Fullstack Development 21¢362 MODULE-1: MVC BASED WEB DESIGNING 1.1 INTRODUCTION What is Software? Software refers to a collection of instructions, data, and programs that enable computers to perform specific tasks or functions. It's intangible and exists in the form of code written in programming languages that computers can understand and execute. Software is the interface between users and computer hardware, facilitating communication and enabling users to interact with computers to accomplish various objectives. What is Software Architecture Design? Software architecture design is the process of defining the structure, components, relationships, and behavior of a software system to meet specific requirements. It involves making high-level design decisions that determine how the system will be organized and how its components will interact with each other to achieve the desired functionality. Components of software architecture design: Component Identification: Identifying the major components or modules of the system based on functional requirements and domain knowledge. Components represent distinct, units of functionality or logical groupings of related functionality. Architectural Styles: Choosing an architectural style or pattern that best suits the requirements and constraints of the system. Common architectural styles include layered architecture, client-server architecture, microservices architecture, and event-driven architecture Decomposition and Abstraction: Breaking down the system into smaller, more manageable components through decomposi boundaries, and establishing Interfaces for communication between them. Abstraction is used to hide unnecessary details and focus on essential aspects of each component. 1, This involves identifying subsystems, defining their Communication Protocols: Defining communication protocols and data formats for interactions between system components. This includes specifying message formats, APIs, and protocols for communication over networks or between different layers of the system. Data Management: Designing the data architecture of the system, including data storage, retrieval, and manipulation. This involves selecting appropriate data storage technologies (eg,, relational databases, NoSQL databases, file systems) and designing data models, schemas, and access patterns Scalability and Performance: Considering scalability and performance requirements during the design phase and incorporating design principles and patterns that support scalability vtucode.in Page 1Fullstack Development and optimize system performance. This may include techniques such as load balancing, caching, and asynchronous processing, Security and Reliability: Incorporating security measures and reliability mechanisms to protect the system from security threats and ensure its resilience to failures. This includes implementing access controls, encryption, authentication, and error handling mechanisms. Cross-Cutting Concerns: Addressing cross-cutting concerns such as logging, monitoring, and configuration management that affect multiple components or aspects of the system. These concerns are typically addressed through reusable components or aspects of the architecture that are applied across the system Documentation and Governance: Documenting the architecture design decisions, rationale, and guidelines to ensure clarity and facilitate communication among. stakeholders. Establishing governance processes to manage architectural changes and ensure adherence to architectural principles and standards. Software architecture design is an iterative process that involves collaboration among architects, developers, stakeholders, and other relevant parties. It requires balancing conflicting goals and constraints, such as functionality, performance, scalability, and maintainability, to arrive at an architecture that meets the system's and its stakeholders! needs. Explain Django full-stack development architecture. Django full-stack development refers to using the Django web framework to develop both the front-end (client-side) and back-end (server-side) components of a web application Django is a high-level Python web framework that enables the rapid development of secure, scalable, and maintainable web applications. Sse ts Pe eg 21¢362 vtucode in age 2Fullstack Development Back-end Development: Model Layer: Define data models using Django's Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) system. Models represent the structure of the application's data and interact with the database. View Layer: Implement views, which are Python functions or classes responsible for processing incoming HTTP requests, interacting with the database through models, and returning HTTP responses. Controller (Business Logic): Django's views act as controllers in the MVC pattern, handling the business logic of the application by processing requests, validating input, and generating responses. URL Routing: Define URL patterns in the URLconf (URL configuration) to map incoming URLs to views. Django's URL routing mechanism allows for clean and flexible URL patterns. Middleware: Implement middleware components to process requests and responses at various stages of the Django request/response cycle. Middleware can perform tasks such as authentication, session management, and error handling Front-end Development: Templates: Create HTML templates using Django's template engine, which allows for the dynamic generation of HTML content based on data provided by views. Static Files Handling: Serve static files (e.g,, CSS, JavaScript, images) using Django's built-in static files handling capabilities. Static files are typically stored in the project's static directory. Integration with Front-end Frameworks: Optionally integrate Django with front- end frameworks like