STEM Ismailia Mathematics Club

Concepts:
MA.1.07 1- Quadratic formula
2- First and second differences
3- Completing the square
4- Complex numbers
Week 1 - 4 5- Parabola
6- Focus
Grade 10 7- Argand diagram
Semester 2 8- Related roots

LO. 7
Skills:
1- Use first and second differences to create models that
Presented By
represent
Sameh Sayed data.
2- Interpret the functions based on the real-world
Math Club
situation they model.
Office
3- Analyze the functions and their characteristics.
Peter Raafat Explain the different properties of the algebraic
Youssef function and its graph.
Hendawy 4- Review solving quadratic equations using
completing squares.
Haya Mahmoud 5- Find the inverse of a quadratic function
Supervised by graphically and algebraically (completing the
square) and determine how to make the inverse a
Mr. Mohamed
function.
Hosny 6- Graph quadratic function.
7- Relation between roots of quadratic function
and the coefficient.
8- Form Quadratic equation.
9- Related roots.
10- Parabola: focus, directrix.
11- Write quadratic equation in parabolic form.
12- Real life application on parabola.
13- Use the quadratic formula to find real solutions
to quadratic equations; identify graphically and
algebraically when a quadratic equation has no
real solution.
14- Use the quadratic formula to find complex
solutions to quadratic equations.
15- Represent complex numbers three ways: as
ordered pairs, graphically on the coordinate plane,
and in the form a+ bi.
16- Add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers.
 Complex numbers
Before we know what, the complex numbers are, we must know the
imaginary numbers.

Imaginary numbers
Imaginary numbers are numbers that are not real when we squared
it, we will have a negative number. It’s written in common as a real
number multiplied by an imaginary unit called ‘i’ such that i2=−1.

Example
Let x 2=−1 we can solve it as follows:
Note
∵ x =−1 ∴ x =i x=± √ i ∴ x=±i
2 2 2 2
2
i⋅i=i =−1

Notes 2
−i⋅−i=i =−1

idoes not belong to the set of real numbers (i∉ R) so it will not be
represented by a point in the real number line.
The numbers 3 i, −2 i, √ 5 i are imaginary numbers.
If a is a real number, then √−a=√ a i. For example, √−4= √ 4 i=2i .
If a and b are negative numbers so √ a ⋅ √ b ≠ √ ab. That happens because
that the √ thingis going to give you the positive number y that y 2=thing .
For example, √−1⋅ √−1=i2=−1 which is wrong. The correct is
√−1⋅ √−1=√ (−1 ) =√ 1=1.
2

Important notes
i=√ −1 i 2=−1 i 3=i 2 ⋅i=−i i 4 =i2 ⋅i 2=1

From these, we can observe that:

1. i4 n= ( i4 ) =1n =1
n

2 1
 2. i4 n +1=i4 n ⋅i=1⋅i=i
3. i4 n +2=i4 n ⋅i2 =1⋅−1=−1
4. i4 n +3=i4 n ⋅i3=1⋅−i=−i

In another way
x is having the reminder from the division of 4 is

Examples
=−i.1Because 63 ÷ 4=15
iCase with
2 reminder ¿ 3
63
Case Case 3 Case 4
i =i. Because
Reminder with reminder ¿ 1 Reminder ¿ 2
13
¿0 Reminder
15 ÷ 4=3 ¿1 Reminder ¿ 3
So. Because 8 ÷ 4=2 withSoreminder ¿ 0
8
i =1 So So
=1 . Because 10 ÷ 4=2 with
i =i reminder ¿ 2
10 x x x x
i i=−1 i =−1 i =−i

You can observe that ix is 1 if x is a multiple of 4 .

Complex numbers
Complex number is a number that can be written as a+ bi,
where a and b are real numbers and i2=−1. a is called the real part and
b is the imaginary part. C is the set of complex numbers. It’s
including any complex number that can be written as a+ bi.
We can say that C={a+bi : a ∈ R , b ∈ R , i2=−1 }.
Note
Let Z=a+ bi, then:
1. a=0, so Z is equal to bi so it’s going to be an imaginary number.
2. b=0, so Z is equal to a so it’s going to be a real number.

( 1 ±i )2 n=[ (1 ± i )2] n=[1 ±2 i−1]n =¿.

