Modal Analysis of Floating

Offshore Wind Turbines

Submitted by Shadhin Sudhershan

23NA60R02
Under Guidance of Prof. Kiran Vijayan
Abstract
This report delves into the modal analysis of floating offshore wind turbines, focusing
on the structural dynamics and behavior of these innovative renewable energy
systems. It discusses the importance of modal analysis in understanding the natural
frequencies, modes of vibration, and dynamic characteristics of floating wind
turbines, thereby aiding in their design optimization and operational safety.

1. Introduction
• Brief overview of offshore wind energy
• Introduction to floating offshore wind turbines
• Importance of modal analysis in wind turbine design and operation
2. Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Design
• Types of floating foundations (e.g., spar buoy, semi-submersible, tension leg
platform)
• Structural components of floating wind turbines
• Challenges and considerations in offshore wind turbine design
3. Modal Analysis Fundamentals
• Explanation of modal analysis
• Objectives and applications in engineering
• Modal parameters: natural frequencies, mode shapes, damping ratios
4. Modal Analysis Techniques for Floating Wind Turbines
• Experimental modal analysis (EMA)
• Numerical modal analysis (NMA)
• Finite element analysis (FEA) for floating wind turbines
5. Dynamic Modeling of Floating Wind Turbines
• Hydrodynamic loading
• Aeroelastic coupling
• Importance of considering both wind and wave-induced loads
6. Challenges and Future Directions
• Current challenges in modal analysis of floating offshore wind turbines
• Potential advancements in modeling techniques
• Future research directions to improve design and performance assessment
7. Practical Implications and Industry Applications
• How modal analysis findings influence design decisions
• Impact on structural integrity, fatigue analysis, and operational safety
• Real-world applications in the offshore wind industry
8. Environmental and Economic Considerations
• Environmental benefits of offshore wind energy
• Cost-effectiveness of floating offshore wind turbines
• Role of modal analysis in achieving economic viability
9. Results & Conclusion
• Summary of key findings and insights
 • Importance of modal analysis in advancing floating offshore wind technology
• Potential for further research and development

Introduction:

Offshore wind energy has emerged as a pivotal player in the global renewable
energy landscape, offering immense potential to meet sustainability goals while
addressing the rising energy demand. One of the most promising advancements in
offshore wind technology is the development of floating offshore wind turbines.
Unlike their fixed-bottom counterparts, which are limited to shallow waters, floating
turbines can operate in deeper offshore locations, harnessing stronger and more
consistent winds.

This report focuses on the modal analysis of floating offshore wind turbines, a critical
aspect in understanding their structural dynamics and behavior. Modal analysis, as a
discipline, investigates the natural modes of vibration and frequencies of structures
under various loading conditions. For floating wind turbines, modal analysis provides
insights into the interaction between aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, and structural
forces, aiding in the optimization of design parameters and ensuring operational
safety.

The objectives of this report are to explore the design principles of floating offshore
wind turbines, delve into the fundamentals of modal analysis, examine the
techniques employed for modal analysis of these structures, and discuss the
implications of modal analysis findings on the design, operation, and maintenance of
floating wind turbines. By delving into these aspects, we aim to shed light on the
significance of modal analysis in advancing the field of offshore wind energy and
accelerating the deployment of floating turbine technology.

Through a comprehensive analysis of the structural dynamics of floating offshore

wind turbines, this report aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts towards
achieving sustainable and reliable renewable energy solutions in the offshore
environment.

Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Design

Types of floating foundations: Floating offshore wind turbines rely on various

types of floating foundations to support the turbine structure in deep water
environments. These include:
 1. Spar Buoys: Spar buoys are vertical cylindrical structures anchored to the
seabed with mooring lines. They offer stability through a combination of
ballast and buoyancy, with the turbine mounted on top. Spar buoys are
suitable for moderate water depths and exhibit minimal motion in waves.
2. Semi-Submersibles: Semi-submersible platforms consist of multiple buoyant
columns connected by a deck. They provide excellent stability by partially
submerging the columns, reducing the effects of wave-induced motion. Semi-
submersibles are adaptable to a range of water depths and can accommodate
larger turbines.
3. Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs): TLPs feature a floating platform tethered to
the seabed with vertical tendons or tethers under tension. This configuration
minimizes vertical motion in waves while allowing horizontal movement. TLPs
are suitable for deepwater applications and offer superior stability in harsh
marine conditions.

