Physics STNMS Class IX

Shiv Chhatrapati Shikshan Sanstha’s

Sant Tukaram National Model School, Latur

10. Gravitation
Subject – Physics Class – IX

CONTENT –
1] Introduction
2] Concepts and Sub-concepts
3] Gist of the lesson
4] Videos
5] Activity
6] Mind Map
7] Bibliography
8] Question Bank

1] Introduction –
In last two chapter we have learnt about the motion of objects and force as the cause
of motion. We have learnt that a force is needed to change the speed or the direction of
motion of an object. We always observe that an object dropped from a height falls towards
the earth. We know that all planets go around the Sun. In all cases, there must be some
force acting on the objects, the planets and on the moon. In this chapter we shall learn
about gravitation and the universal law of gravitation. We shall discuss the motion of
objects under the influence of gravitational force on the earth. We shall study how the
weight of a body varies from place to place.
2] Concepts and Sub-concepts –
10.1 Gravitation
i. Universal Law of Gravitation
ii. Inverse square law
10.2 Free Fall
i. Acceleration due to gravity (g)
ii. Motion of objects under influence of
gravitational force
10.3 Mass & Weight
i. Difference between Mass & Weight
ii. Weight of object on the Moon
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Physics STNMS Class IX

10.4 Floatation – Thrust and Pressure

i. Buoyancy
ii. Why object float or sink when placed on the water surface?
10.5 Archimedes’ Principle
10.6 Relative Density
3] Gist of the Lesson –
We know that the moon goes around the earth. An object when thrown upwards, reaches
a certain height and then falls downwards. It is said that when Newton was sitting under
a tree, an apple fell on him. The fall of the apple made Newton start thinking. He thought
that: if the earth can attract an apple, can it not attract the moon? Is the force the same in
both cases? He conjectured that the same type of force is responsible in both the cases. He
argued that at each point of its orbit, the moon falls towards the earth, instead of going
off in a straight line. So, it must be attracted by the earth. But we do not really see the
moon falling towards the earth.
The motion of the moon around the earth is due to the centripetal force. The
centripetal force is provided by the force of attraction of the earth. If there were no such
force, the moon would pursue a uniform straight-line motion. It is seen that a falling
apple is attracted towards the earth. Does the apple attract the earth? If wo, we do not see
the earth moving towards an apple. Why?

10.1 Gravitation –
Gravity is one of the most basic forces in the universe. It
plays a fundamental role not only in the structure of our
solar system but also in the way objects behave on Earth.

Gravitation is the force of

attraction between two objects
in the universe. Gravitation
may be the attraction of objects
by the earth.
Gravitational force – The force
with which the earth attracts
all the objects towards its
centre is called gravitational
force or gravity.
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Physics STNMS Class IX

Centripetal Force – The force which keeps the body moving along the circular path is
acting towards the centre this force is called centripetal force.
i) Universal Law of Gravitation –
‘Every object in the universe
attracts every other object with force
which is directly proportional to
product of their masses and inversely
proportional to square of the distance
between them.’

Let m1, m2 be the two masses separated by distance r then force of attraction.
1 𝑚1 𝑚2
 𝐹 ∝ 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐹 ∝  𝐹 ∝
𝑟2 𝑟2
𝑚1 𝑚2
 𝐹= 𝐺 Where, G is universal gravitational constant.
𝑟2

SI unit of G is Nm2/kg2. CGS unit of G is dyne cm2/g2.

Value of G is 6.67 x 10–11 Nm2/kg2.
Fr2
Definition of G – G= If m1 = m2 = 1 kg and r = 1 m then, G = F
m1 m2

Thus, universal gravitational constant is defined as the force of attraction between two
bodies of masses 1 kg each and separated by distance of 1 m.
a) Kepler’s First Law (Law of Orbit) – Each planet
revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the
sun at one of the foci.
b) Kepler’s Second Law (Law of Areal Velocity) – The
straight line joining the sun and the planet sweeps
equal areas in equal time intervals. Therefore, areal
velocity remains constant.
c) Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Period) – The square of the orbital period of planet is
proportional to cube of mean distance from the sun.
T2  r2 or T2 = k r3

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Physics STNMS Class IX

ii) Inverse Square Law –

mv2
According to centripetal force, F= …(I)
r
Distance 2𝜋𝑟
By the definition of velocity, v= = …(II)
time T

From equation (I) and (II)

𝑚4𝜋2 𝑟 2 4𝜋2 𝑚𝑟
F= = …(III)
rT2 T2
According to Kepler’s 3rd law, T2 = k r3
4𝜋2 𝑚𝑟 4𝜋2 𝑚
Then, equation (III) becomes, F= =
𝑘r3 𝑘r2
4𝜋2 𝑚
But, is constant
𝑘
1
 𝐹 ∝ This equation is Inverse square law.
𝑟2

Importance of Universal Law of Gravitational Constant –

a) The force that binds us to the earth.
b) The motion of the moon around the earth.
c) The motion of planets around the sun.
d) The tides due to the moon and sun.
10.2 Free Fall –
A body falling towards the earth under the action of gravitational force alone is said to be
in ‘free fall’ and such body is said ‘freely falling body’.
i) Acceleration due to gravity –
The constant acceleration produced in freely falling body to earth’s gravitational pull is
known as acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by ‘g’.
Relation between g and G –
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Physics STNMS Class IX

