South Asian Literature Past Papers Solved Long

Questions

Past Paper 2014

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Taufiq Rafat’s poems are rooted in indigenous ethos and they are poems
particularly about Pakistan. Elaborate with reference to his poems included in
your syllabus?

A: 1 Taufiq Rafat, a prominent Pakistani poet, indeed infuses his poetry with
the indigenous ethos of Pakistan, capturing the essence of the land, its people,
and their experiences. "A Stone Chat" and "Flood Wedding" are two
exemplary poems that showcase Rafat's deep connection to his homeland.

In "A Stone Chat," Rafat delves into the intricate relationship between man
and nature, drawing inspiration from the natural landscape of Pakistan. The
poem evokes a sense of nostalgia and reverence for the land, as the stone chat
bird becomes a symbol of continuity and resilience amidst the changing
seasons. Through vivid imagery and thoughtful reflections, Rafat intertwines
the bird's presence with the enduring spirit of the Pakistani people, creating a
poignant portrayal of the country's timeless beauty and strength.
"Flood Wedding" takes a different approach, exploring the impact of natural
forces on the human experience. Set against the backdrop of a flood, the poem
delves into the chaos and upheaval caused by the deluge, but also uncovers
moments of resilience and solidarity within the community. Rafat skillfully
weaves together the themes of love, loss, and the indomitable human spirit,
grounding the narrative in the specific context of Pakistan while also
resonating with universal themes of human endurance and hope.

Throughout both poems, Rafat's deep-rooted connection to Pakistan is

evident in his lyrical descriptions of the country's landscapes, traditions, and
people. He captures the essence of Pakistan not only through its physical
attributes but also through the emotions and experiences that define its
cultural tapestry. Rafat's ability to intertwine the indigenous ethos of Pakistan
with universal themes makes his poetry both deeply evocative and universally
resonant, showcasing the richness and complexity of the Pakistani experience.
Q: 2 Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a grim reminder of the
continuing cost of ethnic profiling, miscommunication and confrontation?

A: 2 Mohsin Hamid's "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" serves as a poignant

and thought-provoking exploration of the enduring repercussions of ethnic
profiling, miscommunication, and confrontation. The novel presents a grim
reminder of the ongoing costs associated with these societal issues, shedding
light on their pervasive and damaging effects.

The portrayal of ethnic profiling within the narrative underscores the

insidious impact of prejudice and discrimination, highlighting the enduring
toll it takes on individuals and communities. Through the protagonist's
experiences, the novel offers a compelling commentary on the dehumanizing
effects of such profiling, emphasizing the far-reaching consequences that
reverberate through society.

The theme of miscommunication is intricately woven into the fabric of the

story, revealing the destructive potential of misunderstandings and the
breakdown of meaningful dialogue. The novel's exploration of
miscommunication serves as a stark reminder of the dangers inherent in the
failure to truly understand and empathize with others, ultimately contributing
to heightened tensions and conflict.
Finally, the narrative's depiction of confrontation underscores the destructive
nature of conflict and the toll it exacts on individuals and communities. By
delving into the complexities of confrontation, the novel offers a sobering
reflection on the enduring costs of discord and the profound human suffering
it engenders.

"The Reluctant Fundamentalist" stands as a powerful testament to the

enduring relevance of its themes, serving as a stark reminder of the ongoing
societal challenges posed by ethnic profiling, miscommunication, and
confrontation. Through its compelling narrative, the novel prompts readers to
confront these issues with empathy and understanding, fostering a deeper
awareness of their impact on individuals and society at large.
Q: 3 In what way do characters in The God of Small Things illustrate a crisis
of identity? What point do you think Arundhati Roy is using this pattern to
make?

A: 3 The characters in "The God of Small Things" by Arundhati Roy vividly

illustrate a profound crisis of identity, reflecting the complex interplay of
societal expectations, personal desires, and the weight of tradition. Through
the experiences of the characters, Roy delves into the multifaceted nature of
identity, showcasing the ways in which individuals grapple with conflicting
forces that shape their sense of self.

The novel's characters navigate a web of societal norms, familial obligations,

and personal aspirations, often finding themselves at odds with the roles and
identities imposed upon them. This internal conflict manifests as a crisis of
identity, as the characters struggle to reconcile their own desires and beliefs
with the expectations and constraints placed upon them by their environment.

Arundhati Roy employs this pattern of identity crisis to underscore the

pervasive impact of societal structures and cultural norms on individual
autonomy and self-expression. By delving into the internal turmoil of her
characters, Roy sheds light on the profound repercussions of societal
expectations, particularly within the context of a rigidly stratified society.
Through their struggles, the characters in "The God of Small Things" serve
as a poignant reflection of the broader societal challenges surrounding
identity, agency, and the quest for self-determination.
Arundhati Roy utilizes the pattern of identity crisis in her novel to underscore
the intricate interplay between individual agency and societal constraints,
offering a compelling exploration of the enduring struggle for self-definition
within the context of a complex and stratified society.
 Past Paper 2015

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 The time line of Burnt Shadows is very ambitious. Is Shamsie successful

in gelling different periods of history?

A: 1 Kamila Shamsie's ability to weave together different periods of history in

"Burnt Shadows" is indeed a testament to her skill as a storyteller. By
spanning several decades and geographies, Shamsie intricately connects the
personal and political through the experiences of her characters. The
ambitious timeline, from pre-World War 2 Japan to post-9/11 America, serves
as a rich backdrop for the intergenerational impact of historical events on the
lives of the characters.

