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Lesson 10 Working With Views

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Lesson 10 Working With Views

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Working with Views

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

Illustrate SQL views

List the view manipulation methods

Utilize the view process algorithms

Implement CHECK constraints on views

SQL Views
SQL Views

In SQL, a view refers to a virtual table. It can be created by selecting fields from one or more
tables.

SYNTAX

CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2, column3,….
FROM table_name
WHERE condition…
View Manipulation Methods
Creating a View From a Single Table: Example

Problem Scenario: You are a data analyst in your company, and you are asked to create a
temporary table of employees with salary more than 22000.

Objective: Use the view command to create a temporary table for the condition mentioned
above.
Creating a View From a Single Table: Example

Step 1: Create a table named employee records with the following data:

Emp_ID Emp_F_Name Emp_L_Name Emp_Salary Emp_Location

1134 Mark Jacobs 20000 New York

1256 John Barter 25000 California

1277 Michael Scar 22000 San Francisco

1300 Dan Harris 30000 Texas

Creating a View From a Single Table: Example

Step 2: Use the following view syntax to create a temporary table of employees with salary
more than 22000.

QUERY

CREATE VIEW Employee_View AS

SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_F_Name, Emp_Location
FROM Employee_Records
WHERE Emp_Salary>22000;
Creating a View From a Single Table: Example

To display the created view, enter:

SELECT * FROM Employee_Details;

Output:
Deleting or Dropping a View

DROP statement allows you to delete or drop a created view.

SYNTAX

DROP VIEW view_name;

Updating or Modifying a View

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW statement allows you to update a created view.

SYNTAX
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2,…
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Updating or Modifying a View: Example

Suppose you want to display different columns in the same view name created earlier, then
you can use the replace view command.

Output:
QUERY

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Emp_VIew AS

SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Location
FROM Employee_Records
WHERE Emp_Salary > 20000;
Altering a View

ALTER VIEW command allows you to change the SQL statements present in a view.

SYNTAX

ALTER VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column 2
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

ALTER VIEW is similar to replace view seen in the earlier slides.

Altering a View: Example

If you want to change the columns of a created Emp_View, then you use the alter command.

Output:
QUERY

ALTER VIEW Emp_View AS

SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Salary
FROM Emp_Records
WHERE Emp_Salary>22000;
Renaming a View

Renaming tables and views in MySQL use the same namespace. Therefore, you can use the
RENAME_TABLE statement to rename a view.

SYNTAX

RENAME TABLE present_view_name TO new_view_name;

Renaming a View: Example

Consider the same employee records table and its view Emp view. If you want to rename the
view name that focuses more on the salary aspect, you can use the following syntax:

QUERY

RENAME TABLE Emp_view TO Emp_Salary_View;

Now, the output remains the same as the earlier view, but the view name must be changed to
view the results.
Replacing a View

REPLACE VIEW allows you to replace an existing view with a newly specified view.

SYNTAX

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2,…
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
View Processing Algorithms

In CREATE VIEW command, there is an optional clause called ALGORITHM. This specifies how
the view must be processed.

TEMPLATE

UNDEFINED MERGE
3 1
Workflow of View Processing Algorithms

In MERGE, the text of a statement is merged in such a way that parts of the view definition
replace the corresponding parts of the statement.

Merging the input query with

SELECT statement in the view Executing the combined query
definition into a single query to obtain the result set
Workflow of View Processing Algorithms (Merge): Example

Problem Statement: You are the junior DB administrator in your organization, and your
manager has asked you to change the column headers of the employee table and create a
new view.

Objective: Create a view with the merge algorithm and specify the column headers with the
changes.
Workflow of View Processing Algorithms (Merge): Example

Step 1: Create a view with the algorithm as merge. Include column headers that must be
merged or changed in the view.

QUERY

CREATE ALGORITHM = MERGE VIEW E_VIEW (Emp_Name,

R_name, D_name, Ex_p)
AS
SELECT Emp_Name, Role_name, Dept, Experience
FROMEmp_Table;
Workflow of View Processing Algorithms (Merge): Example

Step 2: Use the select command to extract the data that satisfies the given condition.

QUERY Output:

SELECT * FROM E_VIEW WHERE Emp_Name LIKE '%R%';

Workflow of View Processing Algorithms

In TEMPTABLE, the results from the view are retrieved into a temporary table, which is then
used to execute the statement.

Creating a temporary table to

store the result of SELECT Executing the input query
clause in the view definition against the temporary table

The TEMPTABLE algorithm is less efficient than the MERGE algorithm, as MySQL creates a
temporary table to store data from the base table.
Workflow of View Processing Algorithms

UNDEFINED is the default algorithm applied when you create a view without specifying the
ALGORITHM clause.

