| Ou eer Oe Mie at EL | —— . , (es ecemisy @ eche JOSdUMENTS + - — ‘i ele al que a1 C4 aes _electr 9 aon = | such canner ite Couser , ete: ‘These ‘ave _to_be measured {n onder, +0 mig ol AA p e Plexo [deat the peAte AACE © LI aushab is measurement standard? | Meaxuzement is a quatitakve compar'Sen -pekwean tre _anknouin quontily to _be meaurec jan a pre- determined standasd- 4 Mearusiag Tashument Compastson |A_phy (col dewee used to carmy ub she |compansed 4 pmeasorement of dhe ankneun quently called 04 measuring insdrument +53: Velimeter and Ammeter: | cone of Meosstng inshuments : _ the _inshrumenk sheutd rok lead sae cizeuit: Power loss should be minimum during : — Measure ment: I Errms invelved must be minimum: + I i : la hile _lnshument should nak hove dre | I, e 3 2 20 ot 0es : r a Cs —> Clomificahan of Measuring Tashume \ | _ill Absolute Tashument ___||Theu give e value of electrical in_de ® ensta and def leche lhe not require comparison. Prewe barton {is not required Tange meer Ray! ‘eh ent balance i Tears ee gi ves Value oe 4 to be measu: - colibarakion. Eg. Ammetker, Voltmeter Wlottmertes- _ Bo0le1 —7| Classi ficadt acce: a || separation | Lndveoking Tastzuments : These inshumenks df indicate dhe instankenour value a; ( tay 4 feoilias Is given ba ‘ ‘ 3 ss O i“ c 2 anti dai ieks a] || coins “eypeee to_dime. Uney ore generally called 05 reeer den. bg EC Gq ‘A Or, ring Insded enn “1. Tabegradlang Tashumens! sa mearuxe and register lhe | eee plied ds in om Linke Energy pial = Clanifie en according Je working priauple —— ae Applicast ® ae 1 ta ” to ele chet cere [lmrits: deo enr@rs. ee — bled chograms of Eleckenic Measurement System: tabs! Pohorcrry [a pate 5 naley to digita \ ran Smitten | Signal _fescesiAg Pracen, Ag' | classmate, Date : || Signal Conditioning Unit! = : | TL c@nyerts tus inpuk signal jako _o | fees form rich is acceptable by. jlunids | stages of 2 Seste m- ue | the signal keeping orgincl nature : : “signod Constant « The Sign condiya ean be \ineor or Nen- Linear. = Addition Madulah'on I _Subhactien | ‘ Tabegrot'on | Sampling, Fildertng derivahion pp" j = 1 n_be ed ‘ng dh signal conditioning. =? Data Transmission ‘Ihe pata Con ll daansmitted tn usired | wireloy prann ie i Analag te a Si Poocens! as Meme i b of onalas aia ie =p Bota display * ™earuseck quankily 1s displayed fora tia ,—] funckieing of Inshuments and Meorusing - “Tashumeants : “\. Tadieating funckion these iashument gives a measured value in the form of deflection af a pointer jen a _scale- Lg Analos Mekers. wee Recording fandton: These _insdrumens giver a conknnevs recerd of _¢he vax oble \ ak a given dime: jeg BCO , £EG , Ship Chart Recorder ured in she power staden. 3 Condwelling fan chica’ jhee sustems central dhe wontiby ts be - Meoured: dhere funchan Is {postback a a ~ 1adusde ol candeel pracenses. Eo. thezmossets A ee ore ured ts canbal lguiid evel:Measurement is xO os Standa aire h , ! ios to | Gren Paes! | they occur dure in a human {a om £ Hocersa due is _ | peratsr. Tk ila as gress ever completely pub wes sl rseucee a + Readings mush be saoken “(e. ad au Li me enw son £5: A Human reads 206:8°C acdial geacking 1s S1-g%e:IR Spee the axe clon fied o» jnsirumeatol carer, lL envize@nmenkol reo. Pee. Error } in jnshrument due to _{erechoai