Consider body of mass m near the surface of the earth. The magnitude of gravitational
force acting on body due to earth is given by,
𝑀𝑚
F= 𝐺 …(i)
R2
Where, M = mass of earth, R = radius of earth.
This gravitational force produces acceleration equal to g in
body of mass m. According to newton’s 2nd law of motion.
F=mxg …(ii)
Equating equation (i) and (ii) we get,
𝑀𝑚
mg = G
R2
𝐌
g = 𝐆
𝐑𝟐
This expression for the acceleration due to gravity on the
earth surface and it does not depend on mass of body.
To calculate the value of g –
Let, Universal gravitational constant G = 6.7 x 10–11 Nm2/kg2, mass of the earth M = 6 x 1024
kg and radius of the earth R = 6.4 x 106 m.
M 6.7 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024
g= G 2 = = 9.8 m/s2.
R (6.4 × 106 )2

Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity of the earth, g = 9.8 m/s2.
Difference between ‘g’ and ‘G’ –
Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ Universal gravitational constant ‘G’

1) The value of g is different at different pole 1) The value of G is same at every point
on earth surface. on the earth’s surface.
2) The value of g is different on different 2) The value of G is same throughout the
planets and on moon. universe.
3) The value of g on surface of earth is 9.8 m/s2 3) The value of G is 6.67 x 10–11 Nm2/kg2

ii) Motion of objects under the influence of gravitational force of the earth –
The three equations of motion derived for bodies moving with uniform acceleration can
be used to describe the motion of freely falling bodies. In the general equations of motion,
we replace (a) acceleration a by acceleration due to gravity g and (b) distance travelled s
by the height h covered by the freely falling bodies.
General equation of motion Equation of motion for freely falling bodies
v = u + at v = u + gt
s = ut + ½ at2 h = ut + ½ gt2
v2 = u2 + 2 as v2 = u2 + 2 gh

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Physics STNMS Class IX

10.3 Mass and Weight –

Mass – It is defined as the quantity of matter contained in body. It is denoted by m and
SI unit is kilogram (kg) and CGS unit gram (g)
Weight – It is defined as the force with which body is attracted by earth towards centre of
the earth. It is denoted by W.
We know that, F = ma. The acceleration produced by gravitational force is acceleration
due to gravity (g). Thus, force acting on body is given by,
F=mxg
The force of attraction of the earth on object is known as the weight of the object.
W=mxg
i) Difference between Mass and Weight –
Mass Weight
a) The quantity of matter contained in a) The force with which body is attracted
body, is called Mass. by earth towards centre of the earth.
b) Mass of body can never be zero. b) Weight of a body can be zero when g = 0
c) Mass of body is constant at all places c) Weight of body changes from place to
place.
d) Mass is measured with the help of d) Weight is measured with the help of
physical balance spring balance
e) Mass is scalar quantity e) Weight is vector quantity
f) SI unit – kg and CGS unit – g f) SI unit – N and CGS unit – dyne

ii) Weight of an object on the surface of the Moon –

Consider a body of mass m on the earth surface.
Let, Me be the mass of earth and Re be its radius.
𝑀𝑒 𝑚
Weight of body on earth’s surface, We = 𝐺 …(1)
𝑅𝑒2
𝑀𝑚 𝑚
Weight of body on the moon, Wm = 𝐺 2 …(2)
𝑅𝑚

Where, Mm = mass of moon, Rm = radius of moon

Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get
𝑊𝑚 𝐺 𝑀𝑚 𝑚 𝑅𝑒2 𝑀𝑚 𝑅𝑒2
= 2 × = 2 × …(3)
𝑊𝑒 𝑅𝑚 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝑚 𝑅𝑚 𝑀𝑒

Let, Me = 6 x 1024 kg, Mm = 7.4 x 1022 kg, Re = 6.4 x 106 m, Rm = 1.74 x 106 m
Putting these values in equation (3), we get
𝑊𝑚 1
= 0.165 
𝑊𝑒 6

Weight of the object on the moon = 1/6 x its weight on the earth
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Physics STNMS Class IX

10.4 Floatation – Thrust and Pressure:

A] Thrust –
Force applied on a body which is perpendicular to the
surface is known as thrust. SI unit – newton (N).
It is vector quantity. Thrust = Force = Weight
Thrust = m x g OR Thrust = m x a
The force exerted by body on a surface is equal to the weight
of a body.
B] Pressure –
The thrust acting per unit area of the surface is called pressure.
Thrust F
Pressure =  P=
Area A
SI unit of pressure is N/m or pascal (Pa). It is scalar quantity.
2

Pressure is more if force acting on small area and pressure is less if same force is acting
on large area.
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 bar = 105 Pa 1 millibar = 102 Pa
1 amu = 1.013 x 105 Pa 1 Pa = 1.013 Bar.
For example – a) A nail has pointed tip. b) Skiers use long flat skis to slide over snow.
c) The foundation of a building or a dam has a large surface area. d) The tyres of a bus or
a truck have larger width than those of a car. e) Wide wooden sleepers are kept below
railway lines.

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Physics STNMS Class IX

i) Buoyancy –
Buoyant Force – Every liquid exerts an upward force on the object in it. This upward
force is known as buoyant force or upthrust.
Buoyancy – The tendency of liquid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it, is
called buoyancy.

ii) Why the objects float or sink when placed on the surface of water?
When object is put in liquid, then two forces act on it, that are:
a) Weight of an object acting vertically downward.
b) Buoyant force acting upward.
Case I: If buoyant force is less than weight of the body then object will sink in liquid.
Case II: If buoyant force is equal to the weight of the body, then object will float in liquid.
Case III: If buoyant force is more than weight of the body then object will float on liquid.

Characteristics of Floating body –

Weight of body is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the immersed part of the
body. In the floating position the apparent weight of the body will be zero and it will be
in weightless condition.

