D.A.V.

SCHOOL
(Affiliated to C.B.S.E., New Delhi)
SreeNandeeswarar campus, Adambakkam, Chennai – 88

ACTIVITY -1
ASSEMBLING OF HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT WITH THREE BULBS AND FUSE

AIM: To assemble a household circuit,comprising 3 bulbs, 3 on/off switches , a fuse and a power
source.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :Electric power source , 3 bulbs , 3 on /off switches , a fuse and flexible wires.

THEORY: Household power supply is 220 V and 50 Hz , frequency and household electric circuit is a
constant voltage circuit . All home appliances / gadgets are always connected in parallel to get the
voltage 220V for each appliance. Eg : bulbs , fans , tubes , 5A and 15A etc…Fuse (overload protection) is
always connected in series in live wire.

PROCEDURE :

 Draw the neat circuit diagram and connect the various componenets according to the circuit
diagram.
 The bulbs are connected with switches in parallel with one end with red wire and the other end
with black wire.
 Fuse is connected with live wire in series.

OBSERVATION :

. When the switches are made ON bulbs glow accordingly & when switches are turned OFF, the bulb

will go off.

PRECAUTIONS :

 All bulbs are to be connected in parallel.

 Fuses always connected in series to the circuit in live wire.
 Use only flexible connecting wire in AC circuit.
 ACTIVITY -- 2

GLASS SLAB – LATERAL DEVIATION

AIM : To observe refraction & lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

APPARATUS REQUIRED : Glass slab , drawing board , a sheet of white paper , gum , office pins,
protractor , a half meter scale , a pencil.

THEORY :

 When a ray of light PQ is incident on the face AB ofa glass slab , it bends towards normal. This is
because refraction takes place from rarer medium to denser medium .The refracted ray QR is
incident on the face DC of the glass slab , it bends away from the normal.This is because
refraction takes place from denser medium to rarer medium. The ray RS is called the emergent
ray.The emergentray is parallel to the incident ray. Lateral deviation ,d = t {sec r [sin (I – r)]}
where t is the thickness of the glass slab traversed.

PROCEDURE :

 Place a drawing board horizontally on a table. Fix a sheet of paper on the drawing board with a
help of gum at the four corners.
 Place a glass slab symmetrically in the middle of the white paper .Mark its boundary ABCD with
a sharp pencil
 Fix two points 1 and 2 vertically on the line PO keeping a minimum distance of 10 cm between
them.
 Place a glass slab on its boundary ABCD.
 Look at the pins 1 and 2 through the other side of CD of the glass slab.
 Remove the glass slab.Remove pins 1,2,3 and 4 one by one.Draw small circles around the pin
pricks.
 Draw a straight line RS passing through the pricks made by pin 3 and 4, the line represents the
emergent ray.
  Draw a normal on a straight line CD. Measure the angle of emergence “e”. It will be observed
that the angle of incidence and emergence are equal within the limits of experimental error.
 Join Q and R by a straight line. The line QR represents the refracted ray in a glass slab
corresponding to the incident ray PQ. Measure the angle of refraction ‘r’ .
 Repeat the above steps by placing another glass slab of different thickness.
 Record all the observation in a tabular column.
s.no Thickness of the glass Lateral deviation ‘d’ d/t
slab ‘t’ cm
cm

PRECAUTIONS :

 The angle of incidence should be neither too small nor too large.
 The pins should not be placed vertically.
 Pin should be atleasta distance 10 cm from each other .

RESULT :

Within the limits of experimental error‘ e’ = ‘I’ . The ray of light emerging from a glass slab in parallel
to the incident ray and its laterally displaced within the limits of experimental error,

d/t = constant. Clearly for a given angle of incidence, the lateral deviation is proportional to the
thickness of the slab transvesed.

ACTIVITY - 3

TO CHECK THE COMPONENTS THAT ARE NOT CONNECTED IN PROPER ORDER AND

CORRECT THE CIRCUIT

AIM :

To check the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

An ammeter , a voltmeter , battery , rheostat , one way key , resistor , connecting wires and sand paper.

