, and the new classes are called the
derived classes/child classes/sub-classes. The subclass can
inherit or derive the attributes and methods of the super-class /
classes. Besides, the subclass may add its own attributes and
methods and may modify any of the super-class methods.
Inheritance defines an “is – a” relationship.
Example : Phones and sound systems are the electronics
gadgets. Mobile phones and cord phone/ land line phones are
types of phones while earplugs and stereos are the types of
sound systems.
ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Inheritance :

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Inheritance can be broadly classified into two types :
Strict inheritance : In strict inheritance a subclass takes all the
features from the parent class and adds additional features to
specialize it. That is, all data members and operations available
in the base class are also available in the derived class. This form
supports the “is-a” relation and is the easiest form of inheritance.
Non-strict inheritance : Non-strict inheritance occurs when the
subclass does not have all the features of the parent class or
some features have been redefined.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Object Oriented Concepts :
Types of Inheritance :
 Single Inheritance : A subclass derives from a single super-
class.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Continued…
 Multiple Inheritance : A subclass derives from more than one
Super-classes.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Continued…
 Multilevel Inheritance : A subclass derives from a super-class
which in turn is derived from another class and so on.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Continued…
 Hierarchical Inheritance : A class has a number of
subclasses each of which may have subsequent subclasses,
continuing for a number of levels, so as to form a tree
structure.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05
Continued…
 Hybrid Inheritance : A combination of multiple and multilevel
inheritance so as to form a lattice structure.

ACA, Department of Computer Science, GES's HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-05