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Physics STNMS Class IX

10.5 Archimedes’ Principle –

‘When body is immersed
fully or partially in a fluid, it
experiences an upward force
that is equal to the weight of
fluid displaced by it.’
[Buoyant force acting on
liquid] = [weight of liquid which
displaced by object]
Applications –
a) It is used in designing ship and submarine.
b) It is used to determine relative density of the substance.
c) Lactometer which is used to determine the purity of sample of milk and hydrometers
to determining density.
10.6 Relative Density –
Density – The mass of substance per unit volume is called density of that substance.
Mass (M)
Density (d) = SI unit is kg/m3 and CGS unit is g/cm3
Volume (V)

Relative density – It is the ratio of density of substance to the density of water. It is also
called specific gravity.
Density of substance
 Relative density = Relative density has no unit.
Density of water

Case I – Density of substance is greater than

density of water, then relative density is greater
than one. Therefore, body will sink.
Density of substance > density of water;
Relative density > 1; Body will sink.
Case II – Density of substance is less than
density of water then the relative density is less
than one. Therefore, body will float.
Density of substance < density of water; Relative density < 1; Body will float.
4] Videos – To understand the concept, watch this video.
https://youtu.be/GIO2F8jwL4g (Universal law of gravitation)
https://youtu.be/GBEjqrMTFPA (Free fall)
https://youtu.be/1vei40PycXo (Mass & Weight)
https://youtu.be/2RefIvqaYg8 (Archimedes’ Principle)

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Physics STNMS Class IX

5] Activity 1 –
Example 10.1] The mass of the earth is 6 × 1024 kg and that of the moon is 7.4 × 1022 kg. If
the distance between the earth and the moon is 3.84×105 km, calculate the force exerted by
the earth on the moon. (Take G = 6.7 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)
Ans.: The mass of the earth, M = 6 × 1024 kg, The mass of the moon, m = 7.4 × 1022 kg,
The distance between the earth and the moon,
R = 3.84 × 105 km = 3.84 × 105 × 1000 m = 3.84 × 108 m, G = 6.7 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2
The force exerted by the earth on the moon is,
𝑀𝑚 6.7 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024 × 7.4 × 1022
F= 𝐺 =
R2 (3.84 × 108 )2

= 2.02 × 1020 N.
Thus, the force exerted by the earth on the moon is 2.02 × 1020 N.

Example 10.2] An object weighs 10 N when measured on the surface of the earth. What
would be its weight when measured on the surface of the moon?
Solution: We know, Weight of object on the moon = (1/6) × its weight on the earth.
𝑊𝑒 10
That is, Wm = = = 1.67 N.
6 6
Thus, the weight of object on the surface of the moon would be 1.67 N.
Activity 2 – Verification of Archimedes’ Principle:
i) Place a displacement can on a table with a beaker
under its spout.
ii) Pour water in the can until it runs from the spout.
iii) Another beaker is placed in place of the first one
after the water ceases to drip in it.
iv) A suitable body e.g., a piece of metal or stone is
suspended by a thin thread from the hook of spring
balance and the weight of the body in air is measured.
v) The body, which is still attached to the balance, is
then carefully lowered into the displacement can.
When it is completely immersed, its new weight is noted with the spring balance.
vi) The displaced water is collected in the weighted beaker. When no more water drips
from the spout, the beaker and the water ae weighed.
vii) The difference in the weights of beaker with water and the beaker alone, gives the
weight of the water collected.
Observation: Weight of water displaced by the body = weight of the body in air – weight
of the body in water.

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Physics STNMS Class IX

6] Mind Map –

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Physics STNMS Class IX

7] Bibliography –
1. CBSE All in one – Arihant Publication
2. Together with Science – Rachna Sagar (Study material)
3. GRB by Narendra Kumar.
4. Physics Question Bank – Oswaal publication
5. NCERT Science

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Physics STNMS Class IX

8] Question Bank –
I] Paragraph based Multiple Choice Questions.
Answer the question number (i) to (iv) on the basis of your understanding of the
following paragraph and the related studied concepts.
Paragraph 1: Weight of a body is the force with which the body is attracted towards the
centre of earth. It is given by, W = mg, where g is acceleration due to gravity. At the
centre of earth, g = 0. As we move above or below the surface of earth, value of g goes on
decreasing.
i) The standard value of g on the surface of earth is,
a) 9.8 m/s2 b) 8.9 m/s2 c) 10 m/s2 d) 5 m/s2
ii) At the centre of earth, value of g is
a) 9.8 m/s2 b) zero c) – 9.8 m/s2 d) 4.9 m/s2
iii) A body of given mass weighs
a) maximum at the centre of earth b) more at a height above the surface of earth
c) more at a depth below the surface of earth
d) maximum at the surface of earth
iv) A body weighs 40 kg on the surface of earth. At the centre of earth, it mass and weight
respectively are
a) 40 kg, 40 kg b) 40 kg, zero c) zero, zero d) zero, 40 kg
Ans.: i) 9.8 m/s2 ii) zero
iii) maximum at the surface of earth iv) 40 kg, zero
Paragraph 2: Newton gave the law of gravitation. According to this law, any two bodies
G 𝑚1 𝑚2
of masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance r attract each other with a force F = .
𝑟2
Here, G is a constant whose value is constant = 6.67 x 10–11 Nm2/kg2. That is why G is
called universal gravitational constant. This law accounts for motion of planets around
the sun, motion of moon and other artificial satellites around the earth, flow of water in
rivers and so many other phenomena.
i) G is called universal gravitational constant because,
a) its value is too small b) its value is too large
c) its value is absolute constant, does not depend upon any factor
d) none
ii) Flow of water in rivers is governed by,
a) Universal law of gravitation b) acceleration due to gravity
c) Kepler’s laws d) None of the above

