‭ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION - EMI‬

‭Lecture Notes - 1 edited on 30-May-2024‬

‭1.1 Disclaimer.‬
‭1.‬ ‭Before going to learn the concepts of this lesson, every student‬
‭should learn the concept of the 4th, 6th chapter.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Didn’t understand Lecture, Refer Pranav’s nTORQUE‬
‭3.‬ ‭Stay Calm, Read all the concepts and set n=1 therefore 1 TORQUE‬

‭___________________________________________‬

‭Topics to be covered : -‬
‭1.‬ ‭INTRODUCTION‬
‭2.‬ ‭MAGNETIC FLUX‬
‭3.‬ ‭FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION‬
‭4.‬ ‭LENZ’S LAW‬
‭5.‬ ‭MOTIONAL EMF‬
‭6.‬ ‭K-CET PYQs‬
‭7.‬ ‭K-CET PYQ - ANSWERS.‬

‭1.1 INTRODUCTION.‬
‭-‬ ‭.‬‭Electricity and magnetism were considered separate and unrelated‬
p‭ henomena for a long time.‬
‭-‬ ‭The experiments of michael Faraday in England and joseph henry in USA,‬
‭conducted around 1830 Proved that there is connection between the field of‬
‭electricity and magnetism.‬
-‭ ‬ ‭CHAPTER OUTCOME:‬
‭-‬ ‭We will master the concept of magnetism.‬
‭-‬ ‭We will study the phenomena associated with changing magnetic fields and‬
‭understand the underlying principles.‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

 ‭-‬ W ‭ hen Faraday first made public his‬
‭discovery that relative motion between a bar magnet and a wire loop‬
‭produced a small current in the latter, he was asked, “What is the use of it?”‬
‭His reply was: “What is the use of a new born baby?”‬
‭-‬ ‭The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is not merely of theoretical or‬
‭academic interest but also of practical utility‬

‭1.2 EMI‬
‭-‬ ‭So, basically, without understanding the chapter name how can a person understand the‬
‭underlying concepts of magnetism? It’s like having rice without fire!!‬
‭-‬ ‭The E.M.I is defined as‬‭The phenomenon in which electric current is‬
‭generated by varying magnetic fields is appropriately called as‬
‭ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION‬

1‭ .3 FARADAY AND HENRY’S EXPERIMENT A.K.A COIL-MAGNET‬

‭EXPERIMENT‬
‭-‬ T ‭ he discovery and understanding of electromagnetic induction are based on‬
‭a long series of experiments carried out by Faraday and Henry‬
‭-‬ ‭As I mentioned in the introduction, that electricity and magnetism are like a‬
‭father-son combination, Faraday took it seriously and went on to prove!!‬
‭-‬ ‭So, simply he took a bar magnet and galvanometer from his drawer and‬
‭began to conduct an experiment.‬
‭-‬ ‭He placed a galvanometer and bar magnet [in North - South direction].‬
‭-‬ T
‭ he pointer in the galvanometer deflects, indicating the presence of‬
‭electric current in the coil.‬
-‭ ‬ T ‭ ‬‭he deflection lasts as long as the bar magnet is in motion‬‭.‬
‭-‬ ‭The galvanometer does not show any deflection when the magnet is‬
‭held stationary‬ ‭[PU BOARD MCQ]‬
‭-‬ ‭When the magnet is pulled away from the coil, the galvanometer shows‬
‭deflection in the opposite direction, which indicates reversal of the‬
‭current’s direction‬ ‭[PU BOARD MCQ]‬
‭-‬ ‭Moreover, when the South-pole of the bar magnet is moved towards or‬
‭away from the coil, the deflections in the galvanometer are‬‭opposite‬‭to‬
‭that observed with the North-pole for similar movements.‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

 ‭-‬ ‭By all these we can conclude that it‬‭is the relative motion between the‬
‭ agnet and the coil that is responsible for generation (induction) of electric‬
m
‭current in the coil.‬

