(An Autonomous Institution approved by UGC and affiliated to JNTUH))

(Accredited by NAAC with ‘A” Grade, Accredited by NBA of AICTE and

Recipient of World Bank under TEQIP-I and II )

Yamnampet, Ghatkesar Mandal, Hyderabad - 501 301

COURSE FILE

For

B. Tech. III year - II Semester

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2022
 S.No Contents

1. Vision of the Department

2. Mission of the Department

3. PEO s

4. PO s

5. PSO s

6. Syllabus with Course objectives Course outcomes, Prerequisites and CO,PO,PSO mapping

7. Brief notes on the importance of the course and how it fits into the curriculum

8. Course mapping with PEOs and Pos

9. Micro Plan

10. Question papers of previous years

11. Unit wise Short Answer Questions

12. Unit wise Long Answer Questions

13. Assignment topics

1.VISION OF ECE DEPARTMENT

To create an educational environment for students to excel in their professional career, and to
solve the challenges of industry in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering with
focus on human values, professional ethics and social responsibility.

2.MISSION OF ECE DEPARTMENT

1. Training the students in the core subjects of Electronics and Communication engineering with
due focus on multi-disciplinary areas.
2. Establishing liaison with relevant industries, R&D organizations and renowned academia for
exposure to modern tools and practical aspects of technology.
3. Inculcating teamwork, leadership, professional ethics, effective communication and interpersonal
skills to make students globally competent in employment as well as entrepreneurship.
4. Promoting scientific temper and research culture in the graduates towards lifelong learning, and
to work towards the engineering solution in the contexts of society and environment.

3.PEOs (Program Educational Objectives)

PEO – I. To apply the knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals to find the
solution of complex engineering problems concerning societal, health, safety, cultural and environmental
issues.
PEO – II. Empowering graduates to exhibit proficiency in core areas through evolving technologies in
electronics and communication engineering and to identify, analyze, design, and conduct experiments for
innovative solutions.

PEO – III. Facilitating graduates to achieve academic excellence and pursue R&D in multi-disciplinary
domains leading to design of novel products using modern tools and to promote skills in project
management, entrepreneurship and IPR.

PEO- IV. Developing human values, and professional ethics, improving the effective communication
skills, team work, leadership qualities, and life-long learning.

4.POs( Program Outcomes) of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department.

After Completion of ECE Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
5.PSOs(Program Specific Outcomes)

PSO1: Should be able to gain the in-depth knowledge in core subjects to identify, formulate, analyze, and
suggest viable solutions to the real-life problems in the field of Electronics Signal Processing and
Communication Systems.
PSO2: Should have the capability to apply modern design tools to analyze and design
subsystems/processes for a variety of applications in the allied fields of electronics and communications.
PSO3: Should possess good interpersonal skills, and also an ability to work as a team member as well as
team leader with good professional ethics, and also to become a life-long learner in the context of
technological developments and to face challenges with technological.

6.SYLLABUS
Year/Sem Sub. Code Subject Name L T P/D C
III-I 7CC13 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATIONS 3 - - 3
Prerequisites: EMTL
Course Objectives :
The objectives of this course are
 To study and learn various antennas, their working principle, arrays and radiation patterns of
antennas.
 To understand various techniques involved in various antenna parameter measurements.
 To understand the radio wave propagation in the atmosphere
Course Outcomes: After studying this course, the students will be able to
CO Know the importance of Antenna characteristics, electromagnetic theory applicable to
1 Antennas.
CO Analyze various Antenna Arrays and capable of Deriving Radiation Resistance and
2 Directivity of wire antennas
CO Evaluate Directivity and Radiation Patterns of Reflector ,Aperture Antennas
3
CO Distinguish the radiation Patterns of Resonant and Non Resonant Antennas and acquire
4 Knowledge to Explain Gain, Directivity & Radiation Pattern Measurements.
CO Discuss ground wave and space wave propagation .
5
CO Analyze the concepts of sky wave propagation .
6
 Antennas and
Wave P
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
CO Propagation O
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1
(7CC13)

Know the
importance of
Antenna
CO1 characteristics, 3 2 2 2 3 2 1
electromagnetic
theory applicable
to Antennas.

Analyze various
Antenna Arrays
and capable of
Deriving
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 2 1
Radiation
Resistance and
Directivity of wire
antennas

Evaluate
Directivity and
CO3 Radiation Patterns 3 3 3 2 3 2 1
of Reflector and
Aperture Antennas

Distinguish the
radiation Patterns
of Resonant and
Non Resonant
Antennas and
CO4
acquire Knowledge 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 1
to Explain Gain,
Directivity &
Radiation Pattern
Measurements.

Discuss ground
CO5 wave and space 3 2 2 1 3 1 1
wave propagation .

