Design in reinforced concrete to BS 8110 Table 3.1 Concrete compressive strength classes Concrete Designated Characteristic cube strength classes concrete strength, f., (Nmm~) C 20/25 RC 20/25 25 C 25/30 RC 25/30 30 C 28/35 RC 28/35 35 C 32/40 RC 32/40 40 C 35/45 RC 35/45 45 C 40/50 RC 40/50 50 C 50/60 - 60 Table 3.2 Strength of reinforcement (Table 3.1, BS 8110) Reinforcement type Characteristic strength, f, (Nm) Hot rolled mild steel 250 High-yield steel (hot rolled 500 or cold worked)Table 3.3 Values of ¥,, for the ultimate limit state (Table 2.2, BS 8110) Material/Stress type Partial safety factor, Yon Reinforcement 1.15 Concrete in flexure or axial load 1.50 Concrete shear strength without shear 1.25 reinforcement Concrete bond strength 1.40 Concrete, others (e.g. bearing stress) > 1.50 ‘Table 3.4 Values of ¥ for various load combinations (based on Table 2.1, BS 8110) ‘Load combination Load ope Imposed, Oy Wind, W Adverse Adverse Beneficial 1, Dead and imposed 14 10 16 ° - 2, Dead and wind i 10 7 - 14 3. Dead and wind and imposed 1.2 12 12 12 12 Table 3.5 Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance with BS EN 206 and BS 8500 Class Description of the encirument Informative examples echee exposure classes may occur 1. No tisk of eoerosion| XO For conercie with reinforcement Concrete inside buildings with very low (around 35%) humidity or embedded metal: very dry 2. Comosion induced by carbonation XC1_—_Dry or permanently wet ‘Concrete inside building with low air humidity ‘Concrete permanently submerged in water XC? Wat, rary dey Concrete surfaces subject to long-lerm water contact; many foundations XC3— Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high humidity Exteral conerete sheltered from ruinXC4 Cyc wer and dry Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within exposure class xC2 3. Corrosion induced by chlorides XDI Moderate humidity Concrete exposed to sirbome chlorides XD2 Wer, rarely dey Concrete totally immersed in water containing chlorides, swimming pools Concrete exposed to industrial waters containing chlorides XD3_—_Cyelie wet and dry arts of bridges exposed to spray containing chlorides Pavements, car park slabs 4. Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water XSI Exposed to sir borne salt but not Structures near to or on the coast in direct contact with sea water XS2___ Permanently submerged Parts of marine structures XS3___ Tidal, splash and spray zones Parts of marine structures 4 Corrosion induced ty chlorides from sea water XSI Exposed to air borne salt but not Suuctutes near to or on the coast in direct contact with sea water XS2__ Permanently submerged Parts of marine structures X83 Tidal, splash and spray zones Parts of marine structures 5, Freezelthaw attack XFL Moderate water saturation, Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing without deicing agent XF2_— Moderate water saturation, with Vertical conerete surfaces of road structures exposed to freezing and eicing agent airbome deicing agents XF3-—_High water saturation, without Horizontal surfaces exposed to rain and freezing eicing agent XF4 Moderate water saturation, with Road and bridge decks exposed to deicing agents; concrete sures eicing agent ‘exposed to direct spray containing deicing agents and freezing; splash zone of marine structures exposed to freezing 6. Chemical attack ACEC See Table 3.8 Reinforced concrete in contact with the ground, eg. many Toundations| Table 3.6 Concrete