‭KARNATAKA - PU BOARD QUESTION.‬

‭1.‬ E
‭ xplain briefly the coil-magnet experiment to demonstrate the‬
‭phenomenon of electromagnetic induction [M-16, J-18]‬

‭SOLUTION:‬

‭ If one end of the coil is suddenly introduced into a coil‬

-
‭connected to a sensitive galvanometer it shows momentary‬
‭deflection.‬
‭-‬ ‭This shows that a‬‭momentary current and hence an‬
‭instantaneous emf is produced in the circuit‬‭and the direction of‬
‭the current depends on the pole towards the coil.‬
‭‬
- ‭The current produced here is called induced current.‬
‭-‬ ‭If a magnet is withdrawn suddenly, a sudden deflection is‬
‭observed but in the opposite direction.‬
‭-‬ ‭The deflection is greater when the magnet is introduced or‬
‭withdrawn quickly.‬

‭-‬ N
‭ o induced emf is obtained when there is no relative motion‬
‭between the coil and the magnet‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

 1‭ .1.2 FARADAY AND HENRY’S‬
‭SECOND EXPERIMENT A.K.A COIL-COIL EXPERIMENT‬
‭-‬ S
‭ o, he was not satisfied in the 1st experiment, thereby conducting another‬
‭experiment.‬

‭-‬ ‭This time instead of coil and magnet, he placed two coils.‬

‭[Note: that coil 1 is denoted by C and Coil 2 is denoted by C’]‬

-‭ ‬ ‭ he bar magnet is replaced by a second coil C’ connected to a battery.‬

T
‭-‬ ‭It is assumed that C’ has steady current.‬
‭-‬ ‭The steady current in the coil C’ produces a steady magnetic field‬
‭-‬ ‭As coil C’ is moved towards the coil C , the galvanometer shows a‬
‭deflection.‬
-‭ ‬ ‭This indicates that electric current is induced in coil C .‬
‭-‬ ‭When C’ is moved away, the galvanometer shows a deflection again, but‬
‭this time in the opposite direction.‬
-‭ ‬ ‭The deflection lasts as long as coil C’ is in motion.‬
‭-‬ ‭When the coil C’ is held fixed and C is moved, the same effects are‬
‭observed.‬
‭-‬ ‭Hence,‬‭Again, it is the relative motion between the coils that induces the‬
‭electric current.‬

‭KARNATAKA - PU BOARD QUESTION.‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

 ‭2.‬ D
‭ escribe the coil and coil experiment of faraday and henry to‬
‭demonstrate electromagnetic induction [M-22]‬

‭ olution:‬
S
‭.‬‭[Note: that coil 1 is denoted by C and Coil 2 is denoted by C’]‬

‭-‬ T ‭ he bar magnet is replaced by a second coil C’ connected to a‬

‭battery.‬
‭-‬ ‭It is assumed that C’ has steady current.‬
‭-‬ ‭The steady current in the coil C’ produces a steady magnetic field‬
‭-‬ ‭As coil C’ is moved towards the coil C , the galvanometer shows a‬
‭deflection.‬
‭-‬ ‭This indicates that electric current is induced in coil C .‬
‭-‬ ‭When C’ is moved away, the galvanometer shows a deflection‬
‭again, but this time in the opposite direction.‬
‭-‬ ‭The deflection lasts as long as coil C’ is in motion.‬
‭-‬ ‭When the coil C’ is held fixed and C is moved, the same effects‬
‭are observed.‬
‭Hence,‬‭it is the relative motion between the coils that induces the electric‬
‭current.‬
‭REFER ABOVE DIAGRAM ALSO IN THE ANSWER‬