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Physics STNMS Class IX

iii) Acceleration of free fall is called acceleration due to gravity (g) whose value is,
a) 9.8 m/s2 b) 19.6 m/s2 c) 0.98 m/s2 d) cannot say
iv) If earth is taken as a sphere of mass M and radius R, value of acceleration due to
gravity (g) on the surface of earth is given by,
gM GM gM G
a) G = b) g = c) g = d) g =
R2 R2 R3 MR2

v) The value of G,
a) 6.67 x 10–5 Nm2/kg2 b) 6.67 x 10–1 Nm2/kg2
c) 6.67 x 10–8 dyne.cm2/g2 d) 6.67 x 10–11 dyne.cm2/g2
Ans.: i) its value is absolute constant, does not depend upon any factor,
GM
ii) universal law of gravitation, iii) 9.8 m/s2 iv) g =
R2

v) 6.67 x 10–8 dyne.cm2/g2

Paragraph 3: Take a beaker filled with water. Take an iron nail and place it on the surface
of water and observe what happens.
i. Which one of the following is not an incorrect answer?
a) The nail sinks
b) The force due to gravitational attraction of the Earth on the nail pulls it downwards.
c) There is an upthrust of water on nail which pushes it upwards.
d) The downward gravitational force acting on the nail is less than the upthrust on it.
ii. Which one of the following is the correct answer?
a) The nail sinks
b) The force of gravitational attraction on the nail is equal to the upthrust of water
acting on it
c) The force of gravitational attraction on the nail is less than the upthrust of water
acting on it
d) Upthrust of water on the nail varies with the position of the nail in the water
iii. Choose the correct answer if the nail is replaced by a cork of equal mass?
a) the cork floats b) the cork sinks
c) Density of cork is equal to the density of nail
d) the upthrust of water on cork is less than the weight of the cork
iv. Choose the correct answer if both the nail & the cork are placed on the surface of water.
a) the cork and nail both sink
b) density of cork is less than that of nail
c) Objects of density more than of water float on it
d) Density plays no role in floatation

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 Chap 10 : Gravitation www.rava.org.in

CHAPTER 10
File Revision Date : 6 September 2019
Previous Years Chapterwise Question Bank
CLASS : 9 th
SUB : Science
For Objective Questions and NCERT Solutions
visit www.cbse.online or whatsapp at 8905629969

Gravitation

ONE MARK QUESTIONS the combined effect of these two motion the ball moves
along a parabolic trajectory as shown in figure

1. Write SI unit of G.
Ans :

We know F = Gm12m2
r
2
or G = Fr
m1 m2
In SI system, force F is measured in N, distance r in
m and masses m1 and m2 in kg, therefore
2
SI unit of G = Nm = Nm2kg–2
kg.kg
6. What is weightlessness?
2. Why is G called ‘a universal gravitational constant’ ?
Ans :
Ans :
A body is said to be in a state of weightlessness when
The value of G is same for any pair of objects in the the reaction of the supporting surface is zero or its
universe. Also its value does not depend on the nature apparent weight is zero.
of the intervening medium. That is why constant G is
called ‘universal gravitational constant’. 7. Is value of “g” same at all places on the Earth? Give
reason for your answer.
3. Why should we be sent flying in space if the force of
Ans :
gravity somehow vanishes today?
Ans : No, the value of “g” is maximum at the poles and
minimum at equator. This variation is because to the
The centripetal force required to keep us rotating oblong shape of the Earth and its rotation about its
along with the Earth would not be available in the own axis.
absence of force of gravity. We would then fly off along
the tangent to the Earth into the space. 8. Define the weight of an object on Moon.
Ans :
4. Give difference between `g’ and ‘G’ in a tabular form.
Ans : The weight of an object on the Moon is the force with
which the Moon attracts that object.
Gravity (g) Gravitational
constant (G) 9. What is the relation between gravitational force of the
Moon with the Earth.
1. Acceleration Numerically equal to
acquired by a body the force of attraction Ans :
due to Earth’s between two masses of The gravitational force of the Moon is about one-sixth
gravitational pull 1 kg each apart of 1 m. of what it is on the Earth.
on it.
2. Not a universal G is a universal 10. Name the scientist in whose honor the SI unit of
constant. Different constant. Value is 6.67 pressure is named.
at different places. × 10–11 N-m2kg2 Ans :
3. Vector quantity Scalar quantity The SI unit of pressure is named after Blaise Pascal.

5. A ball moving on a table reaches the edge and falls. 11. Why does a mug full of water feel lighter inside water?
Sketch the path it will follow while falling. Ans :
Ans : A mug of water appears lighter inside the water
As the ball falls, it has a horizontal velocity and a because a buoyant force acts on the mug when placed
vertical downward acceleration due to gravity. Under inside the water.