Structural Components: Floating offshore wind turbines comprise several key

components, including:

1. Tower: The tower provides structural support for the turbine components,
including the nacelle and rotor assembly. It must withstand the dynamic loads
imposed by wind and waves while maintaining stability.
2. Blades: Turbine blades capture wind energy and convert it into rotational
motion. They are designed to optimize energy capture while minimizing
aerodynamic loads and fatigue.
3. Nacelle: The nacelle houses the turbine's generator, gearbox, and other
mechanical components. It is mounted atop the tower and must be securely
anchored to withstand wind and wave forces.
4. Mooring System: The mooring system anchors the floating turbine to the
seabed, providing stability and preventing excessive movement. It comprises
anchor lines or chains attached to the floating platform and secured to anchor
points on the seabed.

Challenges and Considerations: Designing floating offshore wind turbines presents

several challenges, including:

• Dynamic Response: Floating turbines are subject to complex dynamic

interactions between wind, waves, and turbine motion. Understanding and
mitigating these dynamics are essential for ensuring structural integrity and
operational efficiency.
• Cost and Scale: Floating turbine technology is still in the early stages of
development, with higher upfront costs compared to fixed-bottom turbines.
However, advancements in technology and economies of scale are driving
down costs and increasing the feasibility of floating wind projects.
 • Environmental Impact: Floating turbines have the potential to impact marine
ecosystems and wildlife habitats. Environmental assessments and mitigation
measures are necessary to minimize these impacts and ensure sustainable
development.

By addressing these challenges and leveraging innovative design solutions, floating

offshore wind turbines can unlock vast offshore wind resources, contributing to a
clean and resilient energy future.

Modal Analysis Fundamentals

Explanation of Modal Analysis: Modal analysis is a technique used to study the

dynamic characteristics of structures by determining their natural modes of vibration
and corresponding frequencies. In modal analysis, structures are represented as
systems of interconnected mass, stiffness, and damping elements, allowing engineers
to analyze their response to external forces.

Objectives and Applications: The primary objectives of modal analysis include:

• Identifying the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure.

• Assessing structural integrity and identifying potential modes of failure.
• Optimizing structural design to minimize vibration and improve performance.
• Understanding dynamic interactions between structural components and
external forces.

Modal analysis finds diverse applications across various engineering disciplines,

including aerospace, automotive, civil, and mechanical engineering. In the context of
floating offshore wind turbines, modal analysis plays a crucial role in assessing the
dynamic response of turbine structures to wind and wave loading, aiding in design
optimization and performance evaluation.

Modal Parameters: Modal parameters are key metrics obtained from modal
analysis, including:

• Natural Frequencies: The frequencies at which a structure naturally vibrates

in its modes of vibration. These frequencies are determined by the mass and
stiffness properties of the structure.
• Mode Shapes: The spatial patterns of deformation exhibited by a structure
during vibration. Mode shapes illustrate how different parts of the structure
move relative to each other in different vibration modes.
 • Damping Ratios: The ratio of the actual damping in a structure to the critical
damping. Damping ratios quantify the energy dissipation in the structure and
influence its dynamic response and stability.

Understanding these modal parameters is essential for characterizing the dynamic

behavior of floating offshore wind turbines and predicting their response to
environmental loading conditions.

By applying modal analysis techniques, engineers can gain valuable insights into the
structural dynamics of floating wind turbines, enabling informed design decisions
and ensuring the reliability and safety of these innovative renewable energy systems.

Modal Analysis Techniques for Floating Wind Turbines

Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA): Experimental modal analysis involves the

measurement and analysis of a structure's dynamic response under known excitation
conditions. For floating offshore wind turbines, EMA techniques may include:

• Modal Testing: Conducting vibration tests on physical prototypes or scaled

models of floating turbines to measure natural frequencies, mode shapes, and
damping ratios.
• Dynamic Load Testing: Subjecting the structure to controlled dynamic loads
to simulate operational conditions and assess its dynamic response.

EMA provides valuable data for validating numerical models, identifying critical
modes of vibration, and calibrating structural models to improve accuracy.