Analyze the
CO6 concepts of sky 3 2 2 1 3 1 1
wave propagation

CO Overall 3 2 3 1 3 2 2 1

Syllabus Content

Unit-I:
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS
Review of Electromagnetic Theory: Vector Potential, Solution of Wave Equation, Retarded Case,
Hertizian Dipole. Antenna Characteristics: Radiation Pattern, Beam Solid Angle, Directivity, Gain, Input
Impedance, Polarization, Bandwidth, Reciprocity, Equivalence of Radiation Patterns, Equivalence of
Impedances, Effective Aperture, Vector Effective Length, Antenna efficiency.
Unit-II:
LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS AND ARRAYS
Wire Antennas: Short Dipole, Radiation Resistance and Directivity, Half Wave Dipole, Monopole, Small
Loop Antennas. Antenna Arrays: Linear Array and Pattern Multiplication, Two-Element Array, Uniform
Array, BSA and EFA, EFA With increased Directivity. BSA with Non- uniform Amplitude Distributions
and Binomial Arrays.
Unit-III:
APERTUREAND REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
Magnetic Current and its Fields, Uniqueness Theorem, Field Equivalence Principle, Duality Principle,
Method Of Images, Pattern Properties, Slot Antenna, Horn Antenna, Pyramidal Horn Antenna, Reflector
Antenna-Flat Reflector, Corner Reflector, Common Curved Reflector Shapes, Lens Antenna.
Unit-IV:
Long Wire, V and Rhombic Antenna, Yagi-Uda Antenna, Turnstile Antenna, Helical Antenna- Axial Mode
Helix, Normal Mode Helix, Biconical Antenna, Log Periodic Dipole Array, Spiral Antenna, Microstrip
Patch Antennas. Antenna Measurements: Radiation Pattern Measurement, Gain and Directivity.
Unit-V: Surface Wave Propagation-Modes of Wave Propagation-Surface Wave Propagation and Surface
Wave Tilt-Plane Earth Reflection, Reflection and Refraction of Waves-Field Strength due to Ground
Wave-Multi-Hop Transmission. Tropospheric and Space Wave Propagation
UNIT VI:
Ionospheric Propagation: Structure of Ionosphere-Measures of Ionosphere Propagation-Critical
Frequency-Angle of Incidence-MUF And LUF ,Optimum Working Frequency-Skip Distance, Virtual
Height , Refractive Index of The Ionosphere, Effect of the Earth Magnetic Field and Fading

TEXT BOOKS -
1. John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, Antennas for All Applications –TMH, 3rd Edn., 2003.
2. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain ,Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems –, PHI, 2nd ed.,
2000. .

REFERENCES –
1. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory - John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed., 2001.
2. K.D. Prasad, Antennas and Wave Propagation –, Satya Prakashan, Tech India Publications, New
Delhi, 2001.
3. E.V.D. Glazier and H.R.L. Lamont ,Transmission and Propagation –, The Services Text Book of
Radio, vol. 5, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
4. F.E. Terman Electronic and Radio Engineering –, McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 1955.
5. John D. Kraus, Antennas – McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed, 1988.

7. Importance of the Antenna and wave Propagation

Antennas and Wave Propagation field is as old as communication field. It is in par with Communication
Field. New concepts displace old and constant updating is required.AWP course is necessary for under
Graduate students in the communication field which is growing enormously day by day.
To meet the demands of communications starting from low frequencies to microwave frequencies
Students should have in depth knowledge of the antennas in the concerned frequency ranges.
 In the present course Wire antennas are analyzed as the extension of Basic concepts of antenna
characteristics in the communication field. To cover the growing need of HF and VHF range Resonant
and Non resonant antennas are discussed.VHF and UHF along with LOS propagation is required for FM
and TV leading to the development of Yagi - Uda Antenna. To meet the demands of Satellite
Communication Parabolic reflectors with various feed mechanisms and Helical Antennas are discussed.
To focus on Parabolic reflectors different types of Reflector antennas are discussed. Apart from antennas
Propagation mechanisms has practical importance in the communication and these mechanisms are
covered in detail in the Present Course.
8.PEO-PO Mapping

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
PEO-1 X X X
PEO-2 X X X
PEO-3 X X X X
PEO-4 X X X

9. Micro Plan
Unit-I
FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF ANTENNAS
SNO UNIT NO Topic to be covered No of
Periods
1 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 1
2 Vector Potential 1
3 I Solution of Wave Equation 1
4 Retarded Case 1

5 Hertzian Dipole. 1
6 Radiation Pattern, Beam Solid Angle, 1
Directivity, Gain
7 Input Impedance, Polarization, Bandwidth 1
8 Reciprocity, Equivalence of Radiation 1
Patterns
9 Equivalence of Impedances, Effective 1
Aperture
10 Vector Effective Length, Antenna efficiency. 1
Total number of Periods Required for UNIT-I 10
SNO UNIT NO Topic to be covered No of
Periods
11 Wire Antennas 1
12 Short Dipole 1
13 Half Wave Dipole, Half Wave Dipole 1
14 Small Loop Antennas 1
 15 Linear Array, Uniform Array 1
16 Pattern Multiplication 1
17 II Two-Element Array 1
18 BSA 1
19 EFA ,EFA With increased Directivity 1
20 Non- uniform Amplitude Distributions and 1
Binomial Arrays.
Total number of Periods Required for UNIT-II 10
SNO UNIT NO Topic to be covered No of
Periods
21 Magnetic Current and its Fields 1
22 Uniqueness Theorem 1
23 Field Equivalence Principle, Duality Principle 1
24 Method Of Images, Pattern Properties 1
25
III Slot Antenna 1
26 Horn Antenna, Pyramidal Horn Antenna 1
27 Reflector Antenna-Flat Reflector 1
28 Common Curved Reflector Shapes, 1
Parabolic Reflector Principle
29 Parabolic Reflector and its Feed 1
mechanisms
30 Lens Antenna 1
Total number of Periods Required for UNIT-III 10
UNIT-IV- Resonant & Non Resonant antennas –Antenna Measurements
SNO UNIT NO Topic to be covered No of
Periods
31 Long Wire Antenna , V Antenna 1
32 Rhombic Antenna 1
33 Yagi - Uda Antenna 1
34 Turnstile Antenna 1
35 Helical Antenna- Axial Mode Helix 1
UNIT-IV
36 Normal Mode Helix 1
37 Log Periodic Dipole Array, Microstrip Patch 1
Antennas
38 Bi conical Antenna, Spiral Antenna 1
39 Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement 1
40 Antenna Gain and Directivity Measurement 1
Total number of Periods Required for UNIT-III 10
SNO UNIT NO Topic to be covered No of
Periods
UNIT-V- Surface Wave Propagation
41 Modes of Wave Propagation 1
42 Surface Wave Propagation and Surface 1
Wave Tilt
43 Reflection ,Refraction and Diffraction of 1
Waves
 44 Plane Earth Reflection 1
45 Field Strength due to Ground Wave 1
46 UNIT-V Multi-Hop Transmission 1
47 Tropo spheric Propagation 1

