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Unit-5 PART1

The document discusses ground wave propagation and space wave propagation. Ground wave propagation occurs when transmitting and receiving antennas are close to the earth's surface and are produced by vertically polarized antennas. Space wave propagation occurs when waves from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving antenna after reflecting off the troposphere and traveling directly. The modes of propagation are ground wave up to 2 MHz, space wave above 300 MHz, and sky wave between 2-30 MHz.

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4 views

Unit-5 PART1

The document discusses ground wave propagation and space wave propagation. Ground wave propagation occurs when transmitting and receiving antennas are close to the earth's surface and are produced by vertically polarized antennas. Space wave propagation occurs when waves from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving antenna after reflecting off the troposphere and traveling directly. The modes of propagation are ground wave up to 2 MHz, space wave above 300 MHz, and sky wave between 2-30 MHz.

Uploaded by

kashyappranjal087
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Antenna and Wave Propagation (KEC-603)

Unit-V

Wave Propagation
Ground wave Propagation and Space wave Propagation
Ground wave Propagation and Space wave Propagation
Ground wave Propagation and Space wave Propagation
• In grounded wave propagation, the waves are guided along the surface of the earth just an
electromagnetic wave is guided through a waveguide. This propagation exists when transmitting and
receiving antennas are close to the surface of the earth. They are produced by vertical antennas, i.e.,
vertically polarized antenna.
• In space wave propagation, the waves from transmitting antenna reach to the receiving antenna after
reflector (from troposphere of space) and direct. Therefore, the receiving antenna receives the two waves,
one is indirect and other is direct. Since, both these waves travel along the different paths, they have
different path lengths.
Mode of Propagation Frequency Range
Ground Wave Propagation Up to 2 MHz
Space wave Propagation UHF and Microwave above 300 MHz
Sky Wave Propagation Between 2 to 30 MHz
Plane Earth Reflection
• The wave propagation can be obtained by means of space wave propagation when

transmitting and receiving antennas are elevated. This propagation is called as line of

sight propagation. The reason is that the two antennas are within the sight of vision.

The received resultant signal is a resultant of signal the receiver through a direct path

(space wave) and that reaching after being reflected by the ground (surface wave).

• Fig. (1) shows the direct and reflected waves between transmitter and receiver
(i) The transmitted and reflected waves will have the same amplitudes and the earth is
considered to be perfect conductor having infinite conductivity.
(ii) If the surface of the earth is smooth and has finite conductivity, then the amplitude
and phase of reflected wave will differ from that of the incident wave.
(iii) When the surface of the earth is rough, then the reflected wave will be scattered.
Their amplitude will be reduced as compared to the amplitude of a smooth surface
(ii) At low operating frequencies , very tall antennas should be used. This is because
𝛌
the antenna height should be atleast ( ).
4
(iii) High transmission power is necessary to cover the adequate range. The power
in excess of 1 MW is a common thing.
• Both the waves undergo attenuation (negligible small) as they travel through space as
spreading and rain. It is important to mention here that only high frequency waves are
attenuated by rain.
• The field strength of each wave is inversely proportional to the distance from transmitter
provided the transmitter and receiver antennas as far away from each other. Further, the
distance d should be greater than the antenna heights. Therefore, the angle of incidence for the
ground reflected wave at the surface of earth will be small. At receiving antenna, the magnitude
of two waves remains the same but the phase reverses irrespective of the type of polarization.

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