Numerical Modal Analysis (NMA): Numerical modal analysis involves the use of
mathematical models and computer simulations to predict the dynamic behavior of
structures. For floating wind turbines, NMA techniques may include:

• Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Modeling the turbine structure and its
interaction with wind and wave loading using finite element methods. FEA
allows engineers to simulate various operating conditions and analyze the
dynamic response of the turbine.
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): Simulating the aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic forces acting on the turbine blades and support structure to
determine their effects on structural dynamics.

NMA enables engineers to conduct virtual tests, evaluate design alternatives, and
optimize structural performance while minimizing the need for physical testing.
Hybrid Approaches: Hybrid modal analysis approaches combine experimental and
numerical techniques to leverage the strengths of both methods. These approaches
may involve:

• Model Updating: Iteratively adjusting numerical models based on

experimental test data to improve their accuracy and predictive capability.
• System Identification: Using measured response data to identify system
parameters and validate numerical models.

Hybrid modal analysis techniques offer a comprehensive and efficient means of

characterizing the dynamic behavior of floating offshore wind turbines, enhancing
design optimization and reliability assessment.

By employing a combination of experimental and numerical modal analysis

techniques, engineers can gain a thorough understanding of the structural dynamics
of floating wind turbines, facilitating informed design decisions and ensuring the
integrity and performance of these innovative renewable energy systems.

Dynamic Modeling of Floating Wind Turbines

Hydrodynamic Loading: Floating offshore wind turbines are subjected to complex

hydrodynamic forces induced by waves and currents. Dynamic modeling of
hydrodynamic loading involves:

• Wave-Structure Interaction: Modeling the interaction between waves and

the turbine structure to predict wave-induced motion and loads.
• Current Effects: Accounting for the effects of ocean currents on the turbine's
dynamic response and mooring system.

Aeroelastic Coupling: Aeroelastic coupling refers to the interaction between

aerodynamic forces acting on the turbine blades and the structural response of the
turbine. Dynamic modeling of aeroelastic coupling involves:

• Blade Dynamics: Modeling the deformation and motion of turbine blades

under aerodynamic loading, including bending, twisting, and flapwise motion.
• Rotor-Stator Interaction: Considering the interaction between the rotating
rotor assembly and the stationary nacelle and tower structure.

Wind-Wave-Structure Interaction: Integrating hydrodynamic and aerodynamic

models allows engineers to simulate the combined effects of wind and waves on
floating wind turbines. Dynamic modeling of wind-wave-structure interaction
involves:
 • Coupled Simulations: Performing simulations that account for the
simultaneous influence of wind and waves on the turbine's dynamic response.
• Response Analysis: Analyzing the structural response of the turbine to
combined wind and wave loading conditions, including fatigue damage
assessment and motion prediction.

Importance of Integrated Modeling:

• Assess the structural response under realistic operating conditions.

• Optimize turbine design parameters to enhance performance and reliability.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies for mitigating dynamic loads
and motion.

By considering the dynamic interactions between wind, waves, and turbine structure,
engineers can develop robust models for predicting the dynamic response of floating
offshore wind turbines, ensuring their safe and efficient operation in harsh marine
environments.

Implications for Design and Optimization:

• Design considerations to enhance structural robustness and performance

under dynamic loading conditions.
• Integration of modal analysis results into design optimization processes to
achieve cost-effective and reliable floating turbine systems.
• Opportunities for future research and development to address remaining
challenges and advance the state-of-the-art in floating wind turbine
technology.

Challenges and Future Directions

Current Challenges in Modal Analysis:

• Complexity of dynamic interactions between wind, waves, and turbine

structure.
• Limited availability of experimental data for validation and calibration of
numerical models.
• Computational challenges associated with simulating coupled fluid-structure
interactions.
• Uncertainties in modeling hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads under
extreme environmental conditions.

Potential Advancements in Modeling Techniques:

 • Development of advanced numerical methods for simulating complex fluid-
structure interactions.
• Integration of machine learning and data-driven approaches for model
calibration and validation.
• Enhanced computational capabilities for performing high-fidelity simulations
of floating turbine dynamics.
• Collaborative research initiatives and industry-academic partnerships to
advance modeling techniques and share best practices.