THEORY :

Electric circuit is a conducting path consisting of electric components connected between the two
terminals of a cell. Circuit diagram is a diagram indicating the arrangement of various components in an
electric circuit with the help of their symbols.

Open circuit is a combination of primary components of electrical circuit in such a manner that no
current is drawn from the cell.
Closed circuit is a circuit if all the primary components in an electric circuit are connected in proper

order and current is drawn from the cell.

Figure A

Figure B

PROCEDURE :

Suppose we are given a set up in which various components are connected as shown in the figure A.

Insert the plug in key K and find the value of current ( I ) and potential (V) in ammeter and voltmeter
respectively .

OBSERVATION :

Both ammeter and voltmeter shows no deflection in the circuit A, as it is not connected properly.

We find two major errors in the circuit.

(i) Voltmeter is connected in series and ammeter is in parallel.

(ii) Current enters from negative terminals in meters.

Now make the connections as shown in figure B .Now on inserting the plug in key K, we find that both
ammeter and voltmeter shows deflection.The components in figure B are connected in proper order.
OBSERVATION :

Ammeter and voltmeter were not connected properly as clearly seen in the circuit diagram of figure A.

When ammeter and voltmeter are connected in proper order with the battery as shown in figure B they
show deflection when the circuit is closed.

PRECAUTIONS :

All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.

The insulated wires are to be used for connections .

The given circuit should not be checked by inserting plug into the key. This may damage the
components of the circuit.

RESULT :
The components in figure A is not connected properly and figure B is checked and connected
correctly .(corrected circuit diagram).

Activity 4
Principle of Potentiometer
AIM: To Study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Potentiometer, batter eliminator of constant voltage, DC power supply
 or lead acid accumulator, voltmeter and ammeter of suitable range, plug key,
jockey, rheostat, connecting wires etc.

PROCEDURE:
 Set up the electrical circuit as shown:
 Connect positive terminal of the battery to point a (zero length) of the potentiometer.
 Connect negative end of the battery to the other end B of the potentiometer wire through an
ammeter should be connected in such a way that its negative terminal is connected to the
negative terminal of the battery.
 Connect positive end of the voltmeter to point A and other end to a Jockey J.
  Now close the key K and press the jockey at point B. Adjust the rheostat to get full scale
deflection in voltmeter.
 Now adjust the voltameter reading using rheostat and measure the corresponding balancing
length .
 Tabulate the readings in the tabular column.
 Plot a graph with potential differenc ‘ V’ along the x axis and balancing length ‘l’ along the y axis
 It is a straight line.
 ∅ = V/l is the sensitivity of the potentiometer.
s.no Voltmeter reding Balancing length og ∅ = V/l
V the potentiometer
wire V/m
Cm

RESULT:

The ratio V/l = ∅ is found to be constant within the limits of experimental error.

The graph shows a linear relationship between V and l.

The value of ∅ = V/l V/cm

ACTIVITY- 5

IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVE & PASSIVE ELEMENTS

AIM:

To identify a diode, LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
APPARATUS:
A mixed collection of a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor.

THEORY:
Diode, LED, Resistor and capacitor have two legs each. minimum of eight legs. For the
identification of diode, LED, resistor and capacitor, we can take the help of current. When dc is
supplied to the resistor, it shows a constant current. When dc is supplied to a capacitor, a
multimeter set at R shows initially a full scale deflection which falls to zero very quickly. Diode
conducts electricity , when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. When
diode emits light, it is LED.
 Resistor , Diode , capacitor

PROCEDURE:

 All the component will be two terminal devices. These components can be
distinguished from each other by using a multimeter as an ohmmeter.
 Take a multimeter. Turn the selector switch on to position R for checking the
continuity. Put the black lead in the common terminal and red lead in the terminal
marked P or +ve of the multimeter.
 Touch the probes to the two ends of each component. Observe the deflection on the
resistance scale. Now interchange the two probes and again observe the deflection.
 Same constant deflection in the two cases confirms that the component under
observation is a resistor.
 A large deflection which gradually or quickly decreases to zero confirms that the
component under observation is a capacitor.
 Unequal deflections in the two cases confirms that the component under the
observation is a junction diode.
 Unequal deflections in the two cases along with emission of light in the case when
deflection is large, confirms that the component under observation is an LED.