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Chap 10 : Gravitation www.cbse.online

12. What is the importance of universal law of gravitation? than that at the equator.
or (v) As a result, the weight of an object increases if it
Write four phenomenons which were successfully moves from the equator to the poles.
explained using universal law of gravitation.
Ans : 18. Why are the ends of tools like knives, pins and nails
pointed?
Many unconnected phenomenon can be explained by
gravitational law successfully. Ans :
(i) Force bind us with Earth The ends of tools such as pins, knives and nails are
(ii) Motion of Moon around Earth made pointed to increase the effect of the force.
(iii) Motion of planet around Sun Because the pointed ends have much smaller areas.
(iv) Tides due to the Moon and Sun As result for a certain amount of force applied, the
pressure becomes very large. That is why sharp edges
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needs very small force to cut fruits or vegetables.
13. Name the force which accelerates a body in free fall.
19. Why the value of ‘g’ decreases when we move from the
Ans : poles to the equator?
Gravitational force of Earth. Ans :
The shape of Earth is an ellipse so when we move
14. What is the unit of “g”?
from the poles to the equator the radius of the Earth
Ans : R increases. Hence, the value of ‘g’ decreases because
The unit of “g” is ms–2. value ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the radius of
Earth.
15. Why value of “g” more or less constant on or near g = GM2
the Earth? R
Ans : 20. Explain : Centrifugal force and Centripetal force.
Radius of Earth does not change much; “g” is more or Ans :
less constant on or near the Earth.
A force which is required to move a body uniformly
in a circle is known as centripetal force. This force
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS acts along the radius and towards the centre of the
circle, centrifugal force arises when a body is moving
actually along a circular path, by virtue of tendency of
16. Derive a relationship between “g” and “G”. the body to regain its natural straight line path. This
force acts along the radius and away from the centre
Ans :
of the circle.
Let a body of mass m be dropped from a distance R
from the centre of the Earth. 21. A certain particle has a weight of 30N at a place where
Therefore, F exerted by the Earth on the body is, the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2 (a) What
F = G # Me2 # m are its mass and weight at a place where acceleration
R due to gravity is 3.5 m/s square (b) What are its
Where, Me is the mass of the Earth then, the mass and weight at a place where acceleration due to
acceleration of the body (a) is given by gravity is 0?
A = Force Ans :
Mass of the body
(a) Weight of the body, W = 30, W = mg,
= F = G # Me2 # m Mass of the body,
m R
Thus, a is independent of the mass of the object falling m = W = 30 = 8.5 kg
g 3.5
towards the Earth. This acceleration “a” developed New weight of the body,
by a falling object is called the acceleration due to
gravity. It is denoted by “g”. W’ = mg’
= (3.06) (3.5) N = 10.71 N
g = G # Me
R (b) Mass remains the same but weight becomes zero.

17. Discuss the variation of weight of a body with the

22. How does the force of gravitation between two objects
Latitude of Earth and Altitude of Earth.
change when the distance between them is reduced
Ans : to half?
(i) Earth is not a perfect sphere. Ans :
(ii) Its radius at equator is longer than at the poles.
When the distance between the objects is reduced to
(iii) The acceleration due to gravity is inversely
half the gravitational force increases by four times the
proportional to the square of the radius.
original force.
(iv) Therefore, the value of “g” at the poles is higher

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23. The gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion (C) Free fall (3) gravitational force
to their masses. Why, then, a heavy object does not
fall faster than a light object? (D) Weight (4) gravitation
Ans : Ans :
Acceleration due to gravity does not depend on (A - 4), (B - 1), (C - 2), (D - 3)
mass of object. Hence, all bodies fall with the same
acceleration provided there is no air or other resistance. 29. Why are objects in free fall weightless?
Add 89056 29969 in Your Class Whatsapp Group to Get All PDF Files. Ans :
An object falling freely is accelerated downward
24. What is Gravitation? by gravity. Due to the downward acceleration, it
Ans : experiences an upward inertial force. This upward
force cancels the downward gravitational force. Hence,
Gravitation is the force of attraction between two
the object is weightless.
objects in the universe :
(i) Gravitation may be the attraction of objects by
the Earth. 30. How can a person lie on a bed of nails without getting
Example : If a body is dropped from a certain hurt?
height, it falls downwards due to Earth’s gravity. Ans :
If a body is thrown upwards, it reaches a certain Weight is spread out over them all making the pressure
height and then falls downwards due to the on each individual nail just about equal to a pinch if
Earth’s gravity. there are many nails. The greater the number of nails
(ii) Gravitation may be the attraction between objects the lesser will be the pressure per square inch. If there
in outer space : Attraction between the Earth and are a large number of nails, it will be almost like lying
Moon. Attraction between the Sun and planets. on a solid surface.

25. Two objects of masses M1 and M2 are dropped in

vacuum from a height above the surface of Earth (M1 NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
is greater than M2). Which one will reach the ground
first and why?
Ans : 31. Let us find force of attraction between two blocks
lying 1 m apart. Let the mass of each block is 40 kg.
Since acceleration is the rate of change of velocity,
Ans :
and velocity is the rate of change of position, objects
dropped from the same height will feel the same F=?
acceleration, and so move with the same rate of
m1 = 40 kg
increasing velocity, and so hit the ground at the same
time, independent of their masses. m2 = 40 kg
d=1m
26. How does the force of gravitation between two objects G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2kg–2
change when the distance between them is reduced -11
to half? F = 6.67 # 10 # 40 # 40
1#1
Ans :
= 1.0672 # 10-7 N
When the distance between the objects is reduced to
half the gravitational force increases by four times the
original force. 32. The gravitational force between two objects is 49 N.
How much distance between these objects be decreased
so that the force between them becomes double?
27. The gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion
to their masses. Why, then, a heavy object does not Ans :
fall faster than a light object? Let ‘r’ be the distance between the object of mass m1
Ans : and m2
Acceleration due to gravity does not depend on F = G m1 m 2

mass of object. Hence, all bodies fall with the same r2

acceleration provided there is no air or other resistance. 49 = G m1 m 2
...(i)
r2
28. Match the column : Now, the distance is reduced to ‘x’ so that the force
become twice, then
Cloumn I Column II
2F = G m1 m 2