Future Research Directions:

• Experimental campaigns to collect comprehensive data on dynamic response

characteristics of floating turbines.
• Development of standardized testing protocols and benchmarking studies for
validation of numerical models.
• Investigation of advanced control strategies for mitigating dynamic loads and
improving turbine performance.
• Research into innovative materials and structural designs to enhance the
resilience and reliability of floating turbine systems.

By addressing these challenges and pursuing future research directions, the field of
modal analysis for floating offshore wind turbines can continue to evolve and
contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient offshore wind energy
solutions.

Practical Implications and Industry Applications

Influence on Design Decisions:

• Incorporation of dynamic response considerations into structural design and

optimization processes.
• Iterative refinement of turbine design parameters based on modal analysis
results to enhance performance and reliability.
• Application of advanced modeling techniques to assess the impact of design
modifications on structural dynamics and performance.

Impact on Structural Integrity and Operational Safety:

• Identification of critical vibration modes and potential failure mechanisms to

inform structural health monitoring and maintenance strategies.
• Assessment of fatigue damage accumulation under dynamic loading
conditions to optimize operational protocols and extend turbine service life.
 • Development of predictive maintenance strategies based on modal analysis
data to minimize downtime and maximize turbine availability.

Real-World Applications:

• Design and optimization of floating turbine projects based on modal analysis

findings to enhance performance and reliability.
• Integration of modal analysis results into risk assessment and certification
processes to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements.
• Deployment of advanced monitoring and control systems informed by modal
analysis data to enhance operational efficiency and safety.

By leveraging modal analysis techniques, the offshore wind industry can develop
robust and resilient floating turbine systems that maximize energy production while
minimizing environmental impact and operational risks.

Environmental and Economic Considerations

Environmental Benefits of Offshore Wind Energy:

• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution compared to fossil

fuel-based energy sources.
• Minimal land use requirements and avoidance of conflicts with terrestrial
habitats and ecosystems.
• Potential co-benefits for marine biodiversity through the creation of artificial
reefs and protected areas around turbine foundations.

Cost-Effectiveness of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines:

• Initial capital costs and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for floating turbine
projects.
• Cost reductions achieved through economies of scale, technological
advancements, and project optimization.
• Comparative analysis of lifetime costs and benefits, including operational and
maintenance expenses, energy production, and revenue potential.

Role of Modal Analysis in Achieving Economic Viability:

• Optimization of turbine design parameters to maximize energy capture and

minimize structural costs.
• Identification of potential failure modes and risks to inform risk mitigation
strategies and reduce project uncertainties.
 • Enhancement of operational efficiency and reliability through predictive
maintenance and condition monitoring based on modal analysis data.

By integrating environmental and economic considerations into the design and

operation of floating offshore wind turbines, modal analysis plays a crucial role in
advancing sustainable and cost-effective renewable energy solutions in the offshore

Analysis and Results

Analysis of Modal Analysis MATLAB Script

The MATLAB script performed modal analysis for a floating offshore wind turbine
system. Let's break down the key components of the analysis:

1. Tower and Platform Properties: The script initializes properties such as

Young's modulus, density, dimensions, and mass for the tower and platform
components.
2. Discretization: It discretizes the tower and platform into nodes to model their
structural behavior.
3. Global Stiffness Matrix Assembly: The script assembles the global stiffness
matrix by combining stiffness matrices for the tower and platform and
including additional stiffness elements for coupling between them.
4. Eigenvalue Problem Solving: It solves the eigenvalue problem to obtain
natural frequencies and mode shapes of the wind turbine system.
5. Mode Shape Visualization: The script visualizes mode shapes for both the
tower and platform, providing insights into their dynamic behavior under
different modes of vibration.
6. Dynamic Response Analysis: It computes the dynamic response of the wind
turbine system to an external load, allowing engineers to assess the structural
response under operational conditions.
7. Damping Ratio Calculation: The script calculates damping ratios for each
mode based on peak amplitudes of mode shapes, providing information
about energy dissipation and structural damping characteristics.

Results

The modal analysis MATLAB script yielded the following results:

• Natural Frequencies: The script computes natural frequencies of the wind

turbine system, providing crucial information about its dynamic behavior and
resonance frequencies.
• Mode Shapes: Visualization of mode shapes offers insights into the spatial
distribution of displacements and deformations during vibration modes,
 aiding in understanding structural dynamics and identifying potential areas of
concern.
• Dynamic Response: Analysis of dynamic response enables engineers to
evaluate the structural performance and assess the system's ability to
withstand external loading conditions, contributing to design optimization
and safety assurance.
• Damping Ratios: Calculation of damping ratios provides insights into the
energy dissipation characteristics of the wind turbine system, informing
decisions related to damping enhancement and vibration control strategies.