48 Space Wave Propagation 1

49 Tutorials 1
Total number of Periods Required for UNIT-V 9
SNO UNIT NO Topic to be covered No of
Periods
UNIT-VI- Ionospheric Propagation
50 Structure of Ionosphere 1
51 Structure of Ionosphere(cont) 1
52 Measures of Ionosphere Propagation 1
53 Critical Frequency 1
54 UNIT-VI Angle of Incidence-MUF And LUF 1
55 Optimum Working Frequency 1
56 Skip Distance, Virtual Height 1
57 Refractive Index of The Ionosphere 1
58 Effect of the Earth Magnetic Field 1
59 Fading 1
Total number of Periods Required for UNIT-VI 10
60 UNIT-1 UNIT-1 problems and theory from previous 1
Question Papers
61 UNIT-2 UNIT-2problems and theory from previous 1
Question Papers
62 UNIT-3 UNIT-3 problems and theory from previous 1
Question Papers
63 UNIT-4 UNIT-4 problems and theory from previous 1
Question Papers
64 UNIT-5and6 UNIT-5 and 6 problems and theory from 1
previous Question Papers
Total number of Periods Required for all 6 units 64

10. Previous Question Papers

 Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology Regulation :A-15
(An Autonomous Institution)
Code No: 5C514 Date: 15-Nov-2017 (FN)

B.Tech III-Year I-Semester External Examination, Nov - 2017 (Regular)

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION (ECE)

Time: 3 Hours
Max.Marks:75

Note: a) No additional answer sheets will be provided.

b) All sub-parts of a question must be answered at one place only, otherwise it will not
be valued.

c) Missing data can be assumed suitably.

Part - A
Max.Marks:25 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

1 What is the maximum effective aperture of a microwave antenna with a directivity of 900? [3M]

2 Draw the radiation pattern of an array of two element isotropic point sources of [3M]
i) same amplitude and same phase ii) same amplitude and opposite phase.
3 List range of parameter values of a corner reflector antenna for better efficiency. [3M]

4 Explain how gain of an antenna can be measured with the help of two antenna method. [3M]

5 Distinguish between ground wave, space wave and ionospheric wave. [3M]

6 Define virtual height with reference to ionospheric propagation and explain. [2M]

7 State Principle of pattern Multiplication. [2M]

8 List the applications of loop antenna and give the expression for finding the radiation [2M]
resistance..

9 Define critical frequency. List the critical frequencies of different layers. [2M]

10 What are the differences between corner reflector antenna and parabolic antenna? [2M]

Part – B
Max.Marks:50

ANSWER ANY FIVE QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 10 MARKS.

1 a) How do you distinguish between near field zone and far field zone? From what distance [5M]
the far field dominates? Explain with the help of a relevant expression.

b) Find the directivity for the following intensity patterns: [5M]

i. Unidirectional cosine pattern U=UmCosθ
ii. Bidirectional cosine pattern U= UmCosθ
iii. Bidirectional sine pattern U= UmSinθ

2 a) Explain the working mechanism and applications of Binomial array with diagrams. [5M]
Highlight the advantages of Binomial array over conventional array. Explain the
importance of tapering.

b) Obtain the radiation pattern of 4-isotropic elements fed in phase, spaced λ/2 apart using [5M]
principle of multiplication of patterns.

3 a) Describe the principle and construction of E-plane metal plate lens antenna and mention [5M]
its applications.

b) A parabolic antenna having a circular mouth is to have a power gain of 1000 at λ=10cm. [5M]
Estimate the diameter of the mouth and the HPBW of the antenna.

4 a) Explain the construction and working of symmetrical V-antenna with neat figures. [5M]

b) Enumerate the construction details of Helical Antenna and explain its two modes of [5M]
operation with neat diagrams.

5 a) Derive the equation of line of sight distance. [5M]

b) What will be the height of the receiving antenna, if it is located at 40km from the [5M]
transmitting antenna and height of transmitting antenna is 80m?

6 a) With neat figure explain what is meant by skip distance. Derive the expression for skip [5M]
distance in terms of critical frequency (fc) and maximum usable frequency (fmuf).

b) A high frequency radio link is to be established between two – points at a distance of [5M]
2500km on earth’s surface. Consider the ionospheric height to be 200km and its critical
frequency 5MHz, calculate the MUF for the given path.

7 a) Find the current required to radiate a power of 100W at 100MHz from a 0.01m Hertzian [3M]
 dipole.

b) Compare the far fields of small loop and short dipoles. [3M]

c) Explain the principle of equality of path length applicable to horn antenna. [4M]

8 a) Explain in detail measurement of radiation pattern of an antenna with the help of block [3M]
diagram.

b) What is duct propagation? Under what conditions duct will be formed? [3M]

c) Describe the effect of earth’s magnetic field on the ionospheric wave. [4M]

-- 00 -- 00 –

Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology (An Autonomous Institution)

Regulation : A-14
Code No: 4C511 Date: 15-Nov-2017 (FN)

B.Tech III-Year I-Semester External Examination, Nov - 2017 (Supplementary)

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION (ECE)

Time: 3 Hours
Max.Marks:70

Note: a) No additional answer sheets will be provide

b) All sub-parts of a question must be answered at one place only, otherwise it will not
be valued.

c) Missing data can be assumed suitably.

Part - A

Max.Marks:20

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

1 What is the maximum effective aperture of a microwave antenna with a directivity of 900? [2M]

2 Draw the radiation pattern of an array of two element isotropic point sources of [2M]
i) same amplitude and same phase ii) same amplitude and opposite phase.
3 List range of parameter values of a corner reflector antenna for better efficiency. [2M]

4 Explain how gain of an antenna can be measured with the help of two antenna method. [2M]

5 Distinguish between ground wave, space wave and ionospheric wave. [2M]

6 Define virtual height with reference to ionospheric propagation and explain. [2M]

7 State Principle of pattern Multiplication. [2M]

8 List the applications of loop antenna and give the expression for finding the radiation resistance. [2M]

9 Define critical frequency. List the critical frequencies of different layers. [2M]

10 What are the differences between corner reflector antenna and parabolic antenna? [2M]

Part – B Max.Marks:50

ANSWER ANY FIVE QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 10 MARKS.