MySQL decides to go either with MERGE or TEMPTABLE but prefers MERGE as it is more
efficient.
Updatable View

Updatable in MySQL refers to the ability of executing UPDATE and DELETE queries in the
database view.

create a view without specifying the

To create anALGORITHM
updatable view, you must have the
clause.
following:
• Any aggregation function
• Subqueries in SELECT and WHERE clause
• UNION or UNION ALL
• Outer or Left Joins
• Having and Group By clauses
Updatable View: Example

Problem Statement: You are a junior DB administrator in your organization. After

appraisals, your designation has been changed to Lead Data Scientist. Your Manager has
asked you to update the role change in the created view.

Objective: Create a view for employees, using the employee table, and update the record
for the employee named Roy.
Updatable View: Example

Step 1: Create a view called role name after appraisal

QUERY

CREATE VIEW Role_Name_After_Appraisal AS

SELECT Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Role_Name
FROM Emp_Table;
Updatable View: Example

Step 2: Update the role name of Roy using the following code

QUERY

UPDATE Role_Name_After_Appraisal
SET Role_Name = "Lead Data Scientist“
WHERE
Emp_Name = "Roy";
Updatable View: Example

Step 3: Use the select view command as shown below to view the changes

Output:
QUERY

SELECT * FROM Role_Name_After_Appraisal;

Creating Views Using WITH CHECK OPTION

Updatable in MySQL refers to the ability of executing UPDATE and DELETE queries in the
Is an optional clause database view. Specifies the level of checking
when data is inserted or updated
through a view

• If specified, every row that is inserted or updated through the view must conform to
the definition of the view.
• If it is not specified, insert and update operations that are performed on the view are
not checked for conformance to view the definition.
Creating Views Using WITH CHECK OPTION: Example

Problem Statement: You are the junior DB administrator in your organization, and your
Manger has asked you to create a view that displays the Lead Data Scientist role from the
employee in
Updatable table created
MySQL earlier.
refers to theThe viewofmust
ability only allow
executing the addition
UPDATE of employee
and DELETE queries inwith
the
the Lead designation. Any other designation
databaseentered
view. must prompt an error.

Objective: Create a view using the WITH CHECK OPTION to avoid addition of other
designations.
Creating Views Using WITH CHECK OPTION: Example

Step 1: Create a view using the WITH CHECK OPTION to avoid addition of other
designations.
Updatable in MySQL refers to the ability of executing UPDATE and DELETE queries in the
database view.

QUERY

DELIMITER &&
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Lead_DS AS SELECT Emp_ID,
Emp_Name, Role_name, Dept, Experience
FROM Emp_Table
WHERE Role_name LIKE "%Lead“
WITH CHECK OPTION;
END &&
Creating Views Using WITH CHECK OPTION: Example

Step 2: Insert a record of an employee whose designation is not Lead Data Scientist.

QUERY
Output:

INSERT INTO Lead_DS (Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Role_name,

Dept, Experience) values (333, "Mike", "Senior
Data Scientist","Finance",6);

When you insert the above values, you get the error message shown above.
Creating Views Using WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION

This clause specifies that every row A row cannot be retrieved through the
that is inserted or updated through view if it does not conform to the
a view must conform to the definition of view.
definition of the view.

If the keyword CASCADED is not specified with the WITH CHECK OPTION, then it is by default
taken as CASCADED.
Creating Views Using WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION: Example

QUERY QUERY
CREATE TABLE T1 (C INT);
CREATE TABLE T1 (C INT); CREATE VIEW V2
CREATE VIEW V1 AS SELECT C AS
CREATE VIEW V1 AS SELECT C
SELECT C FROM V1
FROM
FROM T1 WHERE T1
C >10; WHERE C >10; WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION;
INSERT INTO V1 (C) VALUES (5); INSERT INTO V2(C) VALUES (5);
INSERT INTO V1 (C) VALUES (5);

Without WITH CHECK OPTION With CASCADED CHECK OPTION

Output:
Creating Views Using WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION: Example

CREATE VIEW V3
QUERY
AS
CREATE VIEW V3
AS SELECT C
SELECT C QUERY
FROM V2 FROM V2
WHERE C < 20; INSERT INTO V3(C) VALUES (30);
WHERE C < 20;
INSERT INTO V3(C) VALUES (8); INSERT INTO V3(C) VALUES (30);
INSERT INTO V3(C) VALUES (8);

Output:
Creating Views Using WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION

WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION clause is same as WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION clause, except
that you can update a row in such a way that it cannot be retrieved through the view.