cad Shucuse, }elerance of she tompencabs ete they owe clos filed L Due ts jaherent Sheat coming of she __|incdorument: lo. Misuse *h dhe insdaaann ent. __ Be. oe “a, a do cil ‘af \ —eresriag ports: 4 _|- eevee LaxtorStotistical Analysis: Axith oad a= Tb o ef the peayped volue abe kno Mere tre Aumber of 2eCordingg betes | lapprem modion + Ib R= % +x > N—> numbe of setoidings. x, — Readtags. __2'| newathion. Ik is de A IO Es: faom _ax¢hpahic _m _||us consider demaht a + X24 D2 ond s. je. Di => %)— a bg ekg = as DB Sees_ | BD > Average Dewaten: 2 a D — _Abso tah | N > Number of desatina reading Ms | 4 cand eal Th ws defined a, the lare set ef sum ef squared dewahian | | | ! ) _ divided a of sp T) us | / ! | / | | Leosorrenae cd si so = [OT etc ata) (dgcaa) 6 eae ta eS =| | Vowel @. » defined ar CAN SF ULare idewiahian Ae by (v). Tb wb re On + —t Nos) DASE Da as DV !_yelimeler reads voltages a4 10-4 HOloVv, 10:30, 10 -00V nee a 56 = 9/0. Om Salon BS. eee if yl sees = 10:1S- 10:6% — 0:08 = Xo — X El0:2o = lO10m =i ONGEag ba > X3-*% = l0'lo — 10:64 + 0'63 7 aes K_= 10:30 = 16:0% — 0-23 > O10S [ns = xs= K_= b'OS - \6: OF} —+ -9:025! Tog» Ke - XK = 9:90 = 10:6) =n 0-6 lie leant KS 9. 9¢ 216.5 Say ) [be = Xg- kK = 10:00- 10:04 —> - 0:03:94 Ins —» X9 -A = 16:05 — }o-6t — - 0-00 aS.als g ; SSS = | 0:126 Te g SD > O')25S4hy Kae S.1 + $008 2. C058 eS a3 $12 = ONE ot Xg~ K > SS = = OB i Sa at ins =o 0107 ee =k > WA = =0:20% Mkies x6 — Ks 4:3— a2 bela, xy-K — 4.4s= 7 =0-0 Di — X= K => 4:9t= 2=0:0 Pra? og = 5 ot 6 Din — xjo>K 7 S142 ONE aatmata ” 4:|| Paebable Exx@r ©. 6t845x S'D ©: 6448S % O1720166S — ©:08\6S2 CGS SsleS12. AS Eee Io = 5. 013%3 Att. SBS EAS Olt COGS) S: po Al 2 = Olas CPIKE , FF ee, | = ps = S'1S=$:0132 = Olas pac 4:9 = S.0122 2 6: 1og ps 48 = $0192 = =O eons D6 24-9 '5 Dis OSL bee 4-9S—= 50123 = =O1OSa pg 24:94 iS 12a enone ee aie a ee ee lng = 4-99= $-0133 = —Oroie pio = S14= S-0189= O88 dno tabu Beicaafind— lan clarenens hi [approaches the value ef quaakh eat mMeac— urement Ik 1s enprened on s® pange Accuracy is offeded by loading of tHe io uments ace, environmental cendideny, ele | , I 5 i i Peuson: Is s_defiacd Oo a clegoce of ES ag: Ae Ee E Dp ijs Gels 1G, eens ee ib ef die air L reproducibility of 2a. dings. ___ Ita re, Eas ol eles ele Ce | ll. Con fremijy. ' y J 2 Significant frguses. 3 Ce OQOna TT - Meowaing Tosbumenks RPMMc Mechanism Le POMC inshumenb fall in tHe Co Moving coi\ inshumen They are be the most accurate variely for Mi meat of Quonhes _ bao tae pesmanen’ Manel gener - J J Ide Flechon force wittin de coil. A ——__Ildhe spring 9 rate, the force balance the painters ence } 4 Cenhelliag and —|te prowide accusa ja Spring | Balancing ofp! Weighty sant Lemme = > Peamonens Magnek Moving Cos 4 Torque Fquahen | where, —— || ny’ 4s dhe noe An a gis density of fla ridin Qir 9a end talesore SNS Heal, heryanlal lengls of Sur fo is flows of current in’ dhe coil ~ [the equakan involved in A a ad “dhe jovgue quod a. The deflecting torque induces gaze calls Mmevement en enprerse a jth the equation abeve. raue can be prowded te the be dene — Win _spaing. aad it | resee (k's sping canstard) Téaas deflection cao ve done dhraugh the - Loo = Td Substitute te vet | Te and Td ja o2ovs eg uaton ther use ge a = NGLAT Ute knew