For example, ( 1+i )48=( 1+i )2 ⋅24=( 2 i )24=224 i24=224

To simplify a fraction whose denominator a complex number, we
multiply its two terms by the conjugate of the denominator.
10
For example, 3+i in the simplest form is going to be:
10 3−i 30−10 i 10 ( 3−i )
⋅ = = =3−i.
3+i 3−i 9+1 10

Notes Let there two complex numbers z =a+ bi, z =c +di. 1 2

 If there are two complex numbers a+ bi and c +di are equal so a=c
and b=d .
 z 1+ z2 =( a+bi ) + ( c +di ) =( a+c ) +i(b+ d).
 z 1−z 2=( a+ bi )−( c +di )=( a−c ) +i(b−d ).
 z 1 z 2=( a+bi ) ⋅ ( c+ di )=ac +adi+bci+bd i2, i2=−1 so it’s equal ( ac−bd )+i(bc+ ad)
z1 a+bi a+ bi c −di ( ac+bd )+i ( bc−ad ) ac +bd bc−ad
 = = ⋅
z2 c +di c +di c −di
= 2
c +d
2
= 2 2 +i 2 2
c +d c +d
 If there are two conjugate complex numbers so we can write
them as a+ bi and a−bi.
12
Problem What is the conjugate of k = 4−2 i ?
At first, we have to make k in the form a+ bi.
12 12 4+ 2i 12 ( 4+2 i ) 12 ( 4 +2i ) 12 ( 4+2 i )
k= = ⋅ = = = =4 +2 i .
4−2 i 4−2 i 4+ 2i 4 2+ (2 i )2 16−4 12

Now we get that k =4 +2 i then the conjugate of 4 +2 i is 4−2 i.

3
Test (1): Make the opposite numbers in the simplest
form.
[1] i (i3+ i) [6] ( 1+i )100
3+2 i
[2] ( 3+7 i13 ) +( 5−9 i) [7] 2−5 i
(2+i)(1−i)
[3] ( 2−√−16 )−( 5−i ) [8] (1+i)(3−2 i)
4−3 i
[4] ( 3+2 i )2 [9] i
2+i
[5] (5+2 i)(5−2 i) [10] 3−4 i
65

Argand diagram
Argand diagram or plane is a plane which can represent the complex
numbers. Because the complex numbers are having an imaginary
part so it can’t be represented in the normal plane (XY plane).
Argand diagram is having two axes.
1. The horizontal axis which is called the real axis.
2. The vertical axis which is called the imaginary axis.

5 4
The complex number a+ bi which corresponds the ordered pair (a ,b).

The following figure is an argand diagram.

The point z 1 is (1 , 1) which represents the complex number 1+i.
The point z 2 is (2 ,−1) which represents the complex number 2−i .

Forms of complex numbers

There are two forms to express or define the complex numbers.

Rectangular form
This form writes the complex number z as a+ bi where a ∈ R and b ∈ R
and i=√−1.

Polar form
 This form writes the complex number z as r ¿. Where r is the distance
from the origin point to the point (a ,b). Note that (a ,b) is presenting
a+ bi.
r =√ a2 +b2 . To convert from rectangular to polar, we get r . Then, we get
−1 b
the angle θ. We can get it by tan a . Then take
cos θ and sin θ.

The first and second differences

The first and second differences is a method that is used to know the
degree of the relation between two numbers x and y .
We calculate the first difference by subtracting the first y from the
second y in the y column. The second difference is also calculated by
the same method but with the (first differences) column.
If the first difference is constant so the pattern is going to be linear.
If the second difference is constant so the relation is going to be
quadratic.

6
For example
Because the first difference is constant so the pattern here is linear.
x y The first difference
1 6 -
2 10 4
3 14 4
4 18 4
5 22 4

Because the second difference is constant, so pattern is quadratic.

x y The first The second
difference Difference
1 3 - -
2 6 3 -
3 11 5 2
4 18 7 2
5 27 9 2

Note Always check that x is decreasing or increasing at the same

rate.

Quadratic formula
The quadratic formula is used to find the roots of a quadratic
equations.
The quadratic formula
is x= −b ± √2ba−4 ac for the quadratic equation a x 2 +bx +c=0 such that a , b ,
2

and c are real numbers and a not equal to zero.

The quadratic equation is having at most two zeros, and therefore it
will have at most two roots.