Reacts, Vue.js, or Angular for building rich, interactive user interfaces. Django can serve as a RESTful API backend while the front-end framework handles the Ul rendering and user interactions. Database Interaction: Django supports multiple databases including PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, and Oracle. Developers can define database models using Django's ORM and perform database operations such as querying, inserting, updating, and deleting records. Authentication and Authorization: Implement user authentication and authorization using Django's built-in authentication system. Django provides tools for user management, password hashing, session management, and permissions handling out of the box. Deployment and Scaling: 21cs62 vtueode in Page 3Fullstack Development Deploy Django applications to production servers using platforms like Heroku, AWS, or igitalOcean. Django applications can be scaled horizontally by adding more application instances behind a load balancer to handle increased traffic. 1.2 INSTALLATION Open Terminal or Command Prompt: Open a terminal or command prompt on your system. Install Python (if not already installed): If Python is not installed on your system, you need to install it first. You can download Python, from the official website: python.org. Follow the installation instructions provided for your operating system. Verify Python Installation: After installing Python, verify that it's installed correctly by opening the terminal or command prompt and typing: python --version This command should display the installed Python version. tual Environment A virtual environment is a self-contained directory tree that contains a Python installation for a particular version of Python, plus a number of additional packages. It allows you to have multiple isolated Python environments on a single machine, each with its own Python interpreter and set of installed packages. The purpose of using a virtual environment, especially when working with Django, includes: Isolation: Virtual environments provide isolation between different projects and their dependencies. This means that each project can have its own set of dependencies without affecting other projects or the system-wide Python installation. This helps avoid conflicts between different versions of packages and ensures that each project remains self- contained and independent. Dependency Management: By using a virtual environment, you can easily manage dependencies for your Django project. You can specify the exact versions of packages required for your project, ensuring that it works consistently across different environments and preventing unexpected issues due to dependency changes. Reproducibility: Virtual environments make it easier to reproduce the development environment for your Django project on other machines. By sharing the project's 21¢862 vtucode.in| Page 4Fullstack Development 21¢962 requirements.txt file (which lists all dependencies), other developers can quickly create the same environment using the same versions of packages. Sandboxing: Virtual environments provide a sandboxed environment where you can install and experiment with different packages and versions without affecting the global Python installation or other projects. This allows for easy experimentation and testing of new libraries or features without risking the stability of other projects. Deployment: When deploying your Django project to a production server, using a virtual environment ensures that the server environment matches your development environment closely. This helps minimize deployment issues and ensures that your project runs smoothly in the production environment. To create and activate a virtual environment for a Django project, you can use Python's built- in veny module or third-party tools like virtusleny or pipeny. Once activated, you can install Django and other project dependencies within the virtual environment using pip. Overall, using a virtual environment for Django development is considered a best practice and helps maintain a clean and organized development environment while ensuring consistency, reproducibility, and isolation of dependencies. py-m ven myworld This will set up a virtual environment, and create a folder named "myworld" with subfolders and files, like th Name Ustemodined ype sie {neue Fileflde tb File folds Scripts File folder © pyvenv Configuration Sou. Ke Then you have to activate the environment, by typing this command: myworld\Scripts\activate.bat Install Django: Now, you can use pip to install Django. In the terminal or command prompt, type: pip install django This command will download and install the latest version of Django from the Python Package Index (PyP!) along with its dependencies. Verify Django Installation: vtucode.in Page 5Fullstack Development 21¢862 After installing Django, you can verify the installation by running the following command django-admin --version This command should display the installed Django version, Create a Django Project: Now that Django is installed, you can create a new Django project. Navigate to the directory where you want to create the project and run:django-acmin startproject myproject’ Replace "myproject" with the name you want to give your project. Run the Development Server: Navigate into the newly created project directory: cd myproject Then start the development server by running: python manage.py runserver This command will start the Django development server, and you should see output indicating that the server is running, Access the Django Admin Interfact Open a web browser and go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/. You should see the Django admin login page. & > © @raanieot a4 dango ew neater ongo30 The install worked successfully! Congratulations! {9 Dlango Documentation 6 Teoria A Poling App Django Community vtucode.in| Page 6Fullstack Development That's it! You've now installed Django from scratch using pip and created a new Django project. You can continue developing your project by following the Django documentation and tutorials. 