One of the most compelling aspects of Shamsie's narrative is her adept

character development, particularly through the central figure of Hiroko
Tanaka. By tracing Hiroko's journey from Japan in the 1930s to post-
partition India and Britain, Shamsie effectively connects disparate eras,
providing a deeply personal lens through which to view historical events. This
approach allows readers to witness the profound impact of history on
individual lives, as well as the enduring legacies that span generations.
Shamsie's incorporation of significant historical events, such as the bombing
of Nagasaki, demonstrates her commitment to contextualizing the narrative
within the broader sweep of history. By vividly portraying these events and
their aftermath, Shamsie immerses readers in the time period, fostering a
deeper understanding of the characters' experiences within their historical
context.

Shamsie's ability to maintain a clear narrative thread while shifting between

disparate eras is a testament to her storytelling prowess. By focusing on the
intergenerational impact of history on her characters, she effectively
underscores the enduring reverberations of historical events across time and
place. For example, the exploration of how Hiroko's experiences during
World War 2 shape her grandson Raza's struggles with identity in the post-
9/11 world serves as a poignant illustration of the lasting impact of history on
individual lives.

In conclusion, Kamila Shamsie's "Burnt Shadows" stands as a remarkable

achievement in braiding together the personal and political across an
ambitious timeline. Through nuanced character development and meaningful
contextualization of history, Shamsie skillfully demonstrates how individual
lives are powerfully shaped by, and in turn shape, the currents of history.
Q: 2 Write a detailed critical summary of A different Language by Sujata
Bhatt?

A: 2 "A Different Language" by Sujata Bhatt is a poignant and thought-

provoking poem that explores the complexities of language, culture, and
identity. The poem delves into the experiences of an individual grappling with
the challenges of assimilating into a new culture while yearning for a
connection to their native language and heritage.

Bhatt skillfully employs evocative imagery and lyrical language to convey the
emotional weight of the speaker's internal conflict. The poem opens with the
speaker's recollection of their mother tongue, capturing the essence of
familiarity and comfort associated with the language of their homeland. The
use of sensory details and vivid descriptions immerses the reader in the
speaker's longing for a sense of belonging and connection to their roots.

As the poem unfolds, Bhatt masterfully navigates the juxtaposition of the

speaker's assimilation into a new language and the enduring pull of their
native tongue. The contrast between the two languages serves as a poignant
reflection of the speaker's internal struggle, highlighting the dissonance
between the fluidity of communication in the adopted language and the
profound emotional resonance of their mother tongue.
"A Different Language" delves into the broader themes of cultural
displacement, the impact of globalization, and the enduring significance of
linguistic identity. Bhatt's exploration of these themes resonates with readers
on a universal level, inviting contemplation of the complexities inherent in
navigating multiple cultural and linguistic landscapes.

In conclusion, "A Different Language" stands as a powerful testament to the

enduring relevance of language, culture, and identity in shaping individual
experiences. Through the nuanced portrayal of the speaker's internal conflict,
Sujata Bhatt offers a compelling reflection on the profound emotional and
psychological implications of linguistic and cultural assimilation. The poem
serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring human quest for connection
and belonging, inviting readers to contemplate the intricate interplay of
language and identity in the tapestry of human experience.
Q: 3 The Ice-candy Man is about horrors of partition. Comment?

A: 3 "The Ice-Candy Man" by Bapsi Sidhwa serves as a compelling

exploration of the horrors of the partition of India. The novel vividly portrays
the tumultuous period of communal violence and political upheaval as the
country grapples with the aftermath of partition. Through the eyes of the
protagonist, Lenny, the readers are exposed to the harrowing realities of the
partition, including the communal violence between Muslims, Hindus, and
Sikhs, and the profound human suffering that ensued [𝟏].pdf). The novel
provides a deeply moving and unflinching portrayal of the atrocities and
upheaval experienced by individuals and communities during this tumultuous
period in history.

Bapsi Sidhwa's narrative skillfully captures the impact of partition on the

lives of ordinary people, offering a poignant depiction of the human cost of
political and religious conflict. The novel delves into the personal experiences
of the characters, presenting a nuanced and empathetic portrayal of their
struggles, fears, and resilience in the face of unimaginable hardship. Through
Lenny's observations and experiences, the horrors of partition are vividly
brought to life, shedding light on the profound and enduring impact of this
tumultuous period in South Asian history.
"The Ice-Candy Man" is renowned for its unflinching portrayal of the human
toll of partition, offering a deeply humanistic perspective on the events that
unfolded during this turbulent period. The novel's exploration of the horrors
of partition serves as a powerful testament to the enduring significance of this
historical chapter, inviting readers to confront the complexities and tragedies
of communal violence, displacement, and the struggle for survival in the wake
of political upheaval.

In conclusion, "The Ice-Candy Man" stands as a poignant and evocative

portrayal of the horrors of partition, offering a deeply humanistic and
empathetic lens through which to understand the profound impact of this
tumultuous period in South Asian history. Bapsi Sidhwa's novel serves as a
compelling testament to the enduring relevance of the partition experience,
inviting readers to engage with the complexities of communal violence,
displacement, and the resilience of individuals amidst the tumult of historical
upheaval.
 Past Paper 2017

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Discuss Mohsin Hamid’s the ‘Reluctant Fundamentalist’ as a

postcolonial text?