quality and cover to reinforcement for durability for an intended working life of at Teast 50 years (based on Table 44 BS 8500-1) Class Cement ‘Seength class, max: ole ratio, min. coment or combination conten (Rein) or combination ype! ‘equivalent designated concrete ‘Nominal cover to reinforcement T5tdc 204A 254Ae —HOFAC SEC AOHAE —ASHAC SOHC 1. No tisk of corrosion xo. all [Not recommended for reinforced concrete structures 2, Corrosion induced by carbonation XC All ‘©20025, 020, use the same grade of conercte 240 xC2 All = - ©2570, 065, 260 XCH All except IVB - cA0vs0, C3097, C2835, C25/90, xea 045," 055,” 0.60, | 0.65, © ————+ 340300" 2802603. Corrosion induced by chlorides XDI All - - cAo/50, C3240, C2835, 045, | 0:55, | 0.60, 360° 320" 300 CAo/50, 32/40, 28/35, XD2_ CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC 040, | 0.50, | 0.55, © ———__+ 380340320 MB-V, IA - - - 35145, ©2835, C25/30, 040, 0.50, 0.55, |§ ———+ 380° 340320 1B-V, IVB - - ~ ‘C340, €25/30, C2025, 040, 0.50, 0.55, + 380° 340320 Table 3.6 (cont'd) Class Cement ‘Swrngeh class, max. ele vatio, min. coment or combination content (hgim') or combination spe! ‘equivalent designated concrete ‘Nominal cover to reinforcement Tide 2OsAc -25iAC—-HO4AC —354AC AOAC —AS4AC «SOHC XD3_ CEM 1, IIA, IB-S, SRPC — 7 = - = c45I55, C40/50, C35/45, 035, | 0.40, | 0.45, U0B-Y, TIA - - - - ~ 35/45, C32/40, C28/35, 040, | 0.45, "0.50, ImB-V, 1VB-V - - - - - 32/40, C2835, C25/30, 040, ' 0.43, | 0.50, 380° 360) 340 4. Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water XSI CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, SRPC - - c45/50, €35/45, €32140, 035, | 045, | 0.50, 380360" 340 B-v, TIA, - - - C4050, €32140, C28/35, 035, 0.45, 050, |§ —————+ 380360340 TB, IVB-V - - 7 32/40, €28/35, €25/30, 050," 050, | + 340 340 XS2_ CEM I, IA, IIB-S, SRPC ~ - - 3240, C2835, 030, | 035, | ———+ 340320 1B-V, 1A, - - - 28/35, €25/30, 050, | 055, |§ ———+ 340-320 TmB-V, 1VB-V - - - 25/30, C2025, 050, 055, | ———+ 050, 055, ———_+ 340320 mB-V, TA, - - ©2835, €25/30, 050, © 055, § ————+ 340° 320 mB-v, vB-V ee : c25130, C2025, 0350, | 035, 340320. XS} CEMI,A,UB-S,SRPC 0 — mene - - 45155, C10/50, 0.35, | 0.40, 380 380 mB-Y, IA, a Eo - €35/45, C32/40, C2835, mB-V, 1VB - - - - €32140, 628/35, C2530, 040, 045, 050, 380° 360° 340‘Cement or combination types: CEMI Portland cement IA Portland cement with 6-20% pfa, gabs or 20% limestone IIB Portland cement with 21-35% pfa or gebs TIA Portland cement with 36-65% ggbs TMB Portland cement with 66-80% pfa or gabs IVB Portland cement with 36-55% pfa SRPC Sulphate resisting Portland cement “s ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs) -V _pulverised fly ash (pfa) Table 3.7 Minimum strength classes of concrete with 20 mm aggregates to resist freeze thaw attack (based on Table A8 BS 8500-1) Exposure class: XFI XF2 XFS XA Indicative Strength Classes: 28/35 32/40 caois0 C1050 No airentrainment C2530 —-RC25/30RC25/30. RC 28/35, Table 3.9 Nominal cover to all reinforcement to meet specified periods of fire resistance (based on Table 3.4, BS 8110) Fire Nominal cover (mm) (hows) Beams Floors Columns Simply Continuous Simply Continuous ‘supported supported 05 20 20 20 20 20 1.0 20 20 20 20 20 Ls 20 20 25 20 20 2.0 40 30 35 25 25 3.0 60 40 45 35 25 40 70 50 35 45 25Table 3.10 Cuoss-seeticnal areas of groups of bars (mn) “ on = : Pf SRSER RES Stee eee te ele le tee - fee SB eS RS oe ; ee i : E — ; em - 05: 10 100A,fte 15 20 Fig. 3.20 Design