1 a) How do you distinguish between near field zone and far field zone? From what distance the far [5M]
field dominates? Explain with the help of a relevant expression.

b) Find the directivity for the following intensity patterns: [5M]

i. Unidirectional cosine pattern U=UmCosθ
ii. Bidirectional cosine pattern U= UmCosθ
iii. Bidirectional sine pattern U= UmSinθ

2 a) Explain the working mechanism and applications of Binomial array with diagrams. Highlight the [5M]
advantages of Binomial array over conventional array. Explain the importance of tapering.

b) Obtain the radiation pattern of 4-isotropic elements fed in phase, spaced λ/2 apart using principle [5M]
of multiplication of patterns.

3 a) Describe the principle and construction of E-plane metal plate lens antenna and mention its [5M]
applications.

b) A parabolic antenna having a circular mouth is to have a power gain of 1000 at λ=10cm. Estimate [5M]
the diameter of the mouth and the HPBW of the antenna.

4 a) Explain the construction and working of symmetrical V-antenna with neat figures. [5M]
 b) Enumerate the construction details of Helical Antenna and explain its two modes of operation with [5M]
neat diagrams.

5 a) Derive the equation of line of sight distance. [5M]

b) What will be the height of the receiving antenna, if it is located at 40km from the transmitting [5M]
antenna and height of transmitting antenna is 80m?

6 a) With neat figure explain what is meant by skip distance. Derive the expression for skip distance in [5M]
terms of critical frequency (fc) and maximum usable frequency (fmuf).

b) A high frequency radio link is to be established between two – points at a distance of 2500km on [5M]
earth’s surface. Consider the ionospheric height to be 200km and its critical frequency 5MHz,
calculate the MUF for the given path.

7 a) Find the current required to radiate a power of 100W at 100MHz from a 0.01m Hertzian dipole. [3M]

b) Compare the far fields of small loop and short dipoles. [3M]

c) Explain the principle of equality of path length applicable to horn antenna. [4M]

8 a) Explain in detail measurement of radiation pattern of an antenna with the help of block diagram. [3M]

b) What is duct propagation? Under what conditions duct will be formed? [3M]

c) Describe the effect of earth’s magnetic field on the ionospheric wave. [4M]

-- 00 -- 00 –

Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology

(An Autonomous Institution)
Code No: 3C514
B. TECH. III – Year II – Semester Examinations, May 2015 (Regular)
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION (ECE)

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70

Note: No additional answer sheets will be provided.
Part - A
Max.Marks:20
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.
1. What is the difference between a plane wave and a spherical wave?
2. A 90% efficient half wave dipole antenna has a power input of 50W. Calculate the
radiated power.
3. Draw the field pattern on the aperture of a pyramidal horn.
4. How is a folded dipole used in an antenna designed for terrestrial TV receivers?
5. What is an atmospheric duct?
6. What type of polarization is used for ground wave propagation and why?
7. Compare the radiation pattern of an antenna in its transmitting and receiving mode
8. Write a few applications of helical antennas
9. A sky wave is incident on D-layer at an angle of 300 . Find the angle of refraction if the
frequency of the transmitted wave is 30MHz.
10.Draw the desired radiation pattern of a satellite DTH TV antenna
Part – B
Max.Marks:50
ANSWER ANY FIVE QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 10 MARKS.
1. a) Explain the following terms:
i. Beam Area
ii. Radiation Intensity
iii. Side Lobe Level
iv. Radiation resistance
v. Field Pattern of antenna.
b) What is Retarded Potential? Explain different approaches to solve radiation problems
2. a) Derive the expression for the field produced by a uniform linear array and obtain the expression for
the beam width of BSA.
b) A uniform linear array consists of 16 isotropic point sources with a spacing of λ/4 if the phase
difference of -900, calculate HPBW, directivity, beam solid angle and effective aperture.
3. a) Explain the working of Dielectric concave and convex lens antennas.
b) Discuss different feed methods of paraboloidal reflectors in terms of F/D ratio, Spill over, back lobes?
4. a) Explain the procedure for measurement of radiation pattern.
b) Discuss the precautions to be taken while measuring the radiation pattern of an
antenna. Show that minimum distance required between transmitting and receiving antennas is 2d 2 /λ.
5. a) Explain the significance of flat earth considerations for Tropo spheric wave Propagation.
b) Write explanatory note on Ground wave propagation.
6. a) What is meant by critical frequency and deduce the frequency in terms of fMUF and the virtual
height.
b) Explain the variation of ionization density with altitude and time. How the ionosphere affects the long
distance multiple hop transmission?
7. a) Find the radiation resistance of a λ/8 long radiator with uniform current. Derive the necessary
formula from first principles.
b) Prove that the radiation resistance of a monopole elements is equal to 36.5 ohms.
8. a) Describe the design procedure of rectangular patch antenna with a suitable example.
b) Design a rectangular microstrip antenna using a substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2, h = 0.1588cm
so as to resonate at 10GHZ.
-- 00 -- 00 –
 Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology
Regulation:A 12
(An Autonomous Institution)
Code No: 3C514 Date:3-Dec-16(AN)
B. TECH. III-Year II-Semester Examinations, Nov/Dec 2016 (Supplementary)
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION (ECE)
Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 70
Note: a) No additional answer sheets will be provided.
b) All sub-parts of a question must be answered at one place only, otherwise it will not be valued.
c) Assume any missing data.
Part - A
Max.Marks:20
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS.
1. Define an antenna and mention it’s any four applications.
2. Sketch the current distribution along a dipole for dipole lengths λ/4, λ/2, 3λ/4.
3. Name and define any one non uniform amplitude distribution array.
4. Mention the function of reflector and director in Yagi-Uda antenna.
5. Explain briefly zoning of lens antenna.
6. State the advantages and limitations of microstrip antennas compared to other VHF/UHF/MW
antennas.
7. Define the term ‘surface wave tilt’.
8. Define ‘virtual height’ of an ionospheric layer.
9. State the principle of pattern multiplication.
10. How is an indoor test range made i) compact and ii) ‘anechoic’?
Part – B
Max.Marks:50
ANSWER ANY FIVE QUESTIONS. EACH QUESTION CARRIES 10 MARKS.
1. a) Explain the terms:
(i) Magnetic vector potential
(ii) Isotropic radiator (v) EIRP [6M]
b) What is the maximum power received at a distance of 0.5 km over a free-space 1 GHz link consisting
of a transmitting antenna with a 25 dB gain and a receiving antenna with a 20 dB gain? The transmitting
antenna input is 150W. Consider both antennas to be lossless and matched to the receivers for maximum
power transfer. [4M]
2. a) For a half wave dipole, derive the expressions for the electric and magnetic field components
b) Find the maximum effective aperture of λ/2 dipole antenna operating at 30MHz. How much is the
power received with an incident plane wave of strength 2 mV/m?