A: 1 The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid can be viewed as a

postcolonial text due to its exploration of themes related to identity, power
dynamics, and the impact of historical and cultural legacies. The novel
challenges traditional narratives and power structures, offering a nuanced
perspective on the complexities of postcolonial identity in a globalized world.

The novel's protagonist, Changez, embodies the complexities of postcolonial

identity, grappling with his Pakistani heritage and his experiences in the
United States. His journey reflects the tensions and conflicts inherent in
navigating cultural, political, and economic landscapes shaped by colonial
legacies and contemporary power dynamics. The novel's exploration of
multiculturalism and the impact of postcolonial ideologies is evident in the
protagonist's internal struggle and external experiences.
The novel's engagement with the aftermath of 9/11 and its impact on Muslim
identity in the West provides a postcolonial lens through which to examine the
complexities of cultural and political dynamics. The portrayal of the
protagonist's experiences in America after 9/11 offers a critical exploration of
the postcolonial condition, shedding light on the challenges and prejudices
faced by individuals from marginalized communities in the aftermath of
historical and geopolitical events.

The novel's narrative structure and thematic depth align with the postcolonial
literary tradition, offering a nuanced and critical perspective on the
intersections of power, identity, and historical legacies. The novel's
engagement with postcolonial theory and its examination of contemporary
global dynamics position it as a significant contribution to the postcolonial
literary landscape.

In conclusion, The Reluctant Fundamentalist can be viewed as a postcolonial

text due to its exploration of multiculturalism, power dynamics, and the
impact of historical and contemporary geopolitical events on individual and
collective identities. Mohsin Hamid's novel offers a compelling and critical
perspective on the complexities of postcolonial identity, making it a significant
contribution to the postcolonial literary canon.
Q: 2 Journey and homecoming are recurring motifs in ‘The God of Small
Things’. Elaborate?

A: 2 The motif of journey and homecoming in "The God of Small Things" by

Arundhati Roy is a recurring theme that permeates the novel, shaping the
experiences and identities of the characters. The novel delves into various
journeys undertaken by the characters, both physical and metaphorical, and
their subsequent return to the familiar or the unfamiliar.

The characters in the novel embark on physical journeys, such as Rahel and
Estha's return to Ayemenem, which serves as a catalyst for revisiting their
past and confronting the complexities of their family dynamics. Additionally,
the novel deals with the metaphorical journeys of the characters as they
navigate personal growth, emotional turmoil, and the search for identity
amidst societal expectations and familial bonds.

The theme of homecoming is intricately woven into the narrative, reflecting

the characters' longing for a place of belonging and the complexities of
returning to a familiar environment that has been irrevocably altered by time
and circumstance. The novel's exploration of homecoming delves into the
emotional and psychological impact of revisiting the past, confronting
unresolved conflicts, and seeking closure in the face of personal and familial
upheaval.
The motif of journey and homecoming serves as a lens through which the
novel examines the intricacies of memory, trauma, and the enduring influence
of the past on the present. The characters' journeys and their subsequent
return to familiar or unfamiliar territories provide a rich tapestry for
exploring the complexities of personal and collective histories, shedding light
on the enduring impact of past experiences on individual and communal
identities.

In conclusion, "The God of Small Things" by Arundhati Roy intricately

explores the motif of journey and homecoming, delving into the physical and
metaphorical journeys of the characters and their subsequent return to
familiar or unfamiliar environments. The novel's nuanced portrayal of these
themes offers a compelling reflection on the complexities of personal and
collective histories, memory, and the enduring quest for belonging and
identity.
Q: 3 ‘Ice Candy Man’ is a narrative about partition. How does the partition
affect different characters in the novel?

A: 3 The partition profoundly affects the different characters in "Ice Candy

Man" by Bapsi Sidhwa, shaping their lives and relationships in significant
ways. The reverberations of partition are intricately woven into the narrative,
impacting the characters' experiences and identities.

Lenny, the young protagonist, grapples with the upheaval caused by the
partition, witnessing the communal tensions and violence that unfold around
her. Her coming-of-age journey is deeply influenced by the traumatic events
and societal divisions brought about by the partition, shaping her
understanding of identity, belonging, and the complexities of communal
relations.

Aya, Lenny's ayah, experiences the devastating consequences of the partition

as she navigates the challenges of being a vulnerable member of a
marginalized community in the midst of communal violence and political
upheaval. Her experiences reflect the profound impact of the partition on
individuals from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds, shedding light on the
enduring trauma and resilience of those affected.
The Ice Candy Man himself, a central character in the novel, embodies the
psychological and emotional toll of the partition. His character serves as a
poignant reflection of the ways in which the partition shapes the lives and
perspectives of individuals, highlighting the complexities of communal
identity, trauma, and the enduring legacy of historical and political upheaval.

The partition affects characters from diverse religious and cultural

backgrounds, illustrating the far-reaching impact of communal violence and
political division on individuals and communities. The novel's portrayal of the
partition's effects on characters from different walks of life offers a
compelling reflection on the enduring significance of this tumultuous period in
South Asian history.