(A) Attraction between (1) gravity x2

two planets
98 = G m1 m 2
...(ii)
(B) Attraction between (2) weightlessness x2
a body and a planet Dividing eq. (i) by (ii)

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G m1 m 2 above the top of the window?

r2 = 49 Ans :
G m1 m 2 98
x2 Let a stone be dropped from the edge of the roof A.
x2 = 1 = x = r Let it passes over B with a velocity say u. Consider
r2 2 motion BC.
2
So, the distance must decrease by 1 times the u = ?, a = 9.8 ms–2; s = h = 2 m; t = 0.1 s
2
original distance. Using s = ut + 1 gt2 , we have
2
33. Two bodies A and B having masses 2 kg and 4 kg 2 = u(0.1) + 9.8 (0.1)2
2
respectively are separated by 2 m. Where should a
body of mass 1 kg be placed so that the gravitational 2 = 0.1u + 0.049
force on this body due to bodies A and B is zero? 0.1 u = 2 – 0.049
Ans : or u = 19.51 ms–1
This initial velocity at B in motion BC is the final
Mass of body a is Ma = 2 kg
velocity in motion AB.
Mass of body b is Mb = 4 kg Considering motion AB, we have
Mass of body c is Mc = 1 kg u = 0; v = 19.51 ms–1; s = ?; a = 9.8 ms–2
Separation between a and b = 2 m Using v2 – u2 = 2as, we have
Let the body C be placed at a distance d from body A
(19.51)2 – (0)2 = 2 × 9.8 s
Gravitational force between A and C
or s = 19.4 m
FAC = GMa2Mc = G # 22 # 1 Roof is 19.4 m above the window.
d d
= 2G ...(1) Download All PDF files from www.rava.org.in.
d2
Gravitational force between B and C is 36. A ball thrown up is caught by the thrower after 4 s.
With what velocity was it thrown up? How high did it
FBC = GMb2Mc = G # 4 #2 1
d (2 - d) go? Where was it after 3 s ? (g = 9.8 ms–2)
Ans :
= 4G 2 ...(2)
(2 - d) Since, the time of going up is the same as that of
For body C the gravitational force is 0. coming down, therefore, time of going up = 4/2 = 2 s.
Hence, FAC = FBC Let it starts upward with velocity u.
2G = 4G Here u = ?; a = – 9.8 ms–2; t = 2 s; v = 0 (at the
d2 (2 - d) 2 top); s = h
(2 – d)2 = 2d2 Using v = u + at
2–d = 2d or 0 = u – 9.8 × 2
( 2 + 1) d = 2 or u = 19.6 ms–1
d = 0.83 Again v2 – u2 = 2as
0 – (19.6)2 = 2 (–9.8) h
34. Calculate the force of gravitation due to a child of h = 19.6 m
mass 25 kg on his mother of mass 75 kg if the distance After 2 s, it starts coming downwards (starting with
between their centres is 1 m from each other. Given u = 0). Considering downward motion,
G = (20/3) × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2.
u = 0; a = 9.8 ms–2; t = 3 – 2= 1s;
Ans :
s=?
Here m1 = 25 kg; m2 = 75 kg; d = 1 m; s = ut + 12 at2
G = 20 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2 or s = 0 × 9.8 (1)2 = 4.9 m from top.
3 2
Using F = G m1 m2 2 37. Coconut is hanging on a tree at a height of 15 m from
(d)
the ground. A boy launches a projectile vertically
20 10-11 25 75
# # # upwards with a velocity of 20 ms–1. After what time
F = 3 the projectile pass by coconut? Explain the two answer
(1) 2
in this problem.
F = 12,500 × 10–11
Ans :
or F = 1.25 × 10–7 N
Here u = 20 ms–1; a = – 10 ms–2; s = 15 m; t = ?
35. A boy drops a stone from the edge of the roof. It Using s = ut + 1 at2, we have
2
passes a window 2 m high in 0.1 s. How far is the roof
15 = 20t + 1 (–10)t2
2
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Chap 10 : Gravitation www.rava.org.in

by the bottle.
Dividing throughout by 5, we have
Ans :
3 = 4t – t2
Mass, M = 500 g
or t2 - 4t + 3 = 0
Volume, V = 450 cm3
or (t – 1) (t – 3) = t – 1 = 0 or t = ls
500 g
or t – 3 = 0 or t = 3 s Density of bottle, D = M = = 1.11 g cm–3
V 450 cm3
After 1 s, it will cross coconut while going up and
Since, density of bottle is greater than the density of
after 3 s while coming down.
water (1 g cm–3), so the bottle will sink in water.
Mass of water displaced by the bottle
38. A sealed tin of Coca Cola of 400 g has a volume of 300
cm3. Calculate the density of the tin. = Volume of water displaced × Density of water
Ans : = Volume of bottle × Density of water
= 450 cm3 × 1 g cm–3
Here, mass of tin, M = 400 g
= 450 g.
Volume of tin, V = 300 cm3
400 g
Density of tin, D= M = 43. What is the force of gravitation between two point
V 300 cm3 masses of 1 kg and 2 kg kept 1 m apart?
D = 1.33 g cm–3 Ans :