1,3 WEB FRAMEWORK ‘A web framework is a software framework that provides a structure and set of tools to facilitate the development of web applications. Web frameworks typically include libraries, modules, and pre-written code that abstract away common tasks, allowing developers to focus on building application-specific functionality rather than dealing with low-level details. Key components and features of web frameworks: Routing: Web frameworks provide mechanisms for mapping URLs to specific code functions or classes, known as routes. This allows developers to define how different URLs should be handled by the application. HTTP Request Handling: Web frameworks handle incoming HTTP requests from clients (e.g., web browsers) and provide facilities for parsing request data, such as form submissions, query parameters, and request headers. HTTP Response Generation: Web frameworks facilitate the generation of HTTP responses to send back to clients. This includes rendering HTML templates, serializing data into various formats (e.g., JSON, XML), and setting response headers. Template Engine: Many web frameworks include a template engine that enables developers to generate dynamic HTML content by combining static HTML templates with dynamic data provided by the application. Database Interaction: Web frameworks often include libraries or modules for interacting with databases, such as ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) systems that map database tables to application objects and provide an abstraction layer for database operations. Middleware: Middleware components intercept HTTP requests and responses, allowing developers ta perform common tasks such as authentication, logging, error handling, and request/response modification in a modular and reusable way. Security Features: Web frameworks provide features to help developers address common security concerns, such as protection against CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) attacks, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) prevention, input validation, and secure session management. Session Management: Web frameworks typically include mechanisms for managing user sessions, such as storing session data on the server or using client-side cookies to maintain session state. Authentication and Authorization: Many web frameworks include built-in support for user authentication and authorization, allowing developers to secure access to. application resources based on user roles and permissions, 210562 vtucode.in Page 7Fullstack Development 21¢362 «Testing Support: Web frameworks often provide tools and utilities for writing and running automated tests to ensure the correctness and reliability of web applications, Examples of popular web frameworks include Django (Python), Flask (Python), Ruby on Rails, (Ruby), Express.js (Node,js), Laravel (PHP), Spring Boot (Java), and ASP.NET Core (CH). Each framework has its strengths, features, and ecosystem, catering to different programming languages and development preferences. S Top 10 Frameworks for Web Application Development “£vbOC€dS 1.4 MVC DESIGN PATTERN The Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern is a widely used architectural pattern for developing user interfaces in software applications. It divides the application into three interconnected components: Model, View, and Controller. Let's delve into the relationship and details of each component within the MVC architecture: 2 e e —— Controller = Request Contacts Model e be Returns { Abstraction Layer } Delivers Database MVC Design Pattern Model: Responsibility: The Model component represents the application's data and business logic. It encapsulates the data structure and logic for manipulating that data. Characteristics: * It.does not depend on the user interface or presentation layer. vtucode.in Page 8Fullstack Development * It typically interacts with the database, file system, web services, or other data sources to retrieve and manipulate data. * It notifies the View component of any changes in the data (often through events or observers). Example: In a web application, the Model might consist of classes representing entities like User, Product, or Order, along with logic for database operations like CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete). View: Responsibility: The View component is responsible for presenting the data to the user and. gathering user input. It represents the user interface (Ul) of the application. Charact ies: * Itreceives data from the Model and renders it in a format suitable for the user (e.g., HTML for web applications, GUI elements for desktop applications). * Itdoes not contain business logic; its primary role is to display data and handle user interactions * It may send user input (e.g., form submissions, button clicks) to the Controller for processing. Example: In 2 web application, the View component comprises HTML templates, CSS stylesheets, and client-side scripts [e.g., JavaScript) responsible for rendering dynamic content and handling user interactions. Controller: Responsibility: The Controller component acts as an intermediary between the Model and the View. It receives user input from the View, processes it (possibly involving interactions with the Model), and updates the View accordingly. Characteristics: * Itinterprets user actions and translates them into operations on the Model. © Itupdates the View based on changes in the Model and handles user interactions by invoking appropriate actions. * It typically contains application logic related to routing, request handling, and business workflow orchestration. Example: In a web application, the Controller component consists of server-side code (e.g., servlets, controllers in MVC frameworks like Spring MVC or Django) responsible for handling HTTP requests, interacting with the Model to perform business operations, and selecting the appropriate View to render. 