3. a) Explain the construction and operation of dielectric lens antenna.

b) Sketch the E-field distribution across the cross section of a rectangular waveguide for TE10 mode of
propagation. Using neat sketches, describe two modified horns explaining how improved performance is
achieved.
4. a) With neat sketches show the structure and dimensions of a rectangular patch antenna. Explain its
principle of operation and sketch approximate radiation pattern. [4M]
b) In a 3-antenna gain measurement, the received powers were measured to be 0.0297 mW, 0.0471 mW
and 0.0374 mW. In all cases the transmitted power = 1W, spacing between antennas = 10 m and
frequency = 980MHz. Find absolute gains of the three antennas.
[6M]
5. a) Explain the differences between
i) standard atmosphere and super/sub standard atmosphere
ii) refractive index and modified refractive index.
b) Two λ/2 dipoles operating in VHF band having effective heights of h1 and h2 are separated by a large
distance. For a sinusoidal rms current Io fed to one of them, derive magnitude of the field produced at the
other.
6. a) Define and explain the following with respect to ionospheric wave propagation
i. Virtual height
ii. Critical frequency [6M]
b) For a layer height of 250km, find the maximum single-hop distance on the earth for sky wave path.
Assume radius of earth = 6400km. [4M]
7. a) Two isotropic sources are spaced λ/2 apart and excited with a phase difference of 900. Sketch the
array field pattern.
b) For an ordinary end-fire array with large number of isotropic elements, derive an expression for array
factor and determine the size of first side lobe.
8. a) Derive the conditions required for a helical antenna to operate in the axial mode.
b) Design a Yagi-Uda antenna to receive 1850MHz signals with five directors.

11.Unit wise Short Answer Questions

Two marks Questions
UNIT I
1. What is a Radiator?
2. Define beam solid angle
3. Define Directivity.
4. Define gain
5. What are Retarded potentials.
6. Define polarization. Name and draw various polarization patterns.
7. Define effective aperture area.
8. Deduce a relation ship between effective aperture area and directivity.
9. Define radiation pattern .Name various radiation patterns.
10.State Reciprocity theorem.
11. Define HPBW and FNBW.
12. What are Maxwell’s Equations?
13. Define radiation Resistance and write the radiation resistance of a short dipole antenna.
14. Mention Directivity and effective aperture area of an isotropic radiator.
15. Mention the applications of reciprocity theorem.
16. Mention Directivity and effective aperture area of a Half Wave Dipole.

UNIT II
1. What is an antenna array?
2. Name and draw the radiation patterns of various antenna arrays .
3. What is Broad side array? Draw the radiation pattern of broad side array.
4. What is an End fire array? Draw the radiation pattern of an End fire array.
5. What are parasitic elements?
6. Explain pattern multiplication with one example.
7. Define array factor.
8. What are Hansen wood yard conditions to increase the directivity.
9. Write HPBW for BSA, EFA, EFA with increased directivity.
10. Mention Directivities of Half wave Dipole, monopole and Short dipole.
11. Write the advantages and disadvantages of a Binomial array.
12. Write the wave equations in free space.
13 . Mention the main disadvantage of a binomial array.
UNIT III
1. Which method is used for analyzing corner reflector antennas?
2. What is the main disadvantage in corner reflector antenna?
3.Mention the design considerations of a square corner reflector. Mention the main advantage of a
corner reflector.
4. State uniqueness theorem
5 .State duality principle.
6. Mention the applications of helical antenna.
7. Name and draw different type of Horn Antennas.
8. Name and draw different types of parabolic reflectors.
9. Name various feed systems of parabolic reflector.
10. What are the advantages of cassegrain feed system.
11. Mention the types of lens antennas.
12. What are the uses of Lens Antenna.
UNIT IV
1. What is a resonant antenna.
2. Draw the Radiation pattern of V antenna.
3. Mention the applications of Rhombic Antenna.
4. Distinguish between resonant long wire antenna and non resonant long wire antenna.
5. What are the applications of resonant long wire antennas.Mention the main disadvantage
Of “V” antenna.
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Rhombic antenna.
7 Draw the radiation pattern of micro strip patch antenna.
8 .Draw and explain antenna gain measurement set up.
.UNIT V
1. List the frequency range of ground,space and sky wave propagation.
2. Define Skip distance.
3. Explain the phenomenon of Duct propagation.
4. Explain Wave tilt.
5. Define critical frequency.
6.Explain ground wave propagation.
7.Explain the phenomenon of fading.
.UNIT VI
1.Give the reason why actual height is less than virtual height.
2. Give the relationship between virtual height and skip distance.
3. What are the various Ionospheric abnormalities?
4. What are the effects of selective fading?
5. Distinguish between critical frequency and gyro frequency.
6. Explain skip zone.