trot Gs N@rd ko= GL @=Gt/k L=(k/a)e rellechion —hergue disectly Preps hianal e © cusent in dhememaefi5- Boric Ammetes Crreusit Barc movement of PC Arameker 1s 0. in basic Mm }Galvanemeter. he C Wi | ace, n x h heav: reek 1aAVE con called Shunt Resistance. In parallel I Brotes Wlhea heavy Curent ae applied ts bly may 2 Ha through Shunk Reaistaace. « n_ be caluttate, 1 . uw Is: > th he: age d» across th m. Movement Must be Same: Th | Ish + Rsh = Im+Rm | urhese Rm _is internal resistance Ash Is Shunt deristance. on 1S equal te fall scale deflection cu sh 1s anal a te Shunk coment ee is the tumenl $s be meaured. .aaho a cumenk to the curent eA ay Muli ‘ne hes Rsh ie [Rsh = Rea [2 See | Vollmete holies! A py connedias a tener renisdance | Thin lrerictoace Is cuin a Muldplier: Comblaahen 2, ete, and mulliglies lactone Je Creu erhore valtage 2 della be _Mearused an sheutn ta figuse- ttemenk for Im. v= wee Rang slag PRI ce emplele veldag ry rem V= Im. Rm Y= Im (Rm+Rs) Rs = V=TImRm = Ve km eu. ae Im Im Wie Can abo expren tne resulb in des 3 i mulbplyins factor of Priulhiplies (sey illeei) eps ii 7 Rm J Leen draseaoade pale Rhge — | Hence-for de —Meaaurement cf valtese (rm! pimes the volta 4e. Sa ee inshument 4h ES ooultiplyliag. erista ould be | Cort) timer Hae meter seri stan al en ghuchen of Mmubdipliens* Te Resistance ch@uld net chang ibn Hi 2. Change in the reristance itt mM sc se I nowta be. small. |g. they shou A be nea Induch've teund tee Ac _mekens- nison of Ammeter and Velimetens : al Ammeter, Velo eker jie 1 Ammeter is connected Velimetes Is A Thin senten te fad ja parallel with the fas. Meaxnemenk of crak ks Meacuse letrenth currents voltage. 2.| Ts resistance 1's very low Thi betel resistance Iso, Haat 1 cannot chaage Vs very hugh se Haak dhe Civaut Carrent appe= ib Comsies very gmalt —ledo bly. Current and (aanat _ change coreuuit Corsre nd Hs appreciably: SS SS A i a Sa aHeching tersue ss deflecting Proportional te circuit popeshe nal cures ___ellage 4. Shunt: ore connected Mulhpliest a Belin porotiel fox range — 10 Seren | pete NLI0d __extensioa: 4 Tf Ac Voldnge is es then a pc Am If Ac veltase ek avollage [Aibeorsator|- 2 rll 1 a < face op - -@)_v<. AC Nelmetess ave broadly Clarified io _Pnsee types: ip Peaks Voltmeter Ip Avesogs wolirrestens Lisa EVIE sas aeeiee ee ‘iL qruie Rms Valimeter- = -) piffarencebelussso_peak-vellmeles aad_ao __ average voldmeter hier in Recife . , =al 4 ene_sLadomelen. psec EES laa # Lsensia ula __ Lis Propastianal fe the square WE ae 3 Hef Voltage. + Peak VolimetesL A Peak NVolimetes! “Rech fies wit con c ole in Parallel usith a es Rech f His cles roa bases tsith a 4 Out voltage plotted dy Or _shenia We eee »AC input ‘alone Meleeed by clothed [Line at Hoe (tee). |p Gere Covncites — fala APAci tes a>g the +5 qucsdes lpeak valtage (vm) be cause silede le cenduchas due ts foruratd biased. + Dustag the feat cycle upde the, n | Positive diade remains fe culo ee At Ha re@ug hence capaures stasd reristeos 4 Tis ae centnuews due te discharge af capacites ofp wave fo n ual ds dhe Peak value ay shes by selid [ine an wsrave form: b Capacities sheuld be large enough retouln the charge.fac Siousoidal veltage is _o given by v= Vm Sin wt iducle tehere, Va, > peak value ef AC > ames value of AC voltage V = Vm Siaust = (2 Vsinwt The voltage gets secified and a i beoal pulcahins valtage ic pe edi ef rethfia dhe pulsabing vo a pulsating cusreal aad the ne respec bo id Pmme indicates Cemespending to average value of Mey =e fr vm Siow t +d (wt) CS Nev 27 ll a Nm = O.4SV.