In conclusion, "Ice Candy Man" vividly portrays the profound impact of the
partition on its characters, offering a nuanced and empathetic exploration of
the enduring trauma, resilience, and complexities of communal relations in
the aftermath of historical and political upheaval. Bapsi Sidhwa's novel stands
as a poignant testament to the enduring relevance of the partition experience,
inviting readers to engage with the complexities of communal violence,
displacement, and the resilience of individuals amidst the tumult of historical
upheaval.
 Past Paper 2018

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Karnad’s ‘Naag Mandala’ proves that myths remain relevant over long
stretches of history. Elaborate?

A: 1 Girish Karnad's play "Naga-Mandala" exemplifies the enduring

relevance of myths over long stretches of history. The play is based on folk
tales from Karnataka, demonstrating Karnad's adeptness at drawing from
traditional myths and legends to create a narrative that resonates with
contemporary audiences. The incorporation of the Snake Ordeal in the play,
where Rani proves her innocence by holding the King Cobra in her hand,
underscores the enduring significance of mythological elements in shaping the
characters' experiences and the unfolding of the narrative.

Karnad's utilization of myths in "Naga-Mandala" reflects his ability to infuse

traditional narratives with contemporary relevance, thereby highlighting the
timeless nature of mythological themes and their capacity to transcend
temporal and cultural boundaries. The play's engagement with myths and
legends from Karnataka's folklore underscores the enduring resonance of
these narratives, demonstrating their ability to captivate and provoke
contemplation across generations.
The incorporation of mythological elements in "Naga-Mandala" aligns with a
broader tradition of utilizing traditional narratives in theatrical and literary
contexts, underscoring the enduring appeal and relevance of myths in shaping
artistic expression and cultural discourse. Karnad's adeptness at weaving
mythological themes into the fabric of the play speaks to the enduring power
of myths to illuminate universal truths and provoke introspection, thereby
transcending the constraints of time and historical context.

In conclusion, "Naga-Mandala" by Girish Karnad serves as a compelling

testament to the enduring relevance of myths over long stretches of history.
Through the incorporation of traditional narratives and mythological
elements, Karnad's play underscores the timeless resonance of myths and
their capacity to enrich and enliven artistic expression, cultural discourse, and
the human experience across generations.
Q: 2 What does Arundhati Roy mean by ‘small things’ in her novel “The God
of Small Things”? How do these small things contribute to the larger
perspective?

A: 2 In "The God of Small Things," Arundhati Roy employs the concept of

"small things" to encapsulate the intricate details, nuances, and seemingly
insignificant moments that collectively shape the lives of the characters and
contribute to the larger perspective of the narrative. These "small things"
encompass a wide array of elements, including everyday occurrences, fleeting
emotions, personal interactions, and subtle gestures, all of which hold
profound significance in the context of the characters' experiences and the
overarching themes of the novel.

The notion of "small things" in the novel serves as a lens through which Roy
explores the interconnectedness of individual experiences and the broader
societal and historical forces at play. By delving into the minutiae of the
characters' lives and the seemingly inconsequential events that unfold, Roy
illuminates the ways in which these "small things" reverberate and intersect
with larger themes such as social hierarchies, familial dynamics, cultural
norms, and the impact of historical and political contexts.
The "small things" in the novel contribute to the larger perspective by
offering a multi-dimensional portrayal of the characters' inner lives,
interpersonal relationships, and the complexities of their surroundings.
Through the meticulous attention to detail and the exploration of seemingly
insignificant moments, Roy crafts a rich tapestry of human experiences,
emotions, and societal dynamics, thereby enriching the larger narrative with a
profound sense of depth, empathy, and authenticity.

In essence, the concept of "small things" in "The God of Small Things" serves
as a vehicle for capturing the intricacies of human existence and the
multifaceted nature of personal and collective histories. By foregrounding
these "small things," Roy underscores their pivotal role in shaping the
characters' identities, relationships, and trajectories, ultimately contributing
to a nuanced and evocative portrayal of the larger social, cultural, and
historical landscape within which the novel unfolds.
Q: 3 Taufiq Rafat’s poetry is rooted in South Asian culture and yet he speaks
to us in a foreign language. How does he reconcile the South Asian heritage
with the English language?

A: 3 Taufiq Rafat's poetry, rooted in South Asian culture and expressed in the
English language, reflects a complex reconciliation of heritage and linguistic
expression. In his poems "A Stone Chat" and "Flood Wedding," Rafat
navigates this intersection by infusing his verses with evocative imagery,
cultural references, and linguistic nuances that bridge the gap between his
South Asian heritage and the English language.

Rafat's poetry embodies a fusion of South Asian cultural elements and the
English language, allowing him to convey the richness of his heritage within
the framework of a foreign tongue. In "A Stone Chat," Rafat employs vivid
imagery and sensory details to evoke the landscapes, traditions, and
experiences of South Asia, thereby imbuing the English language with the
essence of his cultural roots. Similarly, in "Flood Wedding," Rafat intertwines
themes of tradition, ritual, and familial dynamics, infusing the English
language with the emotional depth and cultural resonance of South Asian
contexts.
The poet's reconciliation of South Asian heritage with the English language is
evident in his adept use of imagery, symbolism, and linguistic devices that
evoke the ethos of his cultural milieu while engaging with a foreign linguistic
medium. By seamlessly weaving together elements of South Asian culture and
English expression, Rafat's poetry transcends linguistic boundaries, offering a
poignant and multi-layered exploration of identity, memory, and the
complexities of cultural hybridity.