12.Unit wise Long Answer Questions

UNIT I
Q1. Derive the expressions for electric field components and magnetic field components of a
Hertzian Dipole.
Q2. Define gain, power gain, directive gain and directivity of an antenna. Prove that the directivity of
a/ 2 dipole is 2.15 dB. 
Q3. As related to antennas, define and explain the following terms:
i (i) Gain
ii (ii) Directivity
iii (iii) Radiation resistance
iv (iv) Effective area
v (v) Effective length
vi (vi) Efficiency
vii (vii) Beam width
viii (viii) Bandwidth.

Q4. State and prove Reciprocity theorem.

Q5. Explain beam area and beam solid angle.
Q6. What are retarded potentials. Write expressions for magnetic vector potential and electric scalar
potential.
Q7. Derive an expression for directivity and effective aperture area of a Half wave dipole.
Q8. Derive an expression for directivity and effective aperture area of a omni directional radiator.
Q9.Show that for a Hertzian dipole the aperture area is 0.12 ƛ2, and for half wave dipole 0.13 ƛ2 and
for an isotropic radiator 0.08 ƛ2.
UNIT II
Q1. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Half wave Dipole and find radiation resistance of
half wave dipole.
Q2. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Monopole and find radiation resistance of
Quarter wave monopole..
Q3. What is two element array.Derive expressions for Maxima direction,minima direction,and half
power points of an End fire array.
Q4. What is two element array.Derive expressions for Maxima direction,minima direction,and half
power points of a Broad side array.
Q5. What are short antennas? Estimate the radiation resistance of short dipoles and short mono-poles.
Explain their current distributions with neat sketches.
Q6.What is pattern multiplication.Draw the radiation pattern for “8” Isotropic point sources.
Q7. What is a Binomial array .Draw and explain the radiation pattern of a Binomial array.
Q8.. Derive an expression for Radiation resistance and power radiated by a Short Dipole.
Q9.. What is a linear array. Derive an expression for total field and array factor.
Q10. Obtain the expression for the beam width of broadside and "end fire arrays and compare them.
Q11. What is array factor? Find the array factor of two element array.
Q12. Compare the broadside and end fire arrays.
UNIT III
Q1.What is “E” Wall and “H” wall..
Q2.Write Uniqueness theorem.
Q3.Explain Field Equivalence principle.
Q4. What is duality principle.
Q5. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between axial
and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q6. With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi - antenna, listing out
its length and spacing requirements.
Q7 . What is a parasitic element? Where are they used ?
Q8. With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi - antenna, listing out
its length and spacing requirements.
Q9. What is a Yagi antenna? Explain its construction and properties with special reference to
directivity, bandwidth and input impedance.
Q10.. Explain the principle of formation of images in an active corner reflector antenna. Hence
sketch the image formation for a 360 degrees of corner reflector and explain its features.
Q11. A parabolic dish provides a power gain of 75 dB at 15 GHz, with 65% efficiency. Find its
BWFN, HPBW, diameter.
Q12. Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of Method of
images.
Q13. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of parabolic reflectors. Hence establish the
Fermat's principle with a neat sketch.
Q15Explain spill over with relevant sketch..
Q14. Establish the working of parabolic reflector with cassegrain feed mechanism
Q15. Write short notes on Cassegrain feed in parabolic Reflectors.
Q16.Name and explain various feed mechanisms of a parabolic reflector with relevant sketches.
Q17. A parabolic dish provides a power gain of 75 dB at 15 GHz, with 65% efficiency. Find its
BWFN, HPBW, diameter.
Q18. A parabolic dish provides a power gain of 75 dB at 15 GHz, with 65% efficiency. Find its
BWFN, HPBW, diameter.
Q19. Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image principle.
Q20. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of parabolic reflectors. Hence establish the
Fermat's principle with a neat sketch.
Q21.Explain spill over with relevant sketch..
Q22.. Establish the working of parabolic reflector with Cassegrain feed mechanism
UNIT IV
Q1. List out the design relations associated with a Rhombic Antenna. What arc its applications?
Q2. Using the principle of pattern multiplication, obtain the resultant pattern of a long wire antenna
and sketch the same.
Q3. Explain merits and demerits of rhombic antenna.
Q4. Describe the construction and properties of rhombic antenna.
Q5. Explain how a rhombic antenna is formed by a V antenna and inverted V antenna.
Q6. In terms of traveling wave antennas, explain the working of rhombic antenna and their uses.
Q7. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between axial
and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q8. Explain the principle of formation of images in an active corner reflector antenna. Hence sketch
the image formation for a 360 degrees corner reflector and explain its features.
Q10. Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image principle.
Q11. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of a 3 Element Yagi –Uda Antenna
Q15.. What is an optimum horn? Sketch and explain its characteristics along with dimensional
relations.
Q16..Explain the first transmission formula and its applicability for antenna gain measurements.
Q17.. .Explain the Friss transmission formula and its applicability for antenna gain measurements.
Q18.. Explain the absolute method for measuring the gain of an antenna
Q19. With neat set up, explain the R adiation pattern Measurement of an antenna.
Q20..Define Directivity. Explain the methods for the measurement of Directivity.
 UNIT V
Q1. A communication link is to be established between two stations using half wave-length antenna
for maximum directive gain. Transmitter power is 1 kW, frequency of operation is 100 MHz and
distance between transmitter and receiver is 100 Km. What is the maximum power received by
receiver? Explain and derive the formulas used.
. Q2. Discuss the importance of ground wave propagation for communication purposes. Why ground
Waves are not received beyond certain range? Explain the phenomenon.
Q3. Establish the effects of D-layer in sky wave propagation.
Q4.. Bring out the important differences between ground wave propagation, space wave propagation
of radio waves, highlighting the application areas of each of them.
Q5. Describe in detail the characteristics, frequency range and distance of coverage for each mode of
radio wave propagation.
Q6. Explain the significance of flat earth and curved earth considerations for Tropospheric wave
propagation.
Q7.. What is the wave tilt and how does it affect the field strength received at a distance from the
transmitter.
UNIT-VI
Q1 Write explanatory notes on
Selective fading and interference fading.
Optimum working frequency and LUHF.
Field strength calculation for radio AM broadcast waves.
Ionospheric abnormalities.
Q2.. Discuss the theory of formation of Ionospheric regions. Describe the properties of different
Ionospheric regions with special reference to seasonal variations.
Q3.Describe the structure of the ionosphere and the part played by each layer in it in the long
distance transmission of radio signals in the HF band.
Q4. Define maximum usable frequency and derive an expression for the same in the case of a thin
Ionospheric layer over a plane earth. Explain what is meant by the terms: skip distance, virtual height
and optimum frequency.
Q5.Explain the phenomenon of Virtual height
Q6.Derive an expression for skip distance with relevant diagram.
7.Draw the structure of ionosphere during day time and night time.
8.what is a Sporadic “E” layer.
9.Define reflection ,Refraction and Refractive index.
10.What is Secant law.
11.Define optimum working frequency.
12.Find the distance between transmitting and receiving antennas whose height is h t, hr is 40,25meters
respectively.
11. Sreenidhi Institute Of Science and Technology
Assignment-1 Subject : AWP Class : III/IV B.Tech
GROUPI -ASSIGNMENT –I QUESTIONS
UNIT I
Q1. Derive the expressions for electric field components and magnetic field components of a
Hertzian Dipole.
Q2. Define gain, power gain, directive gain and directivity of an antenna. Prove that the
directivity of a/ 2 dipole is 2.15 dB.
Q3.Show that for a Hertzian dipole the aperture area is 0.12 ƛ2, and for half wave dipole 0.13 ƛ2
and for an isotropic radiator 0.08 ƛ2.
Q4. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Half wave Dipole and find radiation
resistance of half wave dipole.
Q5.What is pattern multiplication. Draw the radiation pattern for “8” Isotropic point sources.
.
Q6.. What is a linear array. Derive an expression for total field and array factor.
Q7.Write Uniqueness theorem.