chart for singly reinforced beam (based on chart No. 2, BS 8110: Part 3). ‘Table 3.11 Values of design concrete shear stress, v, (N/mm’) for fo, = 25 Nim? concrete (Table 3.8, BS 8110) 1004, bd 0.15 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 23.00 125 0.45 0.53 0.57 0.77 0.84 0.97 1.06 1.22 150 0.43 0.51 0.64 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.02 1.16 Effective depth (d) mm 175 OAL 0.49 0.62 0.71 0.78 0.89 0.98 1.12 200 0.40 0.47 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.86 0.95 1.08 225 0.39 0.46 0.58 0.66 0.73 0.83 0.92 1.05 250 0.38 0.45 0.56 0.65 071 0.81 0.89 1.02 300 0.36 0.43 0.54 0.62 0.68 0.78 0.86 0.98 0.34 0.40 0.50 0.57 0.63 0.72 0.80 0.91‘Table 3.12 Form and area of links in beams (Table 3.7, BS 8110) Vatu of v (Nin?) “Area of shear reinforcement 0 be proved 1» < 0.5y, throughout the beam No links required but normal practice to provide nominal inks in members of structural imporance 050, <0< (+04) Nominal (or minimum) links for whole length of beam A, (+04) <0 < 08yf, or 5 Nimm? Design links 4, 2 8(U—¥0 Table 3.13 Values of Ay/s, Diameter ‘Spacing of inks (rm) ev) | a5 9 = 1002515075200 22525027500 8 1183 1.118 1006-0805. 06710575 05030447 0.402 0366 0335. 10 18471748 157 1.256 1047-0897 0.785 0698062857! 0523 2 2659 2511 228 © 108150712911. 1004 gue)? 0783 16 49 4as7 4023218268 = 2297-20177 e014 134 Table 3.14 Basic span/effective depth ratio for rectangular or flanged beams (Table 3.9, BS 8110) Support conditions Rectangular Flanged beams with sections ‘width of beam <03 width of flange Cantilever 7 5.6 Simply supported 20 16.0 Continuous 26 20.8100A? prow Factor bd 0.00 1.0 0.15 1.05 0.25 1.08 0.35 1.10 0.5 1.14 0.75 1.20 1 1.25 15 1.33 2.0 1.40 2.5 1.45 > 3.0 15 Design in reinforced concrete to BS 8110 Table 3.16 Modification factors for tension reinforcement (based on Table 3.10, BS 8110) ‘Service sree ‘Mibd' 050 075.0050 2.00 3.004.005.0000 100-200-200 2.00 1.86 163138608. 150 2002.00 1.98168 491.25 LOL 250) 167 2.00 2.009163 kT 08898 200 «20095 .7H—CST Sd 20 «90 7D 20 kT 300 604d 33 GG 93 BSD 0.7. (f=500)323 LAT 128805096086 0.79 0.75072 [Note 1, The vcs inthe table derive fom the equation: an- 2 where J. is the design service stress i the tension reinforcement ‘MC is the design ultimate moment atthe centre of the span or, fora cantilever, atthe suppor. Modification factor = 0.55 + al a nos At ne 20. (equation 7) ‘Nore 2: The design service stres in the tension reinforcement may be estimated ffom the equation: Bp fs Anco ‘where ys the percentage of moment reistbution, equal © for simply supported beams (equation 8) 5 As pomted out in Reynolds RC Designers Handbook the tem 5/8 whichis applicable 19 Yq,~ 1.15 is gven incomrety as 2/3 4 BS BIO which applicable wy,Table 3.17 Span/effective depth ratios for initial design Support condition Spanleffective depth Cantilever 6 Simply supported 12 Continuous 15 Table 3.18 Anchorage lengths as multiples of « bar size (based on Table 3.27, BS 8110) La fu=25 30 35 40 or more Plain (250) Tension 43 39° 36034 Compression 34 32 29° «(27 Deformed Type 1 (500) Tension 55 50 47 44 Compression 44 40 38 35 Deformed Type 2 (500) Tension 44 40 38 35 Compression 35 32 30 «28 ‘Table 3.19 Design ultimate moments and shear forces for continuous beams (Table 3.5, BS 8110) End support End span Peutimate support ___‘Imerior span Ineror support Moment 0 0.09F¢ 0.1186 o.o7Fe -0.08F¢ ‘Shear 0.45F - 0.6F ~ 055F B= 146, + 1.605 € = efetive span