In conclusion, Taufiq Rafat's poetry, including "A Stone Chat" and "Flood
Wedding," exemplifies his ability to reconcile his South Asian heritage with
the English language through the skillful integration of cultural motifs,
imagery, and linguistic nuances. His poetic oeuvre stands as a testament to the
enduring resonance of South Asian cultural heritage within the framework of
English expression, showcasing the profound capacity of language to
encapsulate and convey the complexities of cultural identity and human
experience.
 Past Paper 2019

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 “I lacked the stable core”, I was not certain where I belonged …. In New
York, in Lahore, in neither…” Discuss identity formation process of Changez
in the Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid with reference to this
statement?

A: 1 In "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid, the protagonist

Changez undergoes a complex and multifaceted identity formation process,
grappling with the sense of displacement, cultural dissonance, and the quest
for belonging. The statement "I lacked the stable core. I was not certain where
I belonged… In New York, in Lahore, in neither…" encapsulates Changez's
profound inner turmoil and the challenges he faces in reconciling his multiple
identities and sense of belonging.

Changez's experiences in both New York and Lahore are central to his
identity formation. In New York, he initially embraces the American dream,
striving for success, assimilation, and acceptance within the Western
corporate world. However, as he encounters discrimination, alienation, and
the aftermath of 9/11, Changez's sense of belonging in New York becomes
increasingly tenuous, leading to a deepening internal conflict. His growing
disillusionment with the American socio-political landscape and his
reconnection with his Pakistani roots further complicate his sense of identity
and belonging.

On the other hand, Changez's return to Lahore prompts a reevaluation of his

cultural heritage, societal values, and personal aspirations. His interactions
with family, friends, and the socio-political environment in Lahore challenge
and reshape his understanding of self and belonging. However, even in his
hometown, Changez grapples with feelings of estrangement and detachment,
as his experiences in New York have altered his perspective, making it
difficult for him to fully integrate back into his former life.

The juxtaposition of New York and Lahore serves as a crucible for Changez's
identity formation, as he navigates the complexities of cultural, national, and
personal identities. The instability and uncertainty expressed in the statement
reflect the internal conflict and dissonance that characterize Changez's
journey, highlighting the profound impact of external forces on his self-
perception and sense of place in the world.

Ultimately, Changez's identity formation process in "The Reluctant

Fundamentalist" is a poignant exploration of the challenges and nuances
inherent in reconciling multiple cultural and personal identities. His journey
underscores the complexities of belonging, cultural adaptation, and the
enduring quest for a stable sense of self amidst the turbulence of global,
national, and individual dynamics.
Q: 2 Discuss the importance of prologue scene in Naagmandala by Girish
Kernand?

A: 2 The prologue scene in Girish Karnad's "Naga-Mandala" holds

significant importance as it serves as an entry point into the oral tales from
Karnataka on which the play is based. This prologue introduces the audience
to the cultural and folkloric roots of the narrative, thereby enriching the
theatrical experience with a sense of tradition, authenticity, and regional
storytelling heritage. By drawing from oral tales and folklore, the prologue
scene establishes a connection to the cultural fabric of Karnataka, infusing the
play with a distinct sense of place and cultural resonance.

Additionally, the prologue sets the stage for the narrative and introduces key
thematic elements that resonate throughout the play. Like in most folktales,
supernatural elements play a vital role in "Naga-Mandala," and the prologue
serves as a precursor to the mystical and folkloric dimensions that unfold
scene by scene. This establishes the overarching tone and thematic
undercurrents that permeate the play, providing a contextual foundation for
the subsequent events and character developments.
The prologue scene in "Naga-Mandala" by Girish Karnad plays a pivotal role
in laying the groundwork for the narrative, introducing supernatural and
folkloric elements, and establishing a connection to the cultural heritage from
which the play draws inspiration. It serves as a gateway to the mystical,
thematic, and cultural dimensions that unfold throughout the play, thereby
enriching the audience's engagement with the narrative and the evocative
world of "Naga-Mandala."

In essence, the prologue scene in "Naga-Mandala" by Girish Karnad is

integral to the play's thematic and cultural resonance, providing a compelling
entry point into the folkloric traditions of Karnataka and setting the stage for
the mystical and thematic dimensions that unfold throughout the narrative.
Q: 3 “The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy is a narration about child’s
perspective of looking at the smallest things of life. Comment?

A: 3 "The God of Small Things" by Arundhati Roy indeed presents a

narration that delves into the perspective of a child, offering a poignant
exploration of the smallest intricacies of life through the eyes of young
protagonists. The novel captures the essence of childhood experiences,
emotions, and observations, providing a lens through which the reader can
perceive the world from a child's viewpoint.

The search results provide insights into the novel's portrayal of childhood
perspectives, with references to the story being told from the viewpoint of a
little girl with traumatic childhood experiences. Additionally, the novel is
described as a family drama that delves into the childhood experiences of
fraternal twins, further emphasizing the centrality of childhood in the
narrative.

The novel's depiction of childhood has been noted to capture the child's voice
and perspective, offering a compelling portrayal of the world as seen through
the eyes of a young protagonist. This approach aligns with the idea of
presenting the story from a child's viewpoint, allowing the reader to engage
with the narrative through the lens of youthful innocence and perception.
In summary, "The God of Small Things" by Arundhati Roy is indeed a
narration that encapsulates the perspective of a child, offering a profound
exploration of life's minutiae through the lens of childhood experiences. The
novel's portrayal of the world from a child's viewpoint enriches the narrative
with emotional depth, authenticity, and a unique vantage point from which to
contemplate the complexities of human existence.
 Past Paper 2020

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 The Ice Candy man by Bapsi Sidhwa fringes upon the horrors of
partition, violence. Elaborate with textual references?