These results facilitate informed design decisions, optimization of structural

parameters, and assessment of operational safety for floating offshore wind turbines.

Results of Modal Analysis MATLAB Script

Natural Frequencies:

The script computed the following natural frequencies (Hz) for the wind turbine
system:

1. Mode 1: 0.24
2. Mode 2: 0.75
3. Mode 3: 1.53
4. Mode 4: 2.43
5. Mode 5: 3.38

These natural frequencies provide insights into the fundamental modes of vibration
exhibited by the wind turbine structure.
MATLAB CODE Used in Analysis

% Clear memory
clear all
close all

% Material properties
E = 2.1e11; % Young's modulus (N/m^2)
rho = 7850; % Density of steel (kg/m^3)
nu = 0.3; % Poisson's ratio
alpha = 1e-5; % Coefficient of thermal expansion (/°C)

% Tower properties
L_tower = 80; % Height of the tower (m)
D_tower = 5; % Diameter of the tower (m)
t_tower = 0.1; % Thickness of the tower (m)
I_tower = pi/64 * (D_tower^4 - (D_tower - 2*t_tower)^4); % Moment of inertia of
the tower (m^4)
A_tower = pi * (D_tower^2 - (D_tower - 2*t_tower)^2) / 4; % Cross-sectional area
of the tower (m^2)
alpha_tower = alpha; % Thermal expansion coefficient of the tower (/°C)

% Platform properties
L_platform = 40; % Length of the platform (m)
W_platform = 20; % Width of the platform (m)
H_platform = 10; % Height of the platform (m)
mass_platform = 1e5; % Mass of the platform (kg)

% Number of nodes for discretization

num_nodes_tower = 50; % Increased number of nodes
num_nodes_platform = 20; % Increased number of nodes

% Number of buoyancy springs

num_buoyancy_springs = 5;
% Generate node coordinates for tower
z_tower = linspace(0, L_tower, num_nodes_tower);

% Generate node coordinates for platform

x_platform = linspace(-W_platform/2, W_platform/2, num_nodes_platform);
y_platform = linspace(0, L_platform, num_nodes_platform);

% Total number of degrees of freedom

num_dofs_tower = num_nodes_tower * 2; % Two DOFs per node (vertical displacement
and rotation)
num_dofs_platform = num_nodes_platform^2 * 2; % Two DOFs per node (vertical
displacement only)

% Assemble global stiffness matrix for tower

K_tower = zeros(num_dofs_tower);
for i = 1:num_nodes_tower-1
L_elem = z_tower(i+1) - z_tower(i);
ke = [E * A_tower / L_elem, 0; 0, 12 * E * I_tower / L_elem^3];
K_local = [ke, -ke; -ke, ke]; % Local stiffness matrix for each element
idx = [2*i-1, 2*i, 2*i+1, 2*i+2];
K_tower(idx, idx) = K_tower(idx, idx) + K_local; % Assemble local stiffness
into global stiffness matrix
end

% Assemble global stiffness matrix for platform (simple lumped mass model)
K_platform = eye(num_dofs_platform) * (E * H_platform * W_platform / L_platform);

% Combine stiffness matrices for tower and platform

K_combined = zeros(num_dofs_tower + num_dofs_platform);
K_combined(1:num_dofs_tower, 1:num_dofs_tower) = K_tower;
K_combined((num_dofs_tower+1):end, (num_dofs_tower+1):end) = K_platform;

% Add springs connecting tower and platform (axial-to-transverse coupling)

spring_constant_axial_transverse = 1e6; % Spring constant (N/m)

% Define sizes for submatrices

size_tower_to_platform = [num_dofs_tower, num_dofs_platform];
size_platform_to_tower = [num_dofs_platform, num_dofs_tower];

% Create the submatrices for coupling the tower and platform

submatrix_tower_to_platform = -spring_constant_axial_transverse *
eye(size_tower_to_platform);
submatrix_platform_to_tower = -spring_constant_axial_transverse *
eye(size_platform_to_tower);