Q8. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q9. With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi - antenna,
listing out its length and spacing requirements.
Q10. A parabolic dish provides a power gain of 75 dB at 15 GHz, with 65% efficiency. Find its
BWFN, HPBW, diameter.
GROUPI
ASSIGNMENT –II QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the construction and properties of rhombic antenna.
Q2. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q3. Explain the principle of formation of images in an active corner reflector antenna. Hence
sketch the image formation for a 360 degrees corner reflector and explain its features.
Q4. Describe in detail the characteristics, frequency range and distance of coverage for each
mode of radio wave propagation.
Q5.. What is the wave tilt and how does it affect the field strength received at a distance from the
transmitter.
Q6. Write explanatory notes on
Fading
Field strength calculation for radio AM broadcast waves.
Q7.. Discuss the theory of formation of Ionospheric regions. Describe the properties of different
Ionospheric regions with special reference to seasonal variations.
Q8. Describe the structure of the ionosphere and the part played by each layer in it in the long
distance transmission of radio signals in the HF band.
Q9.Explain the phenomenon of Virtual height
10. Derive an expression for skip distance with relevant diagram.
Q11. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of a 3 Element Yagi –Uda Antenna
GROUPII –ASSIGNMENT-I QUESTIONS
Q1. As related to antennas, define and explain the following terms:
(i) Gain
(ii) Directivity
(iii) Radiation resistance
(iv) Effective area
(v) Effective length
(vi) Efficiency
(vii) Beam width
(viii) Bandwidth.
Q2. State and prove Reciprocity theorem.
Q3.Show that for a Hertzian dipole the aperture area is 0.12 ƛ2, and for half wave dipole 0.13 ƛ2 and for
an isotropic radiator 0.08 ƛ2.
Q4. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Monopole and find radiation resistance of
Quarter wave monopole..
Q5. What is two element array.Derive expressions for Maxima direction,minima direction,and
half power points of a Broad side array.
Q6. What is a Binomial array .Draw and explain the radiation pattern of a Binomial array.
Q7.Write Uniqueness theorem.
Q8. With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi - antenna, listing
out its length and spacing requirements.
Q9. A parabolic dish provides a power gain of 75 dB at 15 GHz, with 65% efficiency. Find its
BWFN, HPBW, diameter.
Q10. Establish the working of parabolic reflector with cassegrain feed mechanism
Q11. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of a 3 Element Yagi –Uda Antenna
.
GROUPII – For assignments & Discussions
ASSIGNMENT-II QUESTIONS
UNIT IV
Q1. Using the principle of pattern multiplication, obtain the resultant pattern of a long wire
antenna and sketch the same.
Q2. Describe the construction and properties of rhombic antenna.
Q3. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q4. Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image
principle.
.Q5.. Explain the absolute method for measuring the gain of an antenna
Q6. With neat set up, explain the Radiation pattern Measurement of an antenna.
Q7.. Define Directivity. Explain the methods for the measurement of Directivity.
Q8. Establish the effects of D-layer in sky wave propagation.
Q9. Discuss the theory of formation of Ionospheric regions. Describe the properties of different
Ionospheric regions with special reference to seasonal variations.
Q10. Derive an expression for skip distance with relevant diagram.
Q11. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of a 3 Element Yagi –Uda Antenna
GROUPIII -ASSIGNMENT –I QUESTIONS
Q1. Explain beam area and beam solid angle.
Q2. What are retarded potentials. Write expressions for magnetic vector potential and electric
scalar potential.
Q3.Show that for a Hertzian dipole the aperture area is 0.12 ƛ2, and for half wave dipole 0.13 ƛ2 and for
an isotropic radiator 0.08 ƛ2.
Q4. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Half wave Dipole and find radiation resistance
of half wave dipole.
Q5.. Derive an expression for Radiation resistance and power radiated by a Short Dipole.
Q6.. What is a linear array. Derive an expression for total field and array factor.
Q7 .Explain Field Equivalence principle.
Q8 Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image
principle.
Q9. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of parabolic reflectors. Hence establish
the Fermat's principle with a neat sketch.
Q10. Write short notes on Casse grain antennas.
GROUPIII -ASSIGNMENT -IIQUESTIONS
UNIT IV
Q1. In terms of traveling wave antennas, explain the working of rhombic antenna and their uses.
Q2. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q3. Explain the Working of a Turn stile Antenna.
Q4.define Radiation Pattern and hence explain the measurement of Radiation Pattern.
Q5. Bring out the important differences between ground wave propagation, space wave
propagation of radio waves, highlighting the application areas of each of them.
Q6. Describe in detail the characteristics, frequency range and distance of coverage for each
mode of radio wave propagation.
Q7. Write explanatory notes on
Field strength calculation for radio AM broadcast waves.
Ionospheric abnormalities.
Q8. Discuss the theory of formation of Ionospheric regions. Describe the properties of different
Ionospheric regions with special reference to seasonal variations.
Q9. Define maximum usable frequency and derive an expression for the same in the case of a
thin Ionospheric layer over a plane earth. Explain what is meant by the terms: skip distance,
virtual height and optimum frequency.
Q10. Derive an expression for the calculation of Line of sight distance in the space wave
Propagation.
Q11. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of a 3 Element Yagi –Uda Antenna
GROUPIV –ASSIGNMENT-I QUESTIONS
Q1. Derive an expression for directivity and effective aperture area of a Half wave dipole.
Q2. Derive an expression for directivity and effective aperture area of a omni directional
radiator.
Q3. Show that for a Hertzian dipole the aperture area is 0.12 ƛ2, and for half wave dipole 0.13 ƛ2
and for an isotropic radiator 0.08 ƛ2..
Q4. Derive an expression for power radiated by a Monopole and find radiation resistance of
Quarter wave monopole..
Q5. What is two element array.Derive expressions for Maxima direction,minima direction,and
half power points of a Broad side array.
Q6.What is pattern multiplication.Draw the radiation pattern for “8” Isotropic point sources.
Q7. What is duality principle.
Q8. With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi - antenna, listing
out its length and spacing requirements.
Q9. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of parabolic reflectors. Hence establish
the Fermat's principle with a neat sketch.
Q10.Explain spill over with relevant sketch..
GROUPIV –ASSIGNMENT-II QUESTIONS
Q1. List out the design relations associated with a Rhombic Antenna. What arc its applications?
Q2. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements.
Q3. Explain the principle of formation of images in an active corner reflector antenna.
Q4. Establish the effects of D-layer in sky wave propagation.
Q5. Bring out the important differences between ground wave propagation, space wave
propagation of radio waves, highlighting the application areas of each of them.
Q6. Explain the significance of flat earth and curved earth considerations for Tropospheric wave
propagation.
Q7 Write explanatory notes on
Optimum working frequency and LUHF.
Ionospheric abnormalities.
Q8. Define maximum usable frequency and derive an expression for the same in the case of a
thin Ionos heric layer over a plane earth. Explain what is meant by the terms: skip distance,
virtual height and optimum frequency.
Q9.Explain the phenomenon of Virtual height
Q10.Derive an expression for skip distance with relavant diagram.
Q11. Explain the geometry, requirements and properties of a 3 Element Yagi –Uda Antenna 12.
Model Question Paper
Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology
(An Autonomous Institution)
Department of ECE III B. Tech. –I Semester
AWP Model Question Paper
Part - A (Compulsory) 10X2m=20m
1. Define Half power Beam Width .
2. Distinguish between Broad Side Array and End fire array.
3. State Uniqueness theorem
4. Distinguish between resonant and non resonant antennas.
5. Classify different propagation mechanisms based on their frequency range.
6. Identify the factors that affect radio wave propagation.
7. Define Radiation resistance. Write the radiation resistance for half wave dipole and monopole antenna.
8. A parabolic antenna having a circular mouth, to have a power gain of 1000 at a wavelength of 10cms.
Calculate the diameter of the mouth and half power beam width of the antenna.
9. Define Skip distance.
10. Mention the applications of Rhombic Antenna.