7
If u is a root for the quadratic equation so a u2 +bu+ c equals 0.
In the quadratic formula the part b 2−4 ac is called the discriminant
and it’s called D.
The roots of the quadratic formula are:
−b+ √ b2 −4 ac −b−√ b 2−4 ac
x 1= , x 2=
2a 2a

Example
Find the roots of x 2+ 4 x=13 .
We must make it in form a x 2 +bx +c=0 .
So x 2+ 4 x=13 is the same as x 2+ 4 x−13=0
a=1 , b=4 , c=−13

−b ± √ b2−4 ac − ( 4 ) ± √ ( 4 ) −4 ( 1 )(−13 ) −4 ± √ 16+52 −4 ± √ 68 −4 ± 2 √17

2
x= = ¿ = = =−2 ± √17
2a 2 ( 1) 2 2 2

So, the roots are −2+ √ 17 and −2− √17 .

we say that b 2−4 ac is the discriminant. We will call it D for short.

The discriminant explains the types of roots of the quadratic
equation. There are three types or conditions for the roots of the
quadratic equations.

8
If D is less than 0, so there will be two complex or non-real roots for
the quadratic equation.
If D is greater than 0, so there will be two distinct real roots.
If D is equal to 0, so there will be only one real root.

Test (2): Solve the following equations.

[1] x 2−7 x +10=0 [4] x 3 +2 x 2 +3 x=0
[2] x 2+ 4 x=−5 [5] x 2=−4
[3] 4 x 2−12 x=9 [6] x 2=x

Notes
1. If the coefficients a , b , and c are rationals and D is a perfect square,
so the roots are rational numbers.
2. If D in the quadratic equation is not positive so the two roots are
two conjugate complex numbers.

9
 Related roots
We know the two roots of a quadratic equations. Let they are l and m.
−b+ √b 2−4 ac −b−√b 2−4 ac
l= , m= The sum of these two roots equals
2a 2a
−2 b −b
l+m=
2a
=
a
.
−Coefficent of x
So the sum of the roots ¿ Coefficent of x 2

−b+ √ b2−4 ac −b−√ b2 −4 ac

The product of these two roots equals l ⋅m=
2a
⋅
2a
2 2
b −(b −4 ac) 4 ac ac c
¿ 2
= 2= 2=
4a 4a a a
Absolute term
The product of the roots ¿ Coefficent of x 2 .

10
Test (3): Find the product and the sum of the roots of
these quadratic equations.
[1] 2 x 2+5 x−12=0 [2] 6 x 2−11 x=10

You can form the quadratic equation when you know its roots. Let
the two roots are l and m so the quadratic equation will be in that
form:
( x−l ) ( x−m )=0 and can be as:
2
x −¿

Problem
If the two roots of the equation: 3 x 2−15 x−18=0 are u and v, find the
equation whose roots are u+7 , v+7
Solution:
2
3 x −15 x−18=0(Dividing by 3)

x −5 x−6=0 , a=1 , b=−5 , c=−6

2

−b + √ b2−4 ac −(−5 ) + √ (−5 ) −4(1)(−6) 5+ √ 25+24 5+7

2
u= = = = =6
2a 2(1) 2 2
5−7
v=
2
=−1 The two roots are 6 and −1.

The roots of the wanted equation is u+7=13 , v +7=6

We can get the equation by the form x 2−¿
Sum of the roots ¿ 13+6=19
The product ¿ 13 ⋅6=78
So, the equation is x 2−19 x+ 78=0

11
The forms of quadratic equations are made for getting the y-
intercepts and for finding the axis of symmetry. The quadratic
equation has 3 forms, and they are:

1] Standard or general form

The form: a x 2 +bx +c=0 such that a , b , c ∈ R and a ≠ 0.
a , b , and c are constants and x is the unknown.
To find the y-intercepts plug x=0 .
−b
The axis of symmetry is going to be 2a .

2] Factored or intercept form

The form: f ( x )=a( x−r 1)(x−r 2) where a is constant and r 1 and r 2 are the
roots of the function.

3] Vertex form
The form: f ( x )=a ( x−h )2 +k where a, h, and k are constants. The point (h , k )
is the vertex of the quadratic equation.

12
To convert the standard form to the vertex form we can get h from
−b −b
our standard form which is equal to 2a and k is f (h) or f ( 2 a ).