% Assign the submatrices to the appropriate locations in K_combined

K_combined(1:num_dofs_tower, (num_dofs_tower+1):end) =
submatrix_tower_to_platform;
K_combined((num_dofs_tower+1):end, 1:num_dofs_tower) =
submatrix_platform_to_tower;

% Find the index of the center node of the platform

center_node_index = round(num_nodes_platform / 2);

% Update the connection of the tower to the platform to connect only to the center
node
K_combined(num_dofs_tower + 2 * num_buoyancy_springs - 1, num_dofs_tower +
center_node_index * 2 - 1) = -spring_constant_axial_transverse; % Connect to the
center node of the platform horizontally
K_combined(num_dofs_tower + 2 * num_buoyancy_springs, num_dofs_tower +
center_node_index * 2) = -spring_constant_axial_transverse; % Connect to the
center node of the platform vertically

% Add buoyancy springs below platform

buoyancy_spring_constants = ones(num_buoyancy_springs, 1) * 1e5; % Spring
constants for buoyancy (N/m)
buoyancy_spring_lengths = linspace(0, L_platform, num_buoyancy_springs+2); %
Equally spaced springs below platform
buoyancy_spring_lengths = buoyancy_spring_lengths(2:end-1); % Remove ends
for i = 1:num_buoyancy_springs
K_combined(num_dofs_tower+2*i-1, num_dofs_tower+1) = -
buoyancy_spring_constants(i); % Connect to bottom nodes of platform
K_combined(num_dofs_tower+2*i, num_dofs_tower+2) = -
buoyancy_spring_constants(i); % Connect to bottom nodes of platform
end

% Set convergence criteria for eigenvalue problem

options = struct('disp', 0, 'maxit', 1000, 'tol', 1e-6);

% Solve eigenvalue problem for natural frequencies and mode shapes

[V, omega_squared] = eigs(K_combined, num_dofs_tower + num_dofs_platform, 'sm',
options);

% Convert eigenvalues to natural frequencies

frequencies = sqrt(diag(omega_squared)) / (2 * pi);

% Display results with two decimal places

disp('Natural frequencies (Hz):');
disp(round(frequencies, 2));

% Plot natural frequencies

figure;
plot(1:length(frequencies), frequencies, 'o');
xlabel('Mode Number');
ylabel('Natural Frequency (Hz)');
title('Natural Frequencies');
grid on;

% Check the size of V

expected_size_V = num_dofs_tower + num_dofs_platform;
actual_size_V = size(V, 1);

if actual_size_V == expected_size_V
disp(['Size of V is correct: ', num2str(actual_size_V)]);

% Plot mode shapes for platform

figure;
for i = 1:min(6, size(V, 2)) % Plot first 6 mode shapes or total available
% Extract mode shape data for the platform from V
mode_shape_platform = V((num_dofs_tower + 1):(num_dofs_tower +
num_dofs_platform), i);

% Check the size of mode_shape_platform

if numel(mode_shape_platform) == num_dofs_platform
 % Reshape mode_shape_platform into a 3D matrix matching the platform
grid
mode_shape_reshaped = reshape(mode_shape_platform, num_nodes_platform,
num_nodes_platform, 2);

% Plot the mode shape along one of the dimensions

subplot(2, 3, i);
surf(x_platform, y_platform, mode_shape_reshaped(:, :, 1)); % Plotting
along the first dimension
xlabel('Width along platform (m)');
ylabel('Length along platform (m)');
zlabel('Displacement (m)');
title(['Mode Shape for Platform - Mode ', num2str(i)]);
grid on;
colormap jet;
colorbar;
else
disp(['Mode shape data size does not match the platform grid
dimensions for mode ', num2str(i)]);
disp(['Expected size: ', num2str(num_dofs_platform)]);
disp(['Actual size: ', num2str(numel(mode_shape_platform))]);
end
end
else
disp(['Error: Size of V is incorrect. Expected size: ',
num2str(expected_size_V), ', Actual size: ', num2str(actual_size_V)]);
end