Part - B (Answer any Five Questions) 5X10m=50m

1. (a) Explain beam area and beam solid angle.
(b) What are retarded potentials. Write expressions for magnetic vector potential and electric scalar
potential.
2. (a) What is two element array. Derive expressions for Maxima, direction, minima, direction and half
power points of an End fire array.
(b) What is a Binomial array .Draw and explain the radiation pattern of a Binomial array.
3. (a) With neat schematics, describe the principle of working of a 3 element yagi - antenna, listing out its
length and spacing requirements.
(b) Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between axial and
normal modes of helix radiations and list out their requirements
4. (a) Explain merits and demerits of rhombic antenna.
(b) Explain the absolute method for measuring the gain of an antenna.
5. (a) Discuss the importance of ground wave propagation for communication purposes. Why ground
Waves are not received beyond certain range? Explain the phenomenon.
(b) Explain the significance of flat earth and curved earth considerations for Tropospheric wave
propagation.
6. (a) Discuss the theory of formation of Ionospheric regions. Describe the properties of different
Ionospheric regions with special reference to seasonal variations.
(b) Derive an expression for skip distance with relevant diagram.
7. (a) Compare the broadside and end fire arrays.
(b) Derive an expression for Radiation resistance and power radiated by a Short Dipole.
8. (a) Explain the significance of flat earth and curved earth considerations for Tropospheric wave
propagation.
(b) Define maximum usable frequency and derive an expression for the same in the case of a thin
Ionospheric layer over a plane earth.