This clause specifies that every row that is inserted or updated through a view must
conform to the definition of the view.

This occurs when the view is directly or indirectly dependent on a view that is defined without a
WITH CHECK OPTION.
Creating Views Using WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION: Example

QUERY QUERY
ALTER VIEW V2 AS INSERT INTO V2(C) VALUES (5);
SELECT C
ALTER VIEW V2 AS
FROM V1
WITH LOCAL CHECK SELECT
OPTION; C

FROM V1 QUERY

WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION; INSERT INTO V3(C) VALUES (8);

For views using WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION, MySQL checks the rules of views that have a WITH
LOCAL CHECK OPTION and a WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION.
Show Views

In MySQL, views are treated as tables with the type as VIEW. To list or show all the views in the
selected database, you need to use the SHOW FULL TABLES command.

This clause specifies that every row that is inserted or updated through a view must
SYNTAX
conform to the definition of the view.

SHOW FUNLL TABLES WHERE table_type = ‘VIEW’;

Assisted Practice: Views One

Duration: 15 minutes

Problem Statement: Design a VIEW in MySQL which displays the employee’s name, location,
and project name from two different tables: data_scientist and project.
Assisted Practice: Views One

Steps to be performed:
1. Create a database with a suitable name and then create a table named data_scientist with
multiple columns named emp_code, name, location, time, and designation.

TABLE CREATION:
CREATE TABLE `data_scientist`(
`emp_code` int NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`location` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`time` int NOT NULL,
`designation` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`emp_code`));
Assisted Practice: Views One

2. Insert values in the data_scientist table.

VALUE INSERTION:

INSERT INTO `sys`.`data_scientist` (`emp_code`, `name`, `location`, `experience`, `desgination`) VALUES

('01', 'ram', 'India', '1', 'jr');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`data_scientist` (èmp_code`, `name`, `location`, èxperience`, `desgination`) VALUES
('02', 'robert', 'USA', '6', 'lead');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`data_scientist` (èmp_code`, `name`, `location`, èxperience`, `desgination`) VALUES
('03', 'tim', 'china', '2', 'Sr');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`data_scientist` (èmp_code`, `name`, `location`, èxperience`, `desgination`) VALUES
('04', 'william', 'paris', '5', 'lead');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`data_scientist` (èmp_code`, `name`, `location`, èxperience`, `desgination`) VALUES
('05', 'maggie', 'UK', '9', 'lead');
Assisted Practice: Views One

3. Create a table named project with multiple columns named emp_code, project_name, and
project_status.

TABLE CREATION:

CREATE TABLE `data_scientist` (

`emp_code` int NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`location` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`time` int NOT NULL,
`designation` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`emp_code`)
Assisted Practice: Views One

4. Insert values in the project_name table.

VALUE INSERTION:

INSERT INTO `sys`.`project` (`emp_code`, `project_name`, `project_status`) VALUES

('01', 'C++', 'DONE');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`project` (èmp_code`, `project_name`, `project_status`) VALUES
('02', 'C', 'DONE');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`project` (èmp_code`, `project_name`, `project_status`) VALUES
('03', 'JAVA', 'DONE');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`project` (èmp_code`, `project_name`, `project_status`) VALUES
('04', 'MySQL', 'DONE');
INSERT INTO `sys`.`project` (èmp_code`, `project_name`, `project_status`) VALUES
('05', 'Python', 'DONE');
Assisted Practice: Views One

5. Write a query for creating a VIEW named as display for displaying the desired contents of both the tables.

VIEW Creation:

DROP VIEW display;

CREATE VIEW display AS
SELECT data_scientist.name , data_scientist.location , project.project_name
FROM data_scientist , project WHERE data_scientist.emp_code = project.emp_code ;
SELECT * FROM display;
Assisted Practice: Views One - Lab Output

Table project: Table data_scientist:

Assisted Practice: Views One - Lab Output

Output of VIEW display:

Assisted Practice: Views Two

Duration: 20 mins

Problem statement: As an SQL expert, you have been asked to analyze the customer purchase data preferably
using VIEWS so that the other concerned users only have access to the data they need, while protecting other
data in the same table.
Assisted Practice: Views Two

Steps to be performed:
Step 01: Create a table named “customer” containing the columns ORDER_ID, ORDER_DATE, CUST_ID,
PROD_ID, UNIT_QTY, and WEIGHT

CREATE
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customer;
CREATE TABLE customer (
ORDER_ID INTEGER,
CUST_ID TEXT,
PROD_ID TEXT,
UNIT_QTY INT,
WEIGHT DOUBLE);
Assisted Practice: Views Two