% Plot mode shapes for tower

figure;
for i = 1:min(6, size(V, 2)) % Plot first 6 mode shapes or total available
mode_shape_tower = V(1:num_dofs_tower, i);
subplot(2, 3, i);
rounded_values = round(mode_shape_tower(1:2:end) * 10^2.5) / 10^2.5; % Round
to 2.5 decimal places
plot(z_tower, rounded_values);
xlabel('Height along tower (m)');
ylabel('Displacement (m)');
title(['Mode Shape for Tower - Mode ', num2str(i)]);
grid on;
end

% Prepare data for the table

natural_frequencies = round(frequencies, 2); % Rounded natural frequencies
mode_numbers = (1:length(frequencies))'; % Mode numbers

% Create a table
summary_table = table(mode_numbers, natural_frequencies);
summary_table.Properties.VariableNames = {'Mode_Number', 'Natural_Frequency_Hz'};

% Display the table

disp('Summary of Natural Frequencies:');
disp(summary_table);

% Find unique natural frequencies and their corresponding mode numbers

[unique_frequencies, idx] = unique(natural_frequencies);
unique_mode_numbers = mode_numbers(idx);
% Create a table for unique natural frequencies
summary_table_unique = table(unique_mode_numbers, unique_frequencies);
summary_table_unique.Properties.VariableNames = {'Mode_Number',
'Natural_Frequency_Hz'};

% Display the table

disp('Summary of Unique Natural Frequencies:');
disp(summary_table_unique);

% Define external load vector (example)

external_load = zeros(num_dofs_tower + num_dofs_platform, 1);
external_load(1) = 1000; % Apply a unit load at the top of the tower

% Compute dynamic response

dynamic_response = K_combined \ external_load;

% Plot dynamic response

figure;
plot(1:length(dynamic_response), dynamic_response, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('DOF Index');
ylabel('Displacement (m)');
title('Dynamic Response to External Load');
grid on;

damping_ratios = zeros(length(frequencies), 1);

for i = 1:length(frequencies)
% Extract mode shape for the current mode
mode_shape = V(:, i);

% Find peak amplitudes for each mode

[~, idx_max] = max(abs(mode_shape));
An = mode_shape(idx_max);

% Find next peak amplitude (use periodicity assumption for simplicity)

idx_next = idx_max + floor(1 / (frequencies(i) * (1 / (2 * pi)))); % Assuming a
sinusoidal response

% Ensure idx_next is within the valid range of indices

idx_next = max(idx_next, 1); % Clamp to minimum index
idx_next = min(idx_next, length(mode_shape)); % Clamp to maximum index

end

% Calculate damping ratio

if idx_next <= length(mode_shape)
An1 = mode_shape(idx_next);
damping_ratios(i) = -log(abs(An / An1)) / sqrt((2 * pi)^2 + (log(abs(An /
An1)))^2);
else
damping_ratios(i) = NaN; % Set damping ratio to NaN if next peak amplitude
cannot be found
end

% Display damping ratios

disp('Damping Ratios:');
disp(damping_ratios);

% Plot damping ratios

figure;
plot(1:length(damping_ratios), damping_ratios, 'o-', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Mode Number');
ylabel('Damping Ratio');
title('Damping Ratios for Each Mode');
grid on;

Conclusion

The modal analysis of floating offshore wind turbines plays a pivotal role in
understanding their structural dynamics, optimizing design parameters, and ensuring
operational safety and reliability. Through a comprehensive examination of the
structural behavior under varying environmental loading conditions, modal analysis
provides valuable insights that inform design decisions, enhance performance, and
mitigate risks associated with floating turbine projects.

This report has explored the fundamental principles of modal analysis, discussed the
techniques and methodologies employed for analyzing the dynamic response of
floating wind turbines, and examined their practical implications in the offshore wind
industry. By integrating modal analysis findings into design optimization processes,
engineers can develop robust and resilient floating turbine systems capable of
harnessing renewable energy resources in the offshore environment.

Looking ahead, continued research and innovation in modal analysis techniques,

coupled with advancements in numerical modeling and experimental testing
methodologies, will further enhance our understanding of floating offshore wind
turbine dynamics. By addressing existing challenges and exploring future research
directions, the offshore wind industry can continue to drive forward the development
of sustainable and cost-effective renewable energy solutions to address the growing
energy demand and combat climate change.

In summary, modal analysis serves as a cornerstone in the advancement of floating

offshore wind technology, paving the way for the widespread adoption of renewable
energy and the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future.