21¢s62 vtucode.in| Page 9Fullstack Development 21¢S62 Relationship: The Model component interacts with the View indirectly through the Controller. It notifies the Controller of any changes in the data, which in turn updates the View. The View component can send user input (e.g., form submissions, and button clicks) to the Controller for processing The Controller component communicates with both the Model and the View. It retrieves data from the Model, processes user input, and updates the View based on the changes in the Model. Overall, the MVC pattern promotes the separation of concerns, making it easier to maintain, test, and evolve software applications by decoupling the user interface, data, and application logic. 1,5 DIANGO EVOLUTION Django isa high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design 09 2005 Initial public release ost | 2006 Improved admin interface, new template filters 035 | 2006 Form library overhaul, enhanced documentation 0.96 2006 Session framework, generic views 1 2008 Stability guarantees, long-term support (LTS) cl 2009 Aggregates support, GeoDjango, improved testing 12 2010 Multiple database support, CSRF protection 13 2011 Class-based views, improved static files handling 14 | 2012 Time zone support, custom user model 15 2013 ‘Custom template tags, configurable user model 16 2013 Improved testing tools, connection pooling vtucode.in Page 10Fullstack Development WwW 2014 Migrations framework, application loading refactor 18 2015 Built-in support for multiple template engines 19 2015 Automatic password validation, admin list filters W 2016 Template-based widget rendering, conditional expressions ait | 2017 Longer-term support, subquery expressions 2 2017 Python 3 only, new URL syntax, window expressions 24 2018 PostgreSQL 9.4+ JSONField support, easier testing 22 2019 Advanced options for database indexes, performance improvements 3 2019 ASGI support, MariaDB support, timezone-aware datetimes 34 2020 Support for customizing form rendering, asynchronous views 32 2021 Features new database backends, improved admin customization Psycopg 3 42 2023 support, ENGINE as django.db.backends.postgresql supports both libraries. 50 2024 Django 5.0 supports Python 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12, Key Features: Django is a powerful web framework for building web applications quickly and efficiently. Some key features that make Django popular among developers: Batteries-Included: Django follows the “batteries-included" philosophy, providing a comprehensive set of buil ‘in features and tools for web development out of the box. This includes an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) system for database interaction, a powerful admin interface, URL routing, authentication and authorization mechanisms, form handling, and more. 21cs62 vtucode.in Page 12Fullstack Development Model-View-Controller (MVC) Architecture: Django follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern, although it's often described as a "Model-View-Template” (MVT) framework. This separation of concerns makes it easier to organize code, maintainability, and scale applications. ORM (Object-Relational Mapping): Django's ORM simplifies database interactions by allowing developers to work with database models using Python objects. This abstraction layer handles database queries, transactions, and migrations, making it easier to manage database operations and maintain data consistency. Admin Interface: Django provides a built-in admin interface that allows developers to create, read, update, and delete database records without writing custom admin views. The admin interface is highly customizable and can be tailored to suit specific application needs. URL Routing: Django’s URL routing system maps URLs to view functions or classes, allowing developers to define how different URLs should be handled by the application. This provides a clean and flexible way to organize application URLs and route requests to appropriate views. Template Engine: Django's template engine enables developers to generate dynamic HTML content by combining static HTML templates with data provided by views. Templates support template inheritance, template tags, filters, and other features for building modular and reusable templates. Security Features: Django prioritizes security and provides built-in protection against common web vulnerabilities such as CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery), XSS (Cross-Site Scripting), and SQL injection. Django's authentication system, authorization mechanisms, and session management features help developers implement secure user authentication and authorization. ORM Migrations: Django's migration system automates the process of database schema changes, making it easier to evolve the database schema over time without manual intervention. Migrations track changes to database models and generate SQL scripts to apply those changes to the database. Internationalization and Localization: Django supports internationalization (i18n) and localization (I10n) features, allowing developers to create multilingual web applications. Django provides tools for translating text strings, formatting dates, numbers, and handling language-specific content. Scalability and Performance: Django is designed to scale well and can handle high traffic loads efficiently. It offers features like caching, session management, and support for distributed architectures to improve performance and scalability 210562 vtucode.in Page 12Fullstact k Development These key features, along with Django's emphasis on simplicity, flexibility, and productivity, make it a popular choice for building a wide range of web applications, from small personal projects to large-scale enterprise systems. 