RESULT:
A diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items are identified.

ACTIVITY 6A

IMAGE FORMATION OF A CONVEX LENS

AIM:

To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using a source
box and a screen (for different distances of the source from the lens.

APPARATUS:

A convex lens, an optical bench, three uprights, spirit level, a source box , a cardboard screen.
THEORY:

Images formed by a convex lens corresponding to the different position of object:

1 1 1
 Object at infinity: In this case, 𝑣 − ∞ = 𝑓 or v = f

So, the image is formed at the principal focus. The image is real, inverted and greatly
diminished in size.

 Object at 2F:
In this case, the image is formed at 2F. The Image is real, inverted and of the
same size as the object.

 Object beyond 2F:

In this case, the image lies between F and 2F. The image is real, inverted and
diminished size.

 Object between F and 2F:

In this case, the image is formed beyond 2F. The image is real inverted and
magnified in size.

 Object at F:
In this case, the image is formed at infinity. The image is real, inverted and
magnified.

 Object between F and C:

In this case, the image is formed anywhere between infinity and optical
centre. It is formed on the same side as the object. The image is virtual, erect
and magnified. In this case, the lens behaves as a magnify lens.
PROCEDURE:

 Find the rough focal length F of the given convex lens.

 Level the optical bench with the help of its levelling screws and spirit level.
 Mount the convex lens over an upright. Place it over the optical bench near its one end.
 Fix the source box over another upright. Place it over the optical bench near its one
end.
 Mount the given screen over the third upright. Place it over the optical bench near its
other end.
 Adjust the position of the object distance (u) with the help of convex lens keeping the
source box fixed.
 Adjust the position of the screen to capture a clear well defined image on the screen ‘v’.
 Repeat the above procedure for various ‘u’ and measure the corresponding ‘v’ in the
tabular column.

OBSERVATIONS:

 Convex lens produces both real and virtual image, and also as the position of the object
varies the image position also varies for real images.

RESULT:

The nature of image formed by convex lens is studied.

ACTIVITY – 6B
IMAGE FORMATION – CONCAVE MIRROR
AIM:

To study the nature of image formed by a concave mirror for different positions
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Source box , wire gauze, screen, concave mirror, scale.
THEORY:
Images formed by concave mirror:

 OBJECT AT INFINITY:
In this case, the image is formed at the principal focus. The image is real,
inverted, gently, diminished in size.

 OBJECT AT F:
 In this case, the image is formed at infinity. The image is real, inverted & highly
enlarged.

 OBJECT BETWEEN F AND 2F:

In this case, the image is formed beyond 2F. The image is real, inverted and
enlarged in size.

 OBJECT BEYOND 2F:

In this case, the images lies between F and 2F. the image is real, inverted and
diminished.

 OBJECT AT 2F:
In this case, the image is formed at 2F. The image is real, inverted and of the
same size of the object.

 OBJECT BETWEEN F AND P:

In this case, the image is formed behind the mirror above the principal axis. The image
is virtual, erect and magnified.

PROCEDURE:

 Keep the position of the source box fixed.

 Place the concave mirror on the mirror stand.
  Roughly find focus of mirror through distant object method.
 Place the mirror between F and 2F and focus the clear image on the screen. Find the
distance of V.
 The experiment is repeated for different positions of the object ‘u’ and corresponding
‘v’ image distance is measured and and their nature is studied.
OBSERVATIONS:

 Concave mirror produces both real and virtual image, and also as the position of the object
varies the image position also varies for real images.

RESULT:

The nature of image formed by a concave mirror is studied.

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