39. A sealed can of mass 600 g has a volume of 500 cm3. m = 1 kg, m2 = 2 kg, r = 1 m
Will this can sink in water? Density of water is 1 g F = G m1 m 2
cm–3. r2
Ans : -11
F = 6.67 # 10 2 # 1 # 2
(1)
Here, mass of can, M = 600 g
= 13.34 # 10-11 N
Volume of can, V = 500 cm3 This is an extremely small force.
600 g
Density of can, D= M = = 1.2 g cm–3
V 500 cm3 44. A particle is thrown up vertically with a velocity of
Since, density of the can is greater than the density of 50 m/s.
water, so the can will sink in water. (a) What will be its velocity at the highest point of
its journey?
40. A force of 200 N is applied perpendicular to its surface (b) How high would the particle rise?
having area 4 square metres. Calculate the pressure. (c) What time would it take to reach the highest
Ans : point?
Ans :
Thrust = 200 N
At the highest point the velocity will be zero.
Area = 4 m2 Considering activity A to B
Pressure = ? Using v = u + at
Pressure = Thrust = 200 N m2 0 = 50 – 9.8 × t
Area 4
t = 5.1 sec
= 50 Nm–2 = 50 Pa
Also v – u2 = 2as
2

41. The density of water is 1000 kg m3. If relative density 02 – (50)2 = 2 (– 9.8) × s
of iron is 7.874, then calculate the density of iron.
s = 127.5 m
Ans :

Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 45. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 40 m high.
Relative density (R.D.) of iron = 7.874 What is its velocity when it has covered 20 m? What
Using, R.D. of iron we get would be its velocity when it hits the ground? Take
g = 10 m/s2.
Density of iron = R.D. of iron
Ans :
× density of water
Let the point B be at a height of 20 m.
= 7.874 × 1000 kg/m3 Activity from A to B :
= 7874 kg/m3. u1 = 0, a1= 10 ms–2,
Download All PDF files from www.rava.org.in. s1 = 20 m, v1 = ?
v1 – u12 = 2a1s1
2

42. A plastic bottle of 500 g has a volume of 450 cm . Will3

v12 – 02 = 2 (10) (20)
the bottle float or sink in water? Density of water is 1
g cm–3? Also calculate the mass of the water displaced v12 = 202

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v1 = 20 m/s Earth. What is its weight at a height of 200 km from

Activity from A to C : C is a point on the ground the surface of the Earth. Radius of the Earth = 6400
u2 = 0, a2 = 10 ms–2, s2 = 40 m, km.
Ans :
v2 = ?
v2 – u22 = 2a2s2
2 Weight on Earth = We = 294 N
v22 – 02 = 2 (10)(40) Radius of Earth = Re = 6400 km
We have to find the weight at height 200 km from the
v22 = 800
surface of Earth
v2 = 28.28 ms–1
Total distance = 200 + 6400
46. A body is thrown up with a speed 29.4 ms–1. d = 6600 km
(i) What is its speed after (a) t = 1 s, (b) t = 2 s and Weight at height 200 km = Wh = ?
(c) t = 3 s. We know,
(ii) What is its height after (a) t = 1 s, (b) t = 2 s and
(c) t = 3 s. We = GMe # m
Re2
Ans :
and Wh = GMe # m
(i) (a) u = 29.4 ms–1, a = – 9.8 ms–2, t1 = 1 s, v1 = ? d2
v1 = u + at1 G and Me are constant.
= 29.4 (– 9.8) × 1 = 19.6 ms–1 We \ m2 and Wh \ m2
Re d
(b) u = 29.4 ms, a = – 9.8 ms–2, t2 = 2 s, v2 = ? We = d2
v2 = u + at2 Wh Re2
2
= 29.4 + (– 9.8) × 2 = 9.8 ms–1 294 = (6600)
(c) u = 29.4 ms–1, a = – 9.8 ms–2, t3 = 3 s, v3 = ? Wh (6400) 2
v3 = u + at3 Wh = 6400 # 6400 # 294
6600 # 6600
= 29.4 + (– 9.8) × 3 = 0
(ii) (a) u = 29.4 ms–1, a = – 9.8 ms–2, s1 = h1 , t1 = 1s Wh = 276.45 N
Weight of the object at the height 200 km from the
h1 = ut1 + 1 at12 = 29.4 × 1 (– 9.8) × 1 surface of the Earth is 276.45 N.
2
= 24.5 m
(b) u = 29.4 ms–1, a = – 9.8 ms–2, s2 = h2, t2 = 2 s 50. The gravitational, force between two objects is F.
How will this force change, when :
h2 = ut2 + 1 at22
2 (i) Distance between them is reduced to half?
= 29.4 × 2 + 1 (– 9.8) × (2)2 = 39.2 m (ii) The mass of each object is quadrupled?
2
Ans :
(c) u = 29.4 ms–1, a = – 9.8 ms–2, s3 = h3, t3 =3 s
(i) According to Newton’s law of gravitation,
h3 = ut3 + 1 at32 gravitational force F between two objects distance
2
= 29.4 × 3 + 1 (–9.8) × 32 = 44.1 m r apart is GMm
2 r2
When distance between them is reduced to half,
47. What is the weight of a person whose mass is 50 kg?
i.e., r’ = r , the force.
Ans : 2
The weight of the person Thus, F’’ = 4F
W = mg = 50 × 9.8 = 490 N i.e., force becomes 4 times its previous value.
Note : The gravitational unit of force is kg-f (kilogram Again, according to Newton’s law of gravitation, the
force) or kg-wt (kilogram weight) 1 gravitational force F between two ‘objects of masses
ml and m2 is F \ m1m2
g – wt = 9.8 N = 1 kg-f When mass of each object is quadrupled,
490 N = 50 kg-f m’1 = 4m1
Add 89056 29969 in Your Class Whatsapp Group to Get All PDF Files. and m’2 = 4m2
The force, F’ \ m’1m’2
48. Weight of a girl is 294 N. Find her mass.
or F’ = 16 F
Ans : i.e., force becomes 16 times its previous value.
W = mg
51. A sphere of mass 40 kg is attracted by a second sphere
294 = m × 9.8
of mass 15 kg when their centres are 20 cm apart, with
m = 30 kg a force of 0.1 milligram weight. Calculate the value of
gravitational constant.
49. Weight of an object is 294 N on the surface of the Ans :

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Here, m1 = 40 kg, m2 = 15 kg is kept.