A: 1 "The Ice Candy Man" by Bapsi Sidhwa intricately delves into the
horrors of partition and the pervasive violence that characterized the
tumultuous period of the Indian subcontinent's partition in 1947. The novel
vividly portrays the atrocities of communal violence between Hindus and
Muslims, offering a harrowing depiction of the traumatic impact of the
partition on individuals and communities. Sidhwa's narrative skillfully
captures the devastating consequences of the partition, shedding light on the
profound suffering, displacement, and human tragedy that unfolded amidst
the political upheaval.

The novel's portrayal of partition and violence is deeply rooted in the

postcolonial context, as it examines the gendered violence that transpired
during the partition. Sidhwa's exploration of the female body as the site of
male violence during the partition provides a comprehensive investigation of
the various forms of gendered violence that were perpetrated during this
tumultuous period. Through the lens of gendered violence, the novel offers a
poignant and critical examination of the intersectionality of violence, power
dynamics, and the enduring impact of historical trauma.

Furthermore, "The Ice Candy Man" is recognized for its unique contribution
to the literary representation of the partition, as it endeavors to resurrect the
voices and experiences of those affected by the partition. The novel stands as a
testament to the enduring significance of literature in bearing witness to
historical events, particularly the violence and trauma of the partition.
Sidhwa's narrative not only depicts the violence of the partition but also seeks
to give voice to the marginalized and silenced narratives that have been
historically overlooked.

In essence, "The Ice Candy Man" by Bapsi Sidhwa offers a compelling and
evocative portrayal of the horrors of partition and the pervasive violence that
defined this tumultuous period in the Indian subcontinent's history. Through
its nuanced exploration of communal violence, gendered violence, and the
enduring impact of historical trauma, the novel stands as a powerful
testament to the resilience of human spirit amidst the tumultuous backdrop of
the partition.
Q: 2 The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ by Mohsin Hamid defends Islamic
Fundamentalism. How far do you agree with this statement?

A: 2 "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid does not explicitly

defend Islamic fundamentalism. Instead, the novel presents a nuanced
exploration of identity, belonging, and the impact of geopolitical events on
individuals. The protagonist, Changez, undergoes a complex journey of self-
discovery and disillusionment, particularly in the aftermath of 9/11 and its
repercussions on his life as a Pakistani living in the United States.

The search results provide insights into the novel's portrayal of Changez's
changing beliefs, which are not necessarily indicative of a defense of Islamic
fundamentalism. The novel is about a man who becomes an Islamic
fundamentalist, but this does not equate to the novel itself defending Islamic
fundamentalism. Additionally, the novel does not delve into religious
fundamentalism extensively, focusing instead on the challenges of dual
identity and the impact of geopolitical events on individuals.

Scholarly discussions highlight the novel's focus on the challenges of dual

identity and the impact of geopolitical events on individuals, rather than a
defense of Islamic fundamentalism. The novel is recognized for its unique
contribution to the literary representation of the aftermath of 9/11 and its
impact on individuals, particularly those with dual identities and complex
cultural backgrounds.
In conclusion, based on the available information, it is not accurate to assert
that "The Reluctant Fundamentalist" by Mohsin Hamid defends Islamic
fundamentalism. Instead, the novel offers a thought-provoking exploration of
identity, cultural dynamics, and the aftermath of 9/11, emphasizing the
complexities of individual experiences in a post-9/11 world.
Q: 3 Discuss the significance of trial scene in Naagmandala by Girish
Kernand keeping in mind the feminine position or status in patriarchal Indian
Society?

A: 3 The trial scene in Girish Karnad's "Naga-Mandala" holds significant

significance in the context of the feminine position in patriarchal Indian
society. The scene serves as a powerful reflection of the societal constraints
and injustices faced by women, shedding light on the oppressive dynamics
that govern gender relations within the cultural and social milieu of the play.

The search results provide insights into the thematic elements related to the
feminine position in patriarchal Indian society, particularly in the context of
women's rights and the privileging of male voices within patriarchal
discourses. These insights underscore the broader societal and cultural
contexts that inform the dynamics of gender relations and power structures
within the play.

The trial scene can be interpreted as a microcosm of the broader patriarchal

power dynamics prevalent in Indian society. It offers a platform for
examining the treatment of women within the legal and social frameworks,
highlighting the systemic biases and injustices that perpetuate the subjugation
of women. Through the trial scene, Karnad provides a critical lens through
which to examine the societal attitudes and treatment of women, thereby
inviting a deeper interrogation of the entrenched patriarchal norms and their
impact on the lives of women.
In essence, the trial scene in "Naga-Mandala" serves as a poignant
exploration of the feminine position in patriarchal Indian society, offering a
compelling portrayal of the systemic challenges and injustices faced by women
within the cultural and social context of the play. It provides a platform for
examining the power dynamics, biases, and societal attitudes that contribute
to the subjugation of women, thereby enriching the thematic depth and social
commentary embedded within the narrative.
 Past Paper 2022

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 “Karnad’s Play Naag Mandala exposes the exploitation of women

through the institution of marriage”. Explore?