1.6 PROJECT STRUCTURE django-admin startproject mytest This wil ll create a "myproject” folder with the following structure v MYTEST nous ete aan] Seay tings.py ota wsgi.py ree] manage.py In Django, project structure typically follows a specific convention, which helps maintain consistency and organization across projects. Here's a breakdown of the common structure: Project Directory: This is the main directory for your Django project. It contains everything related to your project. Manage.py: This is a command-line utility that lets you interact with your Django project. You can use it for various tasks like running a development server, creating database migrations, etc. Settings.py: This file contains all the configuration settings for your Django project. It includes settings like database configuration, static files configuration, middleware, installed apps, etc. URLs.py: This file contains URL patterns for your project. It maps URL paths to views. Wsgi.py: This file is the entry point for WSGI-compatible web servers("Web Server Gateway Interface.") to serve your Django application. Asgi.py: This file is similar to Wsgi-py but is used for ASGI-compatible(" Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface.") web servers, which are used for asynchronous applications, 210862 vtucode.in Page 13,Fullstack Development © Apps: Django applications are organized into individual apps. Each app typically represents a specific functionality of your project. Each app has its own models, views, URLs, and templates. * Models: This directory contains Python classes that represent your data models. Each model typically maps to a database table. ‘= Views: Views contain the logic that processes a user's request and returns 2 response. They interact with models to retrieve or manipulate data and render templates to generate HTML responses. ‘* URLs: This file defines URL patterns specific to the app. ‘+ Templates: Templates are HTML files that define the presentation layer of your application. They are typically used by views to generate dynamic content. ‘© Static Files: This directory contains static files like CSS, JavaScript, images, etc., which are served directly by the web server. ‘= Templates: Although each app can have its own templates directory, you may also have a global templates directory at the project level for templates that are shared across multiple apps. © Static Files: Similarly, you may have a global static files directory for static files that are shared across multiple apps: * Migrations: Django migrations are used to manage changes to your database schema, The migrations directory contains Python files that define these changes. * Static Root: This is the directory where Django collects all the static files from different apps into a single location during deployment. © Media Root: This is the directory where user-uploaded files are stored. It's configured in settings.py. This structure provides a clear separation of concerns and makes it easier to manage and scale Django projects. Additionally, you can customize this structure to suit the specific needs of your project 1.7 DJANGO ARCHITECTURE Django adopts the MVT (Model- -w-Template) architecture. . Model (M): It represents the data layer, handling database interactions and logic. : View (V): Views receive requests, process them, and generate responses. They contain the application's business logic. . Template (T): Templates are HTML files with embedded Django Template Language (DTL) code for dynamic content rendering, While MVT is akin to MVC (Model-View-Controller), Django differs in handling the controller part. Instead of using separate controllers, Django integrates controller-like functionality 21¢862 vtueode.in Page 14Eullstack Development 21cs62. into its templates. This means Django's templates, which combine HTML and DTL, take on some of the responsibilities tracitionally attributed to controllers in MVC design patterns. Template) Request <_—> Response user Model: . Think of the Model as the data structure or the database of your web application. . Itrepresents the data and the logicto interact with the data. . For example, if you're building a blog, your models might include classes like Post, Author, Comment, ete. simple example of a Django model for a blog post: from django.db import models class Post(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100) content = models.TextField() date_posted = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) View: . Views in Django are like the controllers in other frameworks, but with some differences, + Views receive requests from users and return responses. + They contain the logic to process requests and produce responses. . Views interact with models to retrieve or manipulate data. For example, a view to display a list of blog posts: from django.shorteuts import render from .models import Post vtucode.in Page 15,Fullstack Development 21¢s62 def post_list(request): posts = Post.objects.all() return render(request, 'blog/post_list.htm!’, (‘posts': posts}) Template: . Templates are like HTML files but with additional Django Template Language (DTL} for dynamic content. . They represent the presentation layer of your application. . ‘Templates render the data provided by views into HTML that's sent to the user's browser. For example, a template to display a list of blog posts: html Instagram

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