From r = 20 cm = 2 × 10 m –1 Ans :
F = 0.1 milligram weight Here, force acting on the table,
= 0.1 × 10 gram weight
–3
F = 1.0 kg = 10 N
= 10 × 10 kg wt
–4 –3
Area of the table on which this force acts,
= 10 × 9.8 N (1 kg wt = 9.8 N)
–7
A = 10 cm × 10 cm = 100 cm2
As F = GMm = 100 × 10–4 m2 = 10–2 m2
r2 (1 cm2 = 10–4 m2)
9.8 × 10–7 = G # 15 # 40
P = F = 10-2
(0.2) 2 A 10
9.8 × 10–7 = G # 600 Pressure on the table,
0.04
P = 1000 Pa
9.8(0.040 × 10–7) = 600G
3.92 × 10–7 = 600G 56. Relative density of gold is 19.3. The density of water
From G = 6.53 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 is 103 kg/m3. What is the density of gold in kg/m3?
Ans :
52. Calculate the force of gravity acting on your friend of Given,
mass 60 kg. Given mass of Earth = 6 × 1024 kg and
radius of Earth = 6.4 × 106 m. Relative density of gold = 19.3,
Ans : Density of water = 103 kg/m3
Density of gold
Here, m = 60 kg, M = 6 × 1024 kg
= Relative density of gold × Density of water
R = 6.4 × 106 m, F = ?
= 19.3 × 103
G = 6.67 × 10 –11
Nm /kg
2 2
Density of gold = 19.3 × 103 kg/m3.
F = GMm
R2
57. Mass of aluminum is 67 kg. Volume of aluminium is
-11
= 6.67 # 10 # 6 # 1024 # 60 0.025 m3. Calculate the density of aluminium.
6 2
(6.4 # 10 ) Ans :
Thus, F = 58.62 N Given,
Mass of aluminium (M) = 67 kg,
53. A force of 15 N is uniformly distributed over an area
of 150 m2. Find the pressure in pascals. Volume of aluminium (V) = 0.025 m3
Ans : Density = M = 67
V 0.025
Here, force, F = 15 N
= 2680 kg/m3
Area (A) = 150 cm2
= 150 × 10–4 m2 58. The mass of brick is 2.5 kg and its dimensions are 20
(1 cm = 10–2 m, 1 cm2 = 10–4 m2) cm × 10 cm × 5 cm. Find the pressure exerted on the
ground when it is placed on the ground with different
(P) = F = 15
faces.
A 150 # 10-4
Thus, pressure, P = 1000 Pa Ans :
Given, Mass of the brick (m) = 2.5 kg
54. How much force should be applied on an area of 1 cm2 Dimensions of the brick = 20 cm × 10 cm × 5 cm
to get a pressure of 15 Pa? Weight of the brick (Thrust/Force)
Ans : F = mg = 2.5 × 9.8

Here, Area, A = 1 cm2 = 10–4 m2 = 24.5 N

(i) When the surface area 10 cm × 5 cm is in contact
Pressure (P) = 15 Pa = 15 N/m2 with the ground, then
As F=P×A Area = 10 × 5 = 50 cm2
= (15 N/m ) × (10 m )
2 –4 2
= 50 = 0.005 m2
= 1.5 × 10–3 N 10000

P = F = 24.5 = 4900 N/m2

55. A block weighing 1.0 kg is in the shape of a cube of A 0.005
length 10 cm. It is kept on a horizontal table. Find the (ii) When the surface area 20 cm × 10 cm is in contact
pressure on the portion of the table where the block with the ground, then
Area = 20 × 10 = 200 cm2

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= 200 = 0.02 m2 NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

10000
For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
P = F = 24.5 = 1225 N/m2 www.cbse.online for
A 0.02
1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
Add 89056 29969 in Your Class Whatsapp Group to Get All PDF Files. Bank
2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
59. A force of 20N acts upon a body whose weight is 9.8N. 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
What is the mass of the body and how much is its 4. NCERT Solutions
acceleration? Given, Force = 20 N, Weight W = 9.8 All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
N. We know, W = mg ` 9.8 = m × 9.8 m = 1 kg provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
Ans : Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central
Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi in any manner.
We know F = ma www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide
free study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online
20 = 1 × a
CBSE stands for Canny Books For School Education.
a = 20 m/s2

60. An object is thrown vertically upwards and reaches a

height of 78.4 m. Calculate the velocity at which the
object was thrown? (g = 9.8 m/s2)
Ans :

Given, h = 78.4 m
v=0
g = –9.8 m/s2
Now, v2 = u2 – 2gh
u2 – [2 × (– 9.8) × 78.4] = 0
u2 = 2 × (– 9.8) × 78.4
2 # (- 98) # 784
u2 =
10 # 10

u = 2 # 2 # 49 # 784
10 # 10

u = 2 # 7 # 28
10
u = 39.2 m/s2

61. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49

Newton?
Ans :

Given, Weight of object W = 49N

g = 9.8 m/s2
Now, W = mg
m = W = 49 = 5 kg
g 9.8

62. The volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 cm3. If the

density of water is 1 g cm–3, will the substance float
or sink?
Ans :

Mass = 50 g
Volume = 20 cm3
Density = ?
50 g
Density = Mass =
Volume 20 cm3
= 2.5 g cm–3
As the density of substance is greater than water, so
it will sink.
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