A: 1 The play "Naga-Mandala" by Girish Karnad indeed offers a compelling

exploration of the exploitation of women within the institution of marriage.
The narrative delves into the complexities of marital relationships and the
societal expectations imposed on women, shedding light on the pervasive
exploitation and subjugation experienced within the context of marriage.

The search results provide insights into the thematic elements related to the
exploitation of women within the institution of marriage as depicted in the
play. The play is noted for its portrayal of the societal pressures and
patriarchal norms that govern marital relationships, often leading to the
exploitation and marginalization of women within these unions. Additionally,
the play is recognized for its critical examination of the power dynamics and
gender inequalities inherent in the institution of marriage, particularly in the
context of traditional Indian society.
"Naga-Mandala" presents a nuanced portrayal of the challenges faced by
women within the confines of marriage, highlighting the ways in which
societal expectations and gender roles contribute to their exploitation. The
play's exploration of the complexities of marital relationships and the impact
of societal norms on women's agency and autonomy enriches the thematic
depth of the narrative, offering a thought-provoking commentary on the
exploitation of women within the institution of marriage.

In essence, "Naga-Mandala" serves as a powerful critique of the exploitation

of women within the institution of marriage, offering a compelling portrayal
of the societal pressures, gender inequalities, and patriarchal norms that
contribute to the subjugation of women within marital relationships. The
play's thematic exploration of these issues provides a poignant commentary
on the pervasive exploitation experienced by women within the context of
traditional Indian society.
Q: 2 Write a critical appreciation of Rafat’s Peom “Wedding in the Flood”?

A: 2 Taufiq Rafat's poem "Flood Wedding" presents a powerful and

evocative depiction of a wedding ceremony set against the backdrop of a flood.
The poem skillfully intertwines themes of love, resilience, and the enduring
spirit of human connection amidst adversity. Through vivid imagery and
poignant language, Rafat creates a compelling narrative that invites readers
to contemplate the profound juxtaposition of celebration and calamity.

The poem opens with a striking portrayal of the flood's destructive force,
setting the stage for the unconventional wedding ceremony that unfolds
amidst the tumultuous waters. Rafat adeptly employs sensory details to
immerse the reader in the scene, evoking a palpable sense of chaos and
urgency. The juxtaposition of the natural disaster with the celebratory event
creates a tension that underscores the resilience and determination of the
human spirit in the face of overwhelming challenges.

The poem delves into the emotional landscape of the characters involved in
the wedding, offering glimpses of their fears, hopes, and unwavering
commitment to love. Rafat's keen insight into human emotions allows the
reader to empathize with the protagonists, whose unwavering love and
dedication shine through the chaos and uncertainty of the flood. This
juxtaposition of the personal and the elemental serves to highlight the
enduring power of human connection, even in the most adverse
circumstances.
Rafat's masterful use of language and imagery infuses the poem with a sense
of urgency and poignancy, drawing attention to the resilience and fortitude of
the human spirit in the face of nature's forces. The unconventional setting of
the flood wedding serves as a metaphor for the triumph of love and human
connection over adversity, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.

In conclusion, "Flood Wedding" stands as a testament to Taufiq Rafat's skill

as a poet, weaving together themes of love, resilience, and the indomitable
spirit of humanity in the face of calamity. Through evocative language and
vivid imagery, the poem resonates with readers, offering a poignant
meditation on the enduring power of love amidst the chaos of the natural
world.
Q: 3 Discuss the political and social consequences of the partition as depicted
in Bapsi Sidhwa’s novel Ice Candy Man?

A: 3 Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "Ice Candy Man," also known as "Cracking

India," offers a profound exploration of the political and social consequences
of the partition of India in 1947. Through the eyes of the young protagonist,
Lenny, the novel vividly portrays the tumultuous aftermath of the partition,
shedding light on the deep-seated political and social ramifications that
continue to reverberate through the lives of ordinary individuals.

The search results provide insights into the thematic elements related to the
political and social consequences of the partition as depicted in the novel. The
novel is noted for its poignant portrayal of the communal tensions, violence,
and displacement that accompanied the partition, giving voice to the personal
experiences of individuals from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds
who were profoundly affected by the events. Additionally, the novel is
recognized for its nuanced examination of the enduring impact of the
partition on social dynamics, identity formation, and interpersonal
relationships within the fabric of post-partition society.
Furthermore, "Ice Candy Man" delves into the multifaceted repercussions of
the partition on the characters' lives, offering a poignant portrayal of the
shattered social fabric and the erosion of communal harmony in the wake of
political upheaval. The novel's exploration of the complex web of political and
social consequences underscores the far-reaching effects of the partition, as
communities grapple with newfound divisions, animosities, and the erosion of
trust and solidarity.

In essence, Bapsi Sidhwa's "Ice Candy Man" stands as a searing testament to

the enduring political and social consequences of the partition of India.
Through its evocative narrative and rich characterizations, the novel offers a
deeply affecting portrayal of the communal tensions, displacement, and social
ruptures that continue to haunt the lives of individuals in the aftermath of this
pivotal historical event. The novel's exploration of the human cost of political
decisions underscores the enduring relevance of its themes and the profound
impact of the partition on the collective consciousness of the subcontinent.
 Past Paper 2023

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Discuss the male Characterization in Girish Karnad’s Naag Mandala?