The other way is to get it by completing the square.

Completing the square

Let us have an example y=−3 x 2−6 x −9. At first, we must make sure
that the coefficient of x 2 in the equation is 1. If it’s not, we will get it
as a common factor. We will get:
2 2
y=−3 x −6 x −9=−3 (x +2 x +3)

Now identify the coefficient of x and it’s 2. Then make it half and
()
2
2
square it. So =1 =1 .
2
2

Remember that x 2+ y 2=( x+ y )2−2 xy (Completingthe square).

We will use completing the square here.
So, add 1 to the equation and subtract it.
−3 ( x 2+ 2 x +3 ) =−3(x 2 +2 x+1−1+3).

Here the yellow colored can be factored so,

13
−3 ( x 2+ 2 x +1−1+3 )=−3 ( ( x +1 )2−1+3 ) ¿−3 ( ( x+ 1 )2+ 2 )=−3 ( x +1 )2−6

And −3 ( x+ 1 )2−6 is the vertex form.

Parabola
When you kick a soccer ball (or
shoot an arrow, fire a missile,
or throw a stone) it arcs up into
the air and comes down again ...
Parabola is a curve where any
point is at an equal distance
from a fixed point called focus
and a fixed straight line called
directrix.

Here is a picture of the parabola explains the focus and directrix.

14
Parabola has a property which is any ray parallel to the axis of
symmetry gets reflected off the surface straight to the focus.

Parabola can be in the same direction of the y-axis or x-axis. We can

check if it’s in the same direction of the y-axis or x-axis from the
directrix.
In general, if the directrix is parallel to the y-axis so the standard
equation given of the parabola is y 2=4 ax .
If the directrix is parallel to x-axis so the standard equation given of
the parabola is x 2=4 ay .
The equation of the parabola could be 2
y =−4 ax or x 2=−4 ay if the
parabola is in the negative quadrants.
Latum rectum is a chord bisects the parabola that’s parallel to the
directrix and is having the focus point in it.

The standard form of parabola

It’s depending on which axis that the directrix is parallel to.
If it’s the y-axis so:
The general equation is ( y−k )2=4 c ( x −h )
The vertex of the parabola is (h , k ).
It’s opened horizontally.
The focus point is (h+ c , k ).
Axis of symmetry equation is y=k .
Length of latum rectum is ¿ 4 c∨¿
The directrix equation is x=h−c .
If the directrix is parallel to the x-axis or the parabola is opened
vertically:

15
The general equation is ( x−h )2=4 c ( y−k )
The vertex of the parabola is (h , k )
It’s opened vertically.
The focus point is (h , k + c).
Axis of symmetry equation is x=h.
Length of latum rectum is |4 c|.
The directrix equation is y=k−c.

Example
Write the equation for a parabola that its focus point is (1 , 2) and its
directrix equation is x=−1.

Here we find that directrix is x=−1 so it’s parallel to the y-axis so

( y−k )2=4 c (x−h). The directrix equation is x=h−c so
h−c=−1.
The focus point is (h+ c , k ). Because the focus point is (1 , 2) so
h+ c=1 and k =2.
By summing the two equations ( h−c ) + ( h+c )=−1+ 1
2 h=0 ,h=0 then c=1−h=1 .
So the equation of the parabola is ( y−2 )2=4 x

16
 Test bank
[1] For ( y +5 )2=−12(x−2):
A) Its focus is (−1, −5) and the graph open to the left
B) Its focus is (−1, −5) and the graph open to the right
C) Its focus is (−1, −5) and the graph open to upward
D) Its focus is (−1, −5) and the graph open to downward
[2] Write an equation for the graph with the given characteristics,
focus (3, -4) and vertex (1, -4).
A) y + 4=8 ( x −1 )2
B) ( y + 4 )2=4( x−1)
C) ( y + 4 )2=8(x−1)
D) ( y + 4 )2=8 ( x−1 )2
[3] Use finite differences and a system of equations to find the
degree of a polynomial function that fits the data. You may want to
use a calculator.

17
A) First degree
B) Second degree
C) Third degree
D) Fourth degree

[4] The arch of the railroad track bridge below is in the shape of a
parabola. The two main support towers are 208 meter apart and 80
meters tall. The distance from the top of the parabola to the water is
60 meters. The equation that models the shape of the arch. Let the
railroad track represented the x-axis.