‭Refer figure above for better explanation….‬

‭1.1.3 FARADAY AND HENRY THIRD EXPERIMENT.‬

‭-‬ T ‭ he above two experiments involved relative motion between a magnet and‬
‭a coil and between two coils, respectively. Through another experiment,‬
‭Faraday showed that this relative motion is not an absolute requirement‬
‭-‬ ‭Refer NCERT for other topics in faraday third experiment. [SAME COPY‬
‭AND PASTE]‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

‭2.1 MAGNETIC FLUX‬
‭-‬ M ‭ agnetic flux is directly proportional to number of magnetic field lines‬
‭passing through a surface denoted by ɸ.‬
‭-‬ ‭Mathematically, ɸ = B.A = BAcosθ. —-------------(1)‬
‭-‬ ‭Where ɸ is the magnetic flux through a plane surface area A placed in a‬
‭uniform magnetic field B.‬
‭-‬ ‭θ.is the angle between B and A.‬
‭-‬ ‭The equation 1 can be extended to curved surfaces and non-uniform fields.‬
‭-‬ ‭Fig 1 .‬
‭Represents the surface area A‬
‭Placed in uniform MF B‬‭.‬

-‭ ‬ ‭Fig 2.‬
‭-‬
I‭ f the magnetic field has different magnitudes and directions at various parts of a‬
‭surface as shown in figure 2, then the‬
‭magnetic flux through the surface is given by‬

‭ here, ALL Stands for summation‬

W
‭Over the all area element dAi‬
‭Comprising surface B is the‬
‭Magnetic field at the element.‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

‭2.1.1 SI UNITS.‬

‭-‬ ‭JOULE/AMPHERE =‬ ‭𝐽‬‭‬‭𝑋‬‭‬‭𝑆𝐸𝐶‬‭/‬‭‬‭𝐶‬ ‭Where J- JOULE‬

‭ EC- SECONDS‬
S
‭C- COULOMB.‬

‭Dimension‬ ‭formula.‬

‭CGS Unit is MAXWELL (Mx)‬

‭KARNATAKA PU BOARD QUESTION.‬

‭1.‬ A
‭ loop of area 0.06 m^2 is placed in magnetic field 1.2 T with its‬
‭plane inclined to 30 degrees to the field direction, calculate the‬
‭flux linked with loop‬

‭Solution : 0.036 Wb.‬

‭2.‬ A
‭ loop of wire is placed in magnetic field B = 0.3 J T. Find the‬
‭flux through the loop if area vector is A= (2i+5j-3k)m^2‬

‭Solution: 1.5 Wb‬

‭3.1 FARADAY’S LAWS OF INDUCTION‬

‭ “‬‭The magnitude of induced emf in the circuit is equal to the‬‭time rate of‬
-
‭change of magnetic flux through the circuit.”‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬

 ‭The average induced emf is given as‬

‭-‬ T ‭ he negative sign indicates the direction of induced emf and hence the‬
‭direction of induced current in the loop which is in accordance with‬
‭Lenz’s law.‬
‭-‬
‭-‬ ‭In case of a closely wound coil of N turns, change of flux associated‬
‭with each turn is the same.‬

‭K-CET / JEE (M) QUESTIONS.‬

‭1.‬ A
‭ Copper disc of radius 0.1 m is rotated about its center with 20 rev/s in uniform‬
‭magnetic field of 0.1 T with its plane perpendicular to the field. The emf induced in the‬
‭disc is.‬

‭A) 𝝅/20 V B) 𝝅/20 V C) 20𝝅mV d) 10𝝅mV‬

‭2.‬ A
‭ current carrying infinitely long wire is kept along the diameter of a circular loop,‬
‭without touching it. The correct statement is.‬

‭ ) The emf induced in the loop is zero, current is constant.‬

A
‭B) The emf induced in the loop is finite, current is constant.‬
‭C) The emf induced in the loop is zero, if current decreases at steady rate.‬
‭D) The emf induced in the loop is finite, if current decreases at steady rate.‬

‭Pranav’s Rastravad nTORQUE‬