A: 1 In Girish Karnad's play "Naga-Mandala," the male characters are

intricately woven into the fabric of the narrative, offering a complex portrayal
of masculinity within the context of traditional Indian society. The male
characters in the play play a significant role in shaping the thematic
exploration of power dynamics, societal expectations, and the complexities of
human relationships.

The search results provide insights into the thematic elements related to the
male characterization in the play, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the
male characters and their interactions within the narrative. The play is noted
for its nuanced portrayal of the societal expectations and pressures placed
upon men, particularly in the context of traditional Indian patriarchal norms.
Additionally, the play is recognized for its examination of the power dynamics
and gender roles that inform the behaviors and actions of the male characters
within the cultural and social milieu of the narrative.
Furthermore, "Naga-Mandala" presents a diverse array of male characters,
each with distinct personalities, desires, and struggles. Karnad's skillful
characterization allows for a multifaceted exploration of masculinity, as seen
through the lens of societal expectations, personal agency, and the
complexities of human emotion. The male characters grapple with their own
vulnerabilities, desires, and societal roles, offering a rich tapestry of
perspectives on masculinity and its intersection with power and social norms.

In essence, the male characterization in "Naga-Mandala" serves as a thought-

provoking exploration of masculinity within the context of traditional Indian
society. The play's portrayal of the male characters offers a nuanced
commentary on the complexities of societal expectations, power dynamics, and
the human experience, enriching the thematic depth and social commentary
embedded within the narrative. The diverse array of male characters provides
a compelling lens through which to examine the intricacies of masculinity and
its intersection with the broader societal and cultural dynamics at play within
the play.
Q: 2 Explore the presentation of humour and irony in Nessim Ezekiel’s poem
Goodbye Party for Ms. Pushpa?

A: 2 Nissim Ezekiel's poem "Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S." is a

delightful exploration of humor and irony, skillfully woven into the narrative
to engage the reader and provoke thoughtful reflection. The poem presents a
lighthearted yet incisive commentary on the absurdity of bureaucratic
formalities and the mundane aspects of office life, using humor and irony to
underscore the underlying social and cultural dynamics at play.

The poem employs humor through its exaggerated portrayal of the elaborate
farewell party organized for Miss Pushpa T.S., who is depicted as an
unassuming and unremarkable figure within the office environment. The
excessive formality and pretentiousness of the party, juxtaposed with Miss
Pushpa's unassuming nature, create a sense of absurdity that elicits
amusement from the reader. Through the use of exaggerated language and
situational humor, Ezekiel playfully satirizes the triviality and superficiality of
office etiquette, inviting the reader to find humor in the incongruity of the
farewell celebration.
The poem employs irony to underscore the disparity between the ostentatious
display of affection for Miss Pushpa and the actual indifference or apathy
exhibited by her colleagues. The exaggerated expressions of regret and
fondness are juxtaposed with the mundane and perfunctory interactions,
highlighting the irony of the situation. This use of irony serves to reveal the
underlying insincerity and superficiality of social niceties, prompting the
reader to reflect on the absurdity of such formalities within the context of
office culture.

In essence, Nissim Ezekiel's "Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S."

masterfully integrates humor and irony to present a witty and incisive
commentary on the trivialities of office life and social interactions. Through
its playful and exaggerated portrayal of a mundane office event, the poem
invites the reader to find amusement in the absurdity of bureaucratic
formalities and the superficiality of social conventions, while also prompting
reflection on the underlying dynamics of human interaction and social
behavior.
Q: 3 Examine the magical elements in Girish Karnad’s Naag Mandala?

A: 3 In Girish Karnad's "Naag Mandala," magical elements are intricately

woven into the narrative, adding depth and symbolism to the thematic
exploration of human desires, societal constraints, and the interplay between
reality and the supernatural. The play skillfully incorporates elements of
magical realism and folklore, creating a rich tapestry of mystical and
otherworldly occurrences that intersect with the characters' lives.

The search results provide insights into the magical elements employed in the
play, highlighting the genre of magical realism and the use of supernatural
occurrences to underscore the thematic depth of the narrative. Additionally,
the play is noted for its incorporation of mythical and mystical elements,
which serve to enrich the thematic exploration of human complexities and
desires within the cultural and social milieu of the narrative.

"Naag Mandala" delves into the realm of magical realism, blurring the
boundaries between the mundane and the supernatural. The play
incorporates elements of folklore and mythology, infusing the narrative with
mystical occurrences and otherworldly entities. The presence of the serpent, a
central mythical figure, serves as a potent symbol of desire, transformation,
and the enigmatic forces that shape human existence. The interplay between
the human characters and the mystical elements creates a sense of wonder
and intrigue, inviting the audience to contemplate the intricate relationship
between the seen and the unseen.
The play's exploration of magical elements extends to the portrayal of
extraordinary ordeals, the coexistence of humans and non-humans, and the
evocative use of symbolism and allegory. These elements contribute to the
thematic richness of the narrative, offering a layered exploration of human
complexity, societal constraints, and the enigmatic forces that shape the
characters' lives.

In essence, "Naag Mandala" stands as a compelling example of the

integration of magical elements within the context of Indian drama. Girish
Karnad's adept use of magical realism, folklore, and mythical symbolism
enriches the thematic depth of the play, inviting the audience to contemplate
the interplay between the natural and the supernatural, the human and the
mystical, and the complexities of human desires within the tapestry of cultural
and social dynamics.