A) y 2=−180.27 ( x+ 20)
B) x 2=−180.27 ( y+ 20)
C) ( x +60 )2=−20 ( y +180.27)
D) x 2=180.27( y−20)
( x + y ) +i(x− y )
[5] If c +di= ( x + y )−i(x− y) , then c 2 +d 2=¿…

A) 1
B) x 2+ y 2
C) x 2− y 2
D) 2 xy
λ+ 4 i
[6] If z= 1+ λi is real number, λ is real number. Then the possible
values of λ is …

18
A) ± 2
B) R−{2 }
C) R−{−2 ,2 }
D) R−{−2}

[7] If α and β are two roots of x 2+ px + p2 +q=0, then the value of

α + αβ + β +q=¿…
2 2

A) 0
B) 1
C) q
D) p2
1
[8] Let f ( x )=x 2−x +1, x ≥ 2 , then the solution of the equation f ( x )=f −1 ( x ) is
…
A) 0
1
B) 2
C) 1
D) 2
[9] If (0, 4) and (0, 2) are respectively the vertex and the focus point
of the parabola, then the equation is…
A) x 2=32−8 y
B) x 2=8 y−32
C) y 2=8 x−32
D) y 2=32−8 x

19
[10] Which quadratic equation represents the parabola shown?

A) y= ( x + 4 )2 + 4
B) y= ( x −4 )2+ 4
C) y= ( x + 4 )2−4
D) y= ( x −4 )2−4
[11] The quadratic equation whose roots are 2+3 i and 2−3 i is…
A) x 2−4 x+13=0
B) x 2+ 4 x +13=0
C) x 2−4 x−5=0
D) x 2+ 4 x +1=0
[12] The graphs of four quadratic functions are shown. Which
equation has a positive discriminant?
A) f ( x )=0
B) g ( x )=0

20
C) h ( x )=0
D) l ( x ) =0

[13] The focus of the parabola 2

y =16 x is …
A) (-4, 0)
B) (0, 4)
C) (0, -4)
D) (4, 0)
[14] The latus rectum of the parabola 2
y =12 x is…
A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 24
[15] The vertex of the parabola 2
y −4 x−4 y=0 is…
A) (1, 5)
B) (-1, 2)
C) (-2, -4)
D) (-4, 4)
[16] The roots of the quadratic equation
( a+ b−2c ) x 2−(2 a−b−c) x +(a−2 b+ c)=0 are…

A) (a+ b+c ) and (a−b−c )

1
B) 2 and a−2 b+c
C) 1 and a
D) None of the above
[17] The roots of x 2−( 2 b−1 ) x + ( b 2−b−20 )=0.

21
A) b+ 5
B) b+ 4 and b−5
C) b+ 5 and b−5
D) b−5

[18] What is the value of (4 - 5i)(12 + 11i)?

A) 103+16 i
B) 103−16 i
C) 16 i−103
D) 103
1+ 5i
[19] −3 i
=¿…

A) 3 i
B) −3 i
C) 1+3 i
D) ( 1+3 i )2
[20] If the ratio between the two roots of the equation
x + bx+ c=0 is the same as the ratio of the roots x + qx+ r=0 so…
2 2

A) b r 2 =q c 2
B) b 2 r =q2 c
C) q 2 c 2=b2 r 2
D) bq=rc

22
Solutions
Test (1)
[1] 0
[2] 8−2i
[3] −3−3i
[4] 5+12 i
[5] 29
[6] −( 2 )50
(3+2 i)(2+ 5i)
[7] 29
(2+i)(4 +i)
[8] 13

[9] −3−4 i
(2+i)(3+4 i)
[10] 25

Test (2)
[1] 5, 2
[2] -2+i,-2-i
3+3 √2 3−3 √ 2
[3] 2
, 2

23
 [4]−1+ √ 2i ,−1−√ 2i , 0
[5]2 i,−2i
[6]1 , 0

Test (3) prod sum

−5 11 5
[1] 2
,−6[2] ,
6 3

Test bank
[1]A
[2]C
[3]B
[4]B
[5]A
[6]A
[7]A
[8]C
[9]A
[10]C
[11]A
[12]B
[13]D
[14]C
[15]B
[16]C
[17]B
[18]B
[19]A
[20]B