| “querefore_camenh though meter is aus’ Roa+Re ‘phich produces a { : iF vsltage produced with oc value- eas tave Rech fires Sian a Veltage = Im Siow t = 2. y/ Sia ee le a to the you) au ev : ; "pg aes mekes is given bby ad = = oN — o- Vm 5 de BAN Rees Ere) —nOrS Vi ___ | Avesage value ef current in the meter i» gs Hmer ef Mot oth Be value“| Ssosiny datse +f -holf wo Tver af Ochs, = fo fos Ee Ac Pas maki itaulbplyine factors. 1. footie => me = 2-92 2- Per, PWR —- me = 14 Tene Rms Value voltmeter! Th maker use of theres couple — wold eltag preperhana Ln S@ mS value of laput veltage given te Mea to.. Thesme Oxe Aen hiacas Pes me nk. |[ine _dissimilos metals eer electric ciwcuit _| sad tReet ca mee ik: As a rend a thexmoceuple Mearures temperakire of _[neates urhtch ts ao fanchon of current es ie —_|yeltage being Measured: i 1 I) __ | Advantages’ | b Suitable for Mearsursemenk ef RE Signals. | _ |p Reading 4s accurcte abeve SOnHa = Disadvantages! | Thexmeceuple 1's a Aen- bin Jewi'ce therefore _Semehimes ik affect MeasurementSexe» COlmmete: a: Olmmetes | Ry SNe Sn is. Seeds Re Ky — |] Ro T : i | he t | sg Prime meter is placed sn shunt reistance ee. Thu combi peste, imeeen Jie hia i Aken rer‘chsr Rx Is connected x and x'. Working : Glhen x is ceanected acyess X and x!-| me t Yi aie 4; ob : ill flow in low yal Ra. y ‘ Mm a atanamate pom e to value of Ax j ay thay ae eee" ronb- ss 464, mee: " - oad Cid Seate ll { Ra }a Ra+ Rm | Ie = Cunent flowing Hnoamugh prime Meter _ || Ro = lous salue “qestishe aces 1 Cis ee teem me Rm = Resistance of Prime Mekes- t= Tefal Cusrent ef “Ciraut w+] Teter Gecuit: Goren (tus given bye 35) E Tetol Internal Resistance of Ux + Rx Ry +RJn Thuy 1 a eter movement is used fir of value ef unknewo qeristance cer In parallel with unkne@uin rerictance| Im bx — a ey ae | a & 2. bs Re = Internat rerishance of meter. | TL = Teteal Cerri} Cursent. > Metal ciecil Cusvent: 2 _ lI Le i Ry + [Ron] | Ax)|, | pohob 18 Pauter foutor? al ea Lihy We Measure Pouser fucken? | vhaduchea Powren focteos Meker Measures piltddia ia | laf single _¥ reve and thren Phose Ac Circus | thes eae coil and vollaye coi). | Deflechma—ts obtained by. interaction beleseen! moagaehic_fielda of there Ase cole Produchiao — of torque is dependenbinn phase langle of he cumenk in cument ceil and | lvellage— jo voltage cesilen Soi ar eh lPewser factor meters axe clarsi filed jo fut: | Mens Tren type PF Meter: sere: sd ef Meter | 2 | Dyoamanacker type PF Meker' | ia 6 PF Meter. ip. 3 GPF Meter. ‘0 a 2 thin Mv ama, T aen of ‘rons ‘es shouin jo figuse (<—): ‘4s irons are separated frem each —{-setlaes by a nea magnetized i's hance f ___lipiece A —fach ren has a magnehging ceil One coil | wi |)S wee + ain connected in series tart i loncthes coi) 4b iKR dg2 2 oe R+S eee ee ee “Sebalitabing aad ie ie dG ee ee |S eee R P+Q R+S ___|lwhere, Ro Unkneuin Resistance HS w»_Standard Asm of bridge ___|Pand Q ore called Rath'o Arms [Thuy urhen the bridge Pool arch Uaoee! Can ussite